CN114114540A - Design method of efficient compact adiabatic mode converter - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a design method of a high-efficiency compact adiabatic mode converter, which comprises the following steps: step 1: segmentation of adiabatic mode converter: dividing the adiabatic mode converter into two symmetrical parts, and dividing the two parts into 15 different segments for simulation to obtain parameters required by each segment; step 2: for each segment, the propagation length of each segment is determined by the equation and the FDTD simulation parametersL(ii) a And step 3: using the obtained propagation lengthLTo construct respective regions, and then splice all segments together to form a complete waveguide shape; and 4, step 4: scanning the total length to obtain a transmission curve of the complete adiabatic mode converter; and 5: the length of the device to be used is selected according to the application requirements. The invention provides a novel numerical design method of a heat insulation mode converter, which is simple in design, small in size of a designed device, simple in structure, large in bandwidth and easy to process。
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of adiabatic mode converter design methods, and particularly relates to a design method of an efficient compact adiabatic mode converter.
Background
Silicon waveguides based on SOI structures have attracted considerable attention due to their manufacturing compatibility with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) processes, as well as good mode confinement and enhanced nonlinearity. Waveguides in different devices are typically designed with different cross-sections to achieve different functions. Adiabatic converters provide connections for these devices, comprising two waveguides in close enough proximity that part of the fields of their respective optical modes overlap each other, where the beam power can be partially or fully coupled to one waveguide and is the "connector" in photonic integrated circuits that connects various optical functional units, and plays an important role in future large-scale photonic integrated chips.
While the total length of the waveguide structure sweep can be simply varied linearly to achieve the desired device length for a particular transmission power when designing an adiabatic converter, the device length obtained in this manner can significantly exceed the desired length. The existing design of the heat insulation device is based on the analytic solution of an equation set, some assumptions and approximations are usually needed, and the problems of complex structure, difficult processing and the like exist.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a design method of an efficient compact adiabatic mode converter, which realizes partial or complete coupling of light beam power in one waveguide to another waveguide, and has the advantages of simple structure, small size, large bandwidth and easiness in processing. Such compact adiabatic mode converters constitute a key component of photonic integrated circuit systems and will play an important role in future large-scale photonic integrated chips to solve the drawbacks or problems set forth in the background.
To achieve the above object, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for designing a high-efficiency compact adiabatic mode converter, comprising the steps of:
step 1: segmentation of adiabatic mode converter: dividing the adiabatic mode converter into two parts with symmetrical results, dividing the two parts into 15 different segments for simulation, and obtaining parameters required by determining each segment through FDTD simulation;
step 2: for each segment, determining the propagation length L of each segment by an equation and FDTD simulation parameters;
and step 3: constructing respective regions by using the propagation length L obtained in the step 2, and splicing all the segments together to form a complete waveguide shape;
and 4, step 4: scanning the total length to obtain a transmission curve of the complete adiabatic mode converter;
and 5: the length of the device to be used is selected according to the application requirements.
Further, the adiabatic mode converter comprises two waveguides, i.e. waveguide a and waveguide B, which are closely arranged, the height h of each of the waveguides a and B is 0.3 μm, and the widths of the waveguides a and B are respectively marked as w1And w2The gap width between the waveguides is marked g, the optical wavelength is 1.55 μm; the widths of the waveguides a and B gradually change along the propagation direction x, at one end of the converter (input plane x ═ x)I0), the first width is w1Has a narrow waveguide with a second width w2The waveguide of (2) is wider; at the other end (output plane x ═ x)IL), the first waveguide is narrowed and widened, and the second waveguide is narrowed and narrowed; at the center x ═ xCAt L/2, the widths of the two waveguides become equal.
Preferably, the general criteria for adiabatic mode converters are as follows:
where κ is the coupling strength between waveguide a and waveguide B in the converter, ε is the loss percentage, and γ is δ/κ, where δ is the mismatch coefficient between the independent uncoupled waveguide mode propagation constants.
Preferably, for a coupled waveguide system, the even eigenmodes e are for a coupled waveguide systemeAnd odd eigenmodes eoRespectively are
And
where λ is the wavelength of the light wave, neAnd noOf even and odd eigenmodes, respectivelyAn effective refractive index; for an uncoupled waveguide system, the even eigenmodes eeAnd odd eigenmodes eoRespectively are
And
wherein n is1And n2Effective refractive indices of even eigenmodes and odd eigenmodes, respectively, so that the mismatch coefficient between the propagation constants of the uncoupled waveguide modes is expressed as
In an uncoupled waveguide system, a second waveguide is directly connected to the boundary, thereby directing energy in the second waveguide out of the boundary;
thus, the coupling strength between waveguide A and waveguide B in the adiabatic mode converter is
And, γ is defined as γ ═ δ/κ.
Preferably, in step 2, for each segment in step (1), the length of each segment is determined by using equation (1), taking equal numbers in equation (1), i.e.
From equation (2), it can be obtained
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the length of each segment can be obtained by equation (3) through the FDTD simulation parameters in step 1.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention provides a new numerical design method of the adiabatic mode converter, which is simple in design, small in size of the designed device, simple in structure, large in bandwidth and easy to process. The invention segments the adiabatic mode coupler and then determines the length of each segment using an equation. When the length of each segment is determined, in the parameter calculation in the non-coupled waveguide system, the second waveguide is not simply removed, but is directly connected to the boundary, so that the energy in the second waveguide is led out of the boundary, and the better design of the adiabatic mode converter is realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a coupled waveguide system according to the present invention; FIG. 1(a) is a cross-section of an adiabatic mode converter; FIG. 1(b) is a top view of an adiabatic mode converter with a list of local modes e on the input plane, phase matching plane, and output planeeAnd eoThe pattern profile of (1).
FIG. 2 is a system diagram of a conventional uncoupled waveguide system in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2(a) is a cross-section of an adiabatic mode converter; (b) a top view of an adiabatic mode converter.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a non-coupled waveguide system of the present invention in which a length of a segment is obtained in step (2); FIG. 3(a) is a cross-section of the uncoupled waveguide; fig. 3(b) is a top view of the uncoupled waveguide.
Fig. 4 shows the transducer geometry designed by the design method of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a graph comparing the power transfer curve of the completed device obtained in the embodiment of the present invention with the power transfer curve of the conventional method and the case of the straight connection.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the following detailed description is given with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
The present invention illustrates the design process by using an adiabatic mode converter fabricated on a silicon waveguide slab on a silicon-on-insulator thin film substrate. A schematic of an adiabatic mode converter is shown in fig. 1 and 2, which involves two waveguides, waveguide a and waveguide B, placed in close proximity to each other. The cross-section of the adiabatic mode converter is shown in fig. 1, where the height h of the Si waveguide is 0.3 μm. The widths of the two Si waveguides are denoted w1And w2The gap width between the waveguides is marked g and the optical wavelength is 1.55 μm.
As shown in FIG. 1(b), the width w of the two waveguides1And w2Gradually changing along the propagation direction x, at one end of the converter (input plane x ═ x)I0), the first width is w1Is narrower than that ofTwo width of w2The waveguide of (2) is wide. At the other end (output plane x ═ x)IL), the first waveguide is narrowed by a narrow width and the second waveguide is narrowed by a wide width. At the center x ═ xCAt L/2, the widths of the two waveguides become equal (this position is called the phase matching plane).
It is an object of the present invention to design an adiabatic mode converter such that a desired mode can be moved adiabatically over a short distance to spatially couple its modal power from one waveguide to another while minimizing other unwanted coupling (higher order modes or radiation modes).
1. Fundamental principles of adiabatic mode converter design
In 2009, Yariv et al proposed a general standard for designing adiabatic mode converters, the expression for which is as follows:
where κ is the coupling strength between waveguide a and waveguide B in the converter, ε is the loss percentage, and γ is δ/κ, where δ is the mismatch coefficient between the independent uncoupled waveguide mode propagation constants.
2. Design mode for realizing adiabatic mode converter in invention
Step 1: segmentation of adiabatic mode converter
The adiabatic mode converter is divided into two parts (C and D parts), and only the C part needs to be considered due to the symmetry of the structure, as shown in fig. 1 (b). Part C was divided into 15 different fragments for simulation as shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 segmentation of adiabatic mode converters
For a coupled waveguide system, the even eigenmodes e are as shown in FIG. 1eAnd odd eigenmodes eoRespectively are
And
for the uncoupled waveguide system shown in FIG. 2, the even eigenmodes eeAnd odd eigenmodes eoRespectively are
And
the mismatch coefficient between the mode propagation constants of the uncoupled waveguide is expressed as
Thus, the coupling strength between waveguide A and waveguide B in the converter is
And γ is defined as γ ═ δ/κ.
By using FDTD simulation, the parameters obtained by the method are found to be not ideal. Simulation has shown that the non-coupling condition in the non-coupled waveguide system is difficult to "define", which is not true if the present invention simply removes the second waveguide completely, because the non-coupling condition is affected by the average effect of the "surrounding material" (this condition is referred to herein as the "conventional condition"). To improve the accuracy of the method, the invention improves on the use of a second waveguide directly connected to the boundary in an uncoupled waveguide system, as shown in figure 3. The advantages of this are: the energy in the second waveguide (waveguide B) can be directed outside the whole system so that the parameters obtained by the simulation are not affected.
Then, through FDTD simulation, parameters required for determining each segment can be obtained.
Step 2: determining the length of each segment
For each segment, the length of each segment is determined by using equation (1), in the present invention taking equal sign in equation (1), i.e.
As shown in FIG. 3, the equation (2) can be used to obtain
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the length of each segment can be obtained from equation (3) by using the FDTD simulation parameters in step 1, as shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 design parameters of adiabatic mode converter
And step 3: the propagation length L obtained in step 2 is used to construct the respective regions and then all segments are spliced together to form the complete waveguide shape, as shown in fig. 4.
And 4, step 4: scanning the total length to obtain the transmission curve of the complete adiabatic mode converter, as shown in fig. 5;
and 5: the length of the device to be used is selected according to the application requirements.
In the embodiment of the invention, the 'straight line condition', 'traditional condition' in the prior art and the heat exchanger designed by the design method of the invention are compared; in the prior art, "straight line condition", that is, the input terminal and the output terminal are directly connected by a straight line, similarly to the condition shown in fig. 1 (b). The "conventional case" of the present invention is that simulation shows that the non-coupling case in the non-coupled waveguide system is difficult to "define", which is not true if the present invention simply removes the second waveguide completely, because the non-coupling case is affected by the average effect of the "surrounding material" (this case is referred to as the "conventional case").
The results are shown in FIG. 5; it can be seen from the figure that for the same power transfer, the adiabatic tapered waveguide length designed by the present invention is much shorter than that based on a straight line. For example, at 95% power transfer, the total length required for the present invention is 210 μm, and 5680 μm for the straight case. Thus, when 95% power transfer is required, the straight line case requires more than 27 times the length required by the present invention. From the amplitude of the top oscillation curve, it can be seen that the amplitude of the oscillation curve of the present invention is smaller than that of the "conventional case", so the design method of the present invention is better than that of the "conventional case".
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. A method of designing a high efficiency compact adiabatic mode converter, comprising the steps of:
step 1: segmentation of adiabatic mode converter: dividing the adiabatic mode converter into two symmetrical parts, dividing the two parts into 15 different segments for simulation, and obtaining parameters required by determining each segment through FDTD simulation;
step 2: for each segment, determining the propagation length L of each segment by an equation and FDTD simulation parameters;
and step 3: constructing respective regions by using the propagation length L obtained in the step 2, and splicing all the segments together to form a complete waveguide shape;
and 4, step 4: scanning the total length to obtain a transmission curve of the complete adiabatic mode converter;
and 5: the length of the device to be used is selected according to the application requirements.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the adiabatic mode converter comprises two waveguides, waveguide a and waveguide B, and the two waveguides are closely placed, the height of each of waveguide a and waveguide B is h-0.3 μm, and the width of each of waveguide a and waveguide B is marked as w1And w2The gap width between the waveguides is marked g, the optical wavelength is 1.55 μm; the widths of the waveguides a and B gradually change along the propagation direction x, at one end of the converter (input plane x ═ x)I0), the first width is w1Has a narrow waveguide with a second width w2The waveguide of (2) is wider; at the other end (output plane x ═ x)IL), the first waveguide is narrowed and widened, and the second waveguide is narrowed and narrowed; at the center x ═ xCAt L/2, the widths of the waveguide a and the waveguide B become equal.
3. A method of designing an efficient compact adiabatic modal converter as recited in claim 2, wherein the general standard of the adiabatic modal converter is expressed as follows:
where κ is the coupling strength between waveguide a and waveguide B in the converter, ε is the loss percentage, and γ is δ/κ, where δ is the mismatch coefficient between the independent uncoupled waveguide mode propagation constants.
4. A method of designing a high efficiency compact adiabatic mode converter as recited in claim 3, wherein, for coupled waveguide systems,even eigenmodes eeAnd odd eigenmodes eoRespectively are
And
where λ is the wavelength of the light wave, neAnd noEffective refractive indices of even eigenmodes and odd eigenmodes, respectively; for an uncoupled waveguide system, the even eigenmodes eeAnd odd eigenmodes eoRespectively are
And
wherein n is1And n2Effective refractive indices of even eigenmodes and odd eigenmodes, respectively, so that the mismatch coefficient between the propagation constants of the uncoupled waveguide modes is expressed as
In an uncoupled waveguide system, connecting the second waveguide directly to the boundary;
thus, the coupling strength between waveguide A and waveguide B in the adiabatic mode converter is
And, γ is defined as γ ═ δ/κ.
5. A method of designing an efficient compact adiabatic mode converter as defined in claim 2, wherein in step 2, for each segment in step (1), the length of each segment is determined by using equation (1), and the sign is taken equal in equation (1), i.e. in equation (1)
From equation (2), it can be obtained
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the length of each segment can be obtained by equation (3) through the FDTD simulation parameters in step 1.
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| CN116482856A (en) * | 2023-04-25 | 2023-07-25 | 南通大学 | Optimal design method of adiabatic mode converter in optical communication system |
| WO2024078237A1 (en) * | 2022-10-11 | 2024-04-18 | 浙江大学 | Electrostatic-comb-driven integrated waveguide mems optical switch based on adiabatic coupler |
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