CN114206649A - 用于运行混合驱动装置的电机的控制单元和方法 - Google Patents
用于运行混合驱动装置的电机的控制单元和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
描述一种用于车辆的混合驱动装置的控制单元。混合驱动装置包括内燃机和电机,其中,混合驱动装置构造成使得电机用于提供车辆的驱动力矩并且用于起动内燃机。控制单元配置为预测起动时刻,在该起动时刻,电机的总功率的至少一部分可供用于内燃机的起动过程。此外,控制单元配置为在预测的起动时刻借助电机起动内燃机。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种混合驱动装置。尤其是,本发明涉及混合驱动装置的电机的运行,所述电机不仅用于驱动并且而且用于起动混合驱动装置的内燃机。
背景技术
具有混合驱动装置的车辆包括内燃机和至少一个电机,其可以分别单独使用和/或共同使用,以便产生所要求的驱动力矩。此外,电机可以用于在需要时起动内燃机。
发明内容
本文涉及如下技术任务,即,在电机不仅用于驱动而且用于起动内燃机的混合驱动装置中能够实现舒适并且可靠的行驶运行。
所述任务分别通过独立权利要求来解决。有利的实施形式主要在从属权利要求中说明。要指出,从属于一个独立权利要求的权利要求的附加特征可以在没有该独立权利要求的特征的情况下或仅结合该独立权利要求的一部分特征形成单独的并且独立于该独立权利要求的全部特征组合的发明,其可以成为独立权利要求、分案申请或在后申请的主题。这同样适用于在说明书中所描述的技术教导,所述技术教导可以形成独立于独立权利要求的特征的发明。
按照一方面,描述一种用于混合驱动装置的控制单元,其中,混合驱动装置构造用于驱动机动车。混合驱动装置包括内燃机(例如柴油机或汽油机)和电机。在内燃机和电机之间的耦合例如可以通过分离离合器进行。混合驱动装置可以构造成使得电机用于提供车辆的驱动力矩并且用于起动内燃机。在一种优选的示例中,混合驱动装置不具有专用的起动机,该起动机(必要时仅)用于起动内燃机(并且必要时不用于驱动车辆)。
控制单元可以配置为预测(未来的)起动时刻,在该起动时刻,电机的总体上可用的总功率的至少一部分可供用于内燃机的起动过程。混合驱动装置可以构造成使得电机的总功率能够用于驱动车辆。尤其是在此可以放弃用于内燃机的起动过程的功率预留。因此能够提供成本有效率、结构空间有效率和重量有效率的混合驱动装置。
起动时刻的预测可以响应于起动内燃机的要求进行。起动内燃机的要求可以由用于混合驱动装置的运行策略得出。换句话说,控制单元可以配置为基于混合驱动装置的运行策略确定应该起动内燃机。要求起动的时刻可以称为要求时刻。然后可以响应于起动内燃机的要求而预测起动时刻,在该起动时刻,电机的总功率的至少一部分可供用于内燃机的起动过程。在此,起动时刻可以在时间上处于要求时间段之后。
起动时刻可以这样确定,使得车辆的驱动尽可能少或优选完全不被内燃机起动所影响。因此可以预测如下起动时刻,在该起动时刻,为了驱动车辆必须由电机提供这样少的功率,使得车辆的驱动不被或仅以减少的或限定的程度被内燃机起动所影响。
混合驱动装置可以构造成使得电机以在时间上排他的方式仅能够用于驱动或仅能够用于内燃机的起动过程。在该情况下,控制单元可以配置为预测起动时刻,在该起动时刻不需要电机用于驱动车辆。
备选地,混合驱动装置可以构造成,使得电机能够从总体上可用的总功率中利用确定的起动功率用于内燃机的起动过程并且利用总功率的剩余部分用于驱动车辆。因此,能够同时使用总功率的一部分用于内燃机的起动过程并且使用总功率的剩余部分用于驱动车辆。在该情况下,控制单元可以配置为预测起动时刻,在该起动时刻最多需要总功率减去起动功率用于驱动车辆。
控制单元此外配置为,在预测的起动时刻(必要时仅)通过运行电机来起动内燃机。这样能够实现舒适并且可靠地运行混合驱动装置,该混合驱动装置包括电机,该电机不仅用于驱动车辆而且用于内燃机的起动过程。
如已经以上陈述的,可以基于混合驱动装置的运行策略查明起动内燃机的要求。运行策略例如可以设计成,根据车辆和/或混合驱动装置的一个或多个状态参数来确认:电机是否仅用于驱动车辆,是否不仅电机而且内燃机用于驱动车辆,和/或是停止还是起动内燃机。示例性的状态参数是车辆的行驶速度和/或用于储存用于运行电机的电能的电蓄能器的荷电状态。
控制单元因此可以配置为,查明关于车辆行驶速度的速度信息,和/或查明关于用于储存用于运行电机的电能的电蓄能器的荷电状态的荷电状态信息。速度信息和/或荷电状态信息例如可以在要求时刻或针对要求时刻查明。然后可以以特别可靠的方式根据速度信息和/或荷电状态信息并且在考虑运行策略的情况下确定(在要求时刻)应该起动内燃机。
控制单元可以配置为,(例如在要求时刻)查明关于车辆驾驶员所要求的驱动力矩的驾驶员愿望。驾驶员愿望例如可以基于加速踏板的偏转和/或基于车辆制动踏板的偏转来查明。然后可以以特别精确的方式基于驾驶员愿望来预测起动时刻。
备选地或补充地,控制单元可以配置为,查明关于车辆驾驶员的行驶特性的动力、尤其是关于其当前行驶特性的动力的动力信息。所述动力信息例如可以表明车辆驾驶员多快速和/或多频繁地要求驱动力矩和/或相应由驾驶员所要求的驱动力矩有多高。所述动力信息可以对于确定的时间段(例如在2分钟和5分钟之间的时间段)预先在预测起动时刻的(要求)时刻查明。然后可以以特别精确的方式基于动力信息来预测起动时刻。
尤其是,控制单元可以配置为,对于一系列未来时刻(从要求时刻起),分别查明将电机用于驱动车辆的第一优先级值,并且查明将电机用于内燃机的起动过程的第二优先级值。
在所述一系列未来时刻中的一个确定时刻的第一优先级值在此例如可以根据如下内容来查明,即:关于车辆驾驶员所要求的驱动力矩的驾驶员愿望(尤其是在要求时刻的驾驶员愿望);和/或关于车辆驾驶员的行驶特性的动力的动力信息(尤其是在要求时刻的动力信息)。
在所述一系列未来时刻的一个确定时刻的第二优先级值例如可以根据如下内容来查明,即:自探测到应该起动内燃机的要求的(要求)时刻起所经过的持续时间;和/或关于用于储存用于运行电机的电能的电蓄能器的荷电状态的荷电状态信息(在该确定时刻);和/或要求起动内燃机的紧迫性。
然后可以以特别精确的方式根据在所述一系列未来时刻的第一优先级值和第二优先级值来查明起动时刻。在此,起动时刻尤其是可以选择为所述一系列未来时刻中的一个时刻。例如如下时刻可以选择为起动时刻,从该时刻起第二优先级值大于第一优先级值。
按照另一方面,描述一种(道路)机动车(尤其是乘用车或载货车或公共汽车或摩托车),其包括在本文中所描述的控制单元和/或在本文中所描述的混合驱动装置。
按照另一方面,描述一种用于运行车辆的混合驱动装置的(计算机执行的)方法。混合驱动装置包括内燃机和电机,其中,混合驱动装置构造成使得电机用于提供车辆的驱动力矩并且用于起动内燃机。所述方法包括预测起动时刻,在该起动时刻,电机的总体上可用的总功率的至少一部分可供用于内燃机的起动过程。此外,所述方法包括在预测的起动时刻通过运行电机来起动内燃机。
按照另一方面,描述一种软件(SW)程序。所述SW程序可以配置为在处理器上(例如在车辆控制器上)实施并且由此实施在本文中所描述的方法。
按照另一方面描述一种储存介质。所述储存介质可以包括SW程序,其配置为在处理器上实施并且由此实施在本文中所描述的方法。
要注意,在本文中所描述的方法、装置和系统可以不仅单独使用而且可以结合其他的在本文中所描述的方法、装置和系统使用。此外,在本文中所描述的方法、装置和系统的任何方面可以以多样化的方式相互组合。尤其是,权利要求的特征可以以多样化的方式相互组合。
附图说明
此外借助实施例进一步描述本发明。在此:
图1示出一种示例性的具有分离离合器的并行混合驱动装置;以及
图2示出一种用于运行混合驱动装置的电机的示例性方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
如开头陈述的,本文涉及混合驱动装置的电机的运行。就此而言,图1示出用于车辆100的示例性混合驱动装置的框图。混合驱动装置包括内燃机101和电机102,它们可以单独使用或一起使用,以便生成用于车辆100的驱动力矩。内燃机101和电机102可以设置成使得通过相应的驱动发动机生成的力矩相加为总驱动力矩,该总驱动力矩例如通过变速器104、变速器104的输出轴108和轴减速器103传输到车辆100的一个或多个车轮109上。用于运行电机102的电能可以储存在电蓄能器110中。此外,混合驱动装置可以包括分离离合器114,所述分离离合器设置成将内燃机101与传动系统脱耦(例如以便使内燃机101停止)。在图1所示出的示例中,电机102设置在分离离合器114和变速器104之间。在备选的示例中,电机102可以设置在变速器104和输出轴108之间。
车辆100进一步包括控制单元111(例如发动机控制器),其配置为确定所要求的总驱动力矩。所要求的总驱动力矩例如可以通过加速踏板和/或通过变速器104的调节由车辆驾驶员预定。例如驾驶员可以操纵加速踏板,以便要求提高的总驱动力矩。控制单元111可以配置为将所要求的总驱动力矩分成第一力矩(用于内燃机101)和第二力矩(用于电机102)。换句话说,控制单元111可以配置为根据所要求的总驱动力矩(即根据驾驶员愿望)运行内燃机101和/或电机102。
为了能够实现纯电运行,可以停止内燃机101。内燃机101然后可以在需要时、例如因为电蓄能器110的荷电状态低和/或在行驶速度相对高时起动。内燃机101的起动可以通过专用的起动机(未示出)进行。为了减少混合驱动装置的结构空间、成本和重量,备选地可以放弃起动机的安装,并且电机102可以用于实施内燃机101的起动过程。然而这导致,在起动过程期间,电机102提供用于起动过程的确定的起动功率,该确定的起动功率则不再可供用于驱动车辆100。起动功率例如可以对应于电机102的可用总功率的大约20%。
因此,在实施起动过程期间驱动功率下降,该驱动功率可以由电机102提供用于驱动车辆100。这可能导致对于车辆100驾驶员不舒服的情况,例如当在加速过程中基于内燃机101的起动过程出现驱动力矩的突然下降时。
控制单元111可以配置为确定应该起动内燃机101。这例如可以基于用于混合驱动装置的运行策略来查明。所述运行策略例如可以包括特性曲线簇,所述特性曲线簇根据车辆100的行驶速度和/或根据蓄能器110的荷电状态来表明是否应该运行内燃机101。
此外,控制单元111可以配置为,响应于对内燃机101的起动过程的要求而预测起动时刻或起动时间段,在所述起动时间段中,电机102的功率需求最多对应于总功率减去对于起动过程所需要的起动功率。内燃机101的起动过程然后可以转移到所预测的起动时刻或所预测的起动时间段。这样能够可靠地使得车辆100的运行不被内燃机101的起动所影响。
因此可以提供混合驱动装置,在该混合驱动装置中不存在用于内燃机(VM)101的单独的起动系统,并且在该混合驱动装置中,单独的电机(EM)102、尤其是主要用于推进的牵引装置EM附加地用于起动VM101。
由此能够节省用于VM101的起动单元(并且因此节省成本、结构空间、重量和复杂性)。另一方面,EM102在起动期间至少部分或完全地不可用于车辆100的推进,由此在一些行驶状况中可能影响车辆100的行驶特性。
这些问题也可能在如下混合驱动装置中出现(如在图1中示出的),在所述混合驱动装置中VM101可以通过离合器114起动。
VM101的起动在此可以通过所谓的拖曳起动引起,其中离合器114闭合,从而VM101的曲轴通过电机102驱动。在该情况下,为了起动必须提前准备用于起动过程的功率预留,其然后不用于驱动车辆100。
放弃专用的起动系统和/或将牵引装置EM102用于起动过程尤其是在如下混合驱动装置中是有利的,在该混合驱动装置中VM101不用于提供驱动力矩,而是只作为能量转换器使用。在这样的混合驱动装置中,VM101的起动可以灵活地延迟,因为不需要VM101的功率直接用于推进。
在本文中描述一种方法,所述方法能够实现查明用于起动VM101的匹配的起动时刻。在此可以考虑混合驱动装置的运行策略和驾驶员愿望、尤其是驾驶员所要求的驱动力矩。可以进行优先化,所述优先化在存在运行策略的起动愿望时基于一个或多个准则决定,在相应的时刻更重要的是VM101的起动还是车辆100的行驶特性。由此,VM101的起动可以在(必要时相对于要求时刻延迟的)起动时刻实施,在该起动时刻,VM101的起动对于行驶特性不相关。为此目的,可以延迟或抑制运行策略的起动愿望,只要EM102用于推进比用于起动VM101更重要。
可以计算两个优先级值并且将其相互比较。尤其是可以查明将EM102用于推进的第一优先级值Prio_Vortrieb。此外可以查明将EM102用于起动VM101的第二优先级值Prio_Zustart。只要符合Prio_Vortrieb>Prio_Zustart,就可以抑制运行策略的起动愿望。
用于推进的优先级值Prio_Vortrieb例如可以借助求和Prio_Vortrieb=P_V_aktueller_Fahrerwunsch+P_V_Fahrerdynamik来查明,其中,P_V_aktueller_Fahrerwunsch是与当前驾驶员愿望相关的值。如果驾驶员在确定的时刻对于加速过程例如要求比一个或多个力矩源所能够提供的剩余推进更多的推进,则驾驶员愿望对第一优先级值Prio_Vortrieb的影响相对大。另一方面从如下事实出发,加速过程将在确定的时刻结束,从而所要求的驱动力矩将降低,并且从而在该未来时刻可以实施起动,而不影响行驶特性。
在另一个示例中,当车辆100的驾驶员操纵制动踏板时,驾驶员在紧接的未来要求最大可能的驱动力矩用于加速的可能性相对小。此外(基于负载冲击缓冲),直至提供最大可能的驱动力矩的持续时间典型地是足够的,以便在提供驱动力矩之前实施VM101的起动。
上述优先级值P_V_Fahrerdynamik是车辆100的行驶动力在过去的时间段(例如5分钟的时间段)上的加权的积分。换句话说,优先级值P_V_Fahrerdynamik表明车辆100驾驶员在驾驶风格的动力方面的当前行驶特性。在相对有动力的行驶特性中,短期要求相对高的驱动力矩的可能性升高,即使当前要求相对低的驱动力矩。因此,在这样的情况下可以有利的是,延迟VM101的起动,以便等待行驶动力减少的起动时刻。
用于起动的第二优先级值Prio_Zustart例如可以基于接着的加数来查明:
Prio_Zustart=P_Z_timer+P_Z_soc+P_Z_Notlauf
其中,优先级值P_Z_timer是计数器,该计数器在运行策略的起动愿望的要求时刻初始化(尤其是设置成零),并且然后随着时间提高,以便表明起动VM101的紧迫性上升。这样能够确保VM101的起动不会不受限制地延迟。因此,必要时在如下时刻进行起动,在所述时刻,如果在相对长的时间上没有产生合适的时刻用于起动,则车辆100的推进将受到影响。
优先级值P_Z_soc与蓄能器110的荷电状态相关,并且典型地随着蓄能器110的荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC)降低而升高。这样能够确保荷电状态不会由于起动延迟而过于强烈地下降。此外,可以通过优先级值P_Z_Notlauf引起,当紧急运行管理器要求立即起动VM101时(例如因为蓄能器110突然不再提供功率),实施VM101的立即起动。
图2示出一种用于运行车辆100的混合驱动装置的示例性方法200的流程图。在此,混合驱动装置包括内燃机101和电机102,其中,混合驱动装置构造成使得电机102用于提供车辆100的驱动力矩(即用于驱动车辆100)并且用于起动内燃机101。尤其是,混合驱动装置可以构造成使得不存在用于起动内燃机101的专用起动机,而是必须利用电机102来起动内燃机101。所述方法200可以通过混合驱动装置或车辆100的控制单元111来实施。
所述方法200包括预测201起动时刻,在所述起动时刻,电机102的总功率的至少一部分可供用于内燃机101的起动过程(并且不用于驱动车辆100)。起动时刻在此可以根据车辆100驾驶员的行驶特性和/或根据关于驱动力矩的当前驾驶员愿望来预测。
此外,所述方法200包括在预测的起动时刻借助电机102起动202内燃机101。内燃机101的起动因此不一定要直接在发起起动愿望(例如通过混合驱动装置的运行策略发起)的要求时刻进行。而是可以将起动转移到适合的起动时刻,尤其是以便减少或完全避免起动对车辆100的驱动和/或行驶特性的影响。
通过在本文中所描述的措施,即使在电机102共同用于驱动并且用于起动内燃机101时也能够实现舒适并且可靠地运行混合驱动装置。
本发明不限制于示出的实施例。尤其是要注意,说明书和附图应该仅示例性地描述所提出的方法、装置和系统的原理。
Claims (10)
1.用于车辆(100)的混合驱动装置的控制单元(111);混合驱动装置包括内燃机(101)和电机(102);混合驱动装置构造成使得电机(102)用于提供车辆(100)的驱动力矩并且用于起动内燃机(101);控制单元(111)配置为,
-预测起动时刻,在该起动时刻,电机(102)的总功率的至少一部分可供用于内燃机(101)的起动过程;并且
-在预测的起动时刻借助电机(102)起动内燃机(101)。
2.按照权利要求1所述的控制单元(111),其中,控制单元(111)配置为,
-基于混合驱动装置的运行策略确定应该起动内燃机(101);并且
-响应于此地预测起动时刻,在该起动时刻,电机(102)的总功率的至少一部分可供用于内燃机(101)的起动过程。
3.按照权利要求2所述的控制单元(111),其中,控制单元(111)配置为,
-查明关于车辆(100)行驶速度的速度信息;和/或
-查明关于用于储存用于运行电机(102)的电能的电蓄能器(110)的荷电状态的荷电状态信息;并且
-根据速度信息和/或荷电状态信息并且在考虑运行策略的情况下确定应该起动内燃机(101)。
4.按照上述权利要求之一所述的控制单元(111),其中,控制单元(111)配置为,
-查明关于车辆(100)驾驶员所要求的驱动力矩的驾驶员愿望;并且
-基于驾驶员愿望预测起动时刻。
5.按照上述权利要求之一所述的控制单元(111),其中,控制单元(111)配置为,
-查明关于车辆(100)驾驶员的行驶特性、尤其是当前行驶特性的动力的动力信息;并且
-基于所述动力信息预测起动时刻。
6.按照上述权利要求之一所述的控制单元(111),其中,控制单元(111)配置为,
-对于一系列未来时刻,分别查明将电机(102)用于驱动车辆(100)的第一优先级值,并且查明将电机(102)用于内燃机(101)的起动过程的第二优先级值;并且
-根据在所述一系列未来时刻的第一优先级值和第二优先级值查明起动时刻,尤其是将所述起动时刻选择为所述一系列未来时刻中的一个时刻。
7.按照权利要求6所述的控制单元(111),其中,控制单元(101)配置为,根据如下内容来查明在所述一系列未来时刻中的一个时刻的第一优先级值,即,
-关于由车辆(100)驾驶员要求的驱动力矩的驾驶员愿望;和/或
-关于车辆(100)驾驶员的行驶特性的动力的动力信息。
8.按照权利要求6至7之一所述的控制单元(111),其中,控制单元(111)配置为,根据如下内容来查明在所述一系列未来时刻中的一个时刻的第二优先级值,即,
-从探测到应该起动内燃机(101)的要求的时刻起所经过的持续时间;和/或
-关于用于储存用于运行电机(102)的电能的电蓄能器(110)的荷电状态的荷电状态信息;和/或
-要求起动内燃机(101)的紧迫性。
9.按照上述权利要求之一所述的控制单元(111),其中
-混合驱动装置构造成使得电机(102)以在时间上排他的方式仅能够用于驱动或仅能够用于内燃机(101)的起动过程;并且
-控制单元(111)配置为预测起动时刻,在该起动时刻不需要电机(102)用于驱动车辆(100);或
-混合驱动装置构造成使得电机(102)能够从总体上可用的总功率中将起动功率用于内燃机(101)的起动过程并且将总功率的剩余部分用于驱动车辆(100);并且
-控制单元(111)配置为预测起动时刻,在该起动时刻最多需要总功率减去起动功率用于驱动车辆(100)。
10.用于运行车辆(100)的混合驱动装置的方法(200);混合驱动装置包括内燃机(101)和电机(102);混合驱动装置构造成使得电机(102)用于提供车辆(100)的驱动力矩并且用于起动内燃机(101);其中,所述方法(200)包括,
-预测(201)起动时刻,在该起动时刻,电机(102)的总功率的至少一部分可供用于内燃机(101)的起动过程;并且
-在预测的起动时刻借助电机(102)起动(202)内燃机(101)。
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