CN114097955B - 一种银鼓鱼饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种银鼓鱼饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114097955B CN114097955B CN202111352887.7A CN202111352887A CN114097955B CN 114097955 B CN114097955 B CN 114097955B CN 202111352887 A CN202111352887 A CN 202111352887A CN 114097955 B CN114097955 B CN 114097955B
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- powder
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种银鼓鱼饲料及其制备方法，所述银鼓鱼饲料按重量份计，包括以下原料：面粉20～25份、鱼粉4～15份、鸡肉粉8～12份、嘉肽康0.01～1份、鱼排粉4～6份、豆粕11～22份、味精酵母粉5～8份、玉米蛋白粉4～7份、菜籽粕3～6份、磷酸二氢钙1～2份、DDGS 4～10份、虾壳粉1～3份、膨润土0.5～1份、复合预混料0.5～1份、维生素C 0.1～1份、鱼油4～7份、卵磷脂0.2～0.5份。本发明所述银鼓鱼饲料可以提高银鼓鱼的生长性能和促进肠道健康，并且饲料具有低成本的优点，可以大幅提高银鼓鱼养殖的经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产饲料技术领域，尤其是一种银鼓鱼饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
多纹钱蝶鱼(Selenotoca multifasciata)又名银鼓鱼，为杂食性鱼类，原产于菲律宾、印度尼西亚、泰国等地的江河入海口，在我国东海南部至南海及北部湾区域均有分布，因其盐度适应广、耐高温、生长速度快、肉质鲜嫩肥美以及具有观赏价值而成为我国水产养殖业的新宠。
目前，市面上并无针对银鼓鱼营养需求而专门设计的饲料，养殖户普遍使用通用类海水鱼饲料来饲养银鼓鱼，而这些饲料的营养水平皆大多数与银鼓鱼的营养需求不相符合，因此影响了银鼓鱼的生长性能，且在养殖过程中易发肠炎，降低了养殖效益。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服现有的银鼓鱼养殖中存在的问题，提供一种银鼓鱼饲料及其制备方法。
银鼓鱼为中小型鱼类，消化道较短，摄食高蛋白和高油脂的饲料易产生脂肪肝和肠炎，影响对营养物质的消化吸收。
通用类海水鱼饲料蛋白含量在40％-45％之间，发明人在实际养殖中发现摄食通用类海水鱼饲料的银鼓鱼在养殖中期粪便多为未充分消化的食糜，这不仅降低了饲料的吸收利用率，而且增加了蛋白质的代谢产物的排泄量(氨基酸的代谢产物主要以氨的形式排放)，败坏了水质；后期易发生厌食现象，粪便多为散便，且腹脂高。为此，本发明提供一种银鼓鱼营养需求的饲料配方，具体方案如下：
一种银鼓鱼饲料，所述银鼓鱼饲料按重量份计，包括以下原料：面粉20～30份、鱼粉2～15份、鸡肉粉6～15份、嘉肽康0.01～1份、鱼排粉2～8份、豆粕10～25份、味精酵母粉5～12份、玉米蛋白粉3～10份、菜籽粕3～10份、磷酸二氢钙1～2份、DDGS 4～15份、虾壳粉1～5份、膨润土0.5～2份、复合预混料0.5～2份、维生素C 0.1～2份、鱼油4～10份、卵磷脂0.2～1份；
其中，所述嘉肽康为混合发酵料，制备方法为：将酿酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌和米曲霉混合后，加入豆粕、玉米粉、麸皮和水进行发酵，所得混合物即为所述嘉肽康。
进一步的，所述银鼓鱼饲料，按重量份计，由以下原料组成：面粉21-25份、鱼粉4～10份、鸡肉粉8～12份、嘉肽康0.1～1份、鱼排粉4～6份、豆粕11～23份、味精酵母粉5～10份、玉米蛋白粉4～8份、菜籽粕4-7份、磷酸二氢钙1～2份、DDGS 5～10份、虾壳粉2-4份、膨润土0.5-1份、复合预混料0.5-1份、维生素C 0.1-1份、鱼油4.5～8份、卵磷脂0.3-0.6份。
进一步的，所述银鼓鱼饲料，按重量份计，由以下原料组成：面粉22-24份、鱼粉4～5.5份、鸡肉粉9-10份、嘉肽康0.1～1份、鱼排粉4.5～5份、豆粕18～22份、味精酵母粉6.5～7.5份、玉米蛋白粉4～7份、菜籽粕5-6份、磷酸二氢钙1～1.5份、DDGS 6-9份、虾壳粉2-3份、膨润土0.5-1份、复合预混料0.5-1份、维生素C 0.1-1份、鱼油5-7份、卵磷脂0.4-0.5份。
进一步的，所述嘉肽康的制备方法中，酿酒酵母中酵母活菌数≥2.0×1010个/g，枯草芽孢杆菌中有效孢子含量≥2.0×1010个/g，米曲霉中有效孢子含量≥2.0×109个/g，混合质量比例为：酿酒酵母：枯草芽孢杆菌：米曲霉＝4-5:1-2:1-2；
任选的，豆粕、玉米粉、麸皮的质量比为80-90:1-10:1-10；
任选的，发酵中的料水比为1:0.3-0.5
进一步的，所述嘉肽康的制备方法中，发酵的温度为20-30℃下发酵30-50h，得到所述嘉肽康。
进一步的，所述复合预混料的组成为：按每1kg所述银鼓鱼饲料计，含有维生素B110-11mg；核黄素8-9mg；盐酸吡哆醇10-11mg；维生素B12 0.2-0.3mg；维生素K3 10-11mg；肌醇100-110mg；泛酸钙20-22mg；烟酸50-52mg；叶酸2-3mg；生物素2-3mg；维生A(50万IU)400-420mg；维生素D 5-6mg；维生素E(50万IU)100-120mg；乙氧基喹啉150-160mg；次粉0.13-0.14g；氯化钾200-220mg；碘化钾60-65mg；硫酸钴100-110mg；硫酸铜24-26mg；硫酸亚铁400-420mg；硫酸锌170-175mg；硫酸锰75-80mg；硫酸镁800-820mg；亚硒酸钠5-52mg；沸石粉3.0-3.5g。
进一步的，所述银鼓鱼饲料中，粗蛋白的质量分数为35～39％，粗脂肪的质量分数为8.1～8.3％。
本发明还提供所述银鼓鱼饲料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)按照重量份获得各原料，将面粉、鱼粉、鸡肉粉、嘉肽康、鱼排粉、豆粕、味精酵母粉、玉米蛋白粉、菜籽粕、DDGS、虾壳粉进行进行一次粉粹，粉粹后充分混合，得到混合料A；在混合料A中加入复合预混料、磷酸二氢钙、维生素C和膨润土，充分混合，后进行超微粉碎，得到混合料B；
(2)所述混合料B中加入卵磷脂和部分鱼油，充分搅拌，混合均匀后加入水，充分混合，得到混合料C；
(3)将混合料C调质处理后制成膨化颗粒饲料，干燥后进行真空喷油，冷却，过筛，得到所述银鼓鱼饲料。
进一步的，步骤(2)中使用占鱼油总重2％-10％的鱼油与卵磷脂仪器加入所述混合料B中，步骤(3)中使用余下鱼油进行真空喷油，所述真空喷油是在60-70℃下进行。
本发明还保护所述银鼓鱼饲料在银鼓鱼养殖上的运用。
有益效果：
(1)本发明的银鼓鱼饲料的营养水平符合银鼓鱼的营养需要，相比通用海水鱼饲料(蛋白含量40～45％)，本发明的蛋白含量为35～39％，节约了蛋白的使用量，降低了饲料成本，提高了养殖效益。
(2)本发明的银鼓鱼饲料在一定程度上减少了鱼粉的使用量，鱼粉的质量含量为4％-10％，而通用海水鱼饲料中鱼粉含量为15％-30％，因此本发明的银鼓鱼饲料有利于在全球鱼粉资源稀缺的背景下既避免了鱼粉的浪费，又降低了饲料成本。
(3)本发明添加了嘉肽康，嘉肽康富含低分子蛋白、益生菌、寡肽、乳酸和非淀粉多糖酶等活性物质，可提高银鼓鱼对营养物质的消化吸收能力，促进肠道健康，降低疾病的发生率；提高饲料效率，促进生长，降低投喂成本；稳水补菌，维持养殖环境菌藻的平衡。
(4)本发明制备时采用60-70℃真空喷油的方式，更有利于饲料对油脂的吸收，一方面可缓解因传统的温控喷油方式而产生的饲料吸油率低，油脂大量附着在饲料表面而未浸入饲料内部的问题，另一方面可有效降低饲料在养殖水体中的浸出率和扩散速度，防治水质恶化。
具体实施方式
下面将更详细地描述本发明的优选实施方式。虽然以下描述了本发明的优选实施方式，然而应该理解，可以以各种形式实现本发明而不应被这里阐述的实施方式所限制。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件者，按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。在下面的实施例中，如未明确说明，“％”均指重量百分比。
具体实施例中的嘉肽康为混合发酵料，发酵菌种为：酿酒酵母(菌粉中酵母活菌数≥2.0×1010个/g)、枯草芽孢杆菌(有效孢子含量≥2.0×1010个/g)和米曲霉(有效孢子含量≥2.0×109个/g)，添加比例为5:2:1，按原料重的0.5％计算菌粉总添加量；发酵底物为豆粕(90％)、玉米粉(5％)和麸皮(5％)，料水比为1:0.4，置于28℃下发酵48h，所得混合物即为嘉肽康。
具体实施例、对比例中的复合预混料的组成为：按每1kg饲料计，含有维生素B110mg；核黄素8mg；盐酸吡哆醇10mg；维生素B12 0.2mg；维生素K3 10mg；肌醇100mg；泛酸钙20mg；烟酸50mg；叶酸2mg；生物素2mg；维生A(50万IU)400mg；维生素D 5mg；维生素E(50万IU)100mg；乙氧基喹啉150mg；次粉0.1328g；氯化钾200mg；碘化钾60mg；硫酸钴100mg；硫酸铜24mg；硫酸亚铁400mg；硫酸锌174mg；硫酸锰78mg；硫酸镁800mg；亚硒酸钠50mg；沸石粉3.114g。
实施例1
一种银鼓鱼饲料，按重量份计，包括以下原料：面粉22.7份、鱼粉5份、鸡肉粉9份、嘉肽康0份、鱼排粉5份、豆粕20.5份、味精酵母粉6.8份、玉米蛋白粉4.5份、菜籽粕5.5份、磷酸二氢钙1.4份、DDGS 9份、虾壳粉2.3份、膨润土0.9份、复合预混料0.9份、维生素C 0.1份、鱼油5份、卵磷脂0.5份。
按照上述配比，所述银鼓鱼饲料中，粗蛋白的质量分数为39.02％，粗脂肪的质量分数为8.14％。
制备上述银鼓鱼饲料，包括以下步骤：
(1)将面粉、鱼粉、鸡肉粉、嘉肽康、鱼排粉、豆粕、味精酵母粉、玉米蛋白粉、菜籽粕、DDGS、虾壳粉进行粗粉粹，粉粹后充分混合；在此混合物中加入复合预混料、磷酸二氢钙、维生素C和膨润土，充分混合，后进行超微粉碎；
(2)加入卵磷脂和0.1～0.5份鱼油，充分搅拌，混合；充分混匀得混合物，加入水，充分混合；
调质后制成膨化颗粒饲料，干燥，68℃真空喷油(余下的鱼油)，冷却，过筛，即得。
实施例2
一种银鼓鱼饲料，按重量份计，包括以下原料：面粉22.7份、鱼粉4.5份、鸡肉粉9份、嘉肽康0.45份、鱼排粉4.5份、豆粕18.6份、味精酵母粉7.3份、玉米蛋白粉6.4份、菜籽粕5.5份、磷酸二氢钙1.4份、DDGS 9份、虾壳粉2.3份、膨润土0.9份、复合预混料0.9份、维生素C 0.1份、鱼油5份、卵磷脂0.5份。
按照上述配比，所述银鼓鱼饲料中，粗蛋白的质量分数为39.13％，粗脂肪的质量分数为8.11％。
银鼓鱼饲料的制备方法同实施例1。
实施例3
一种银鼓鱼饲料，按重量份计，包括以下原料：面粉22.7份、鱼粉4.5份、鸡肉粉9份、嘉肽康0.9份、鱼排粉4.5份、豆粕18.2份、味精酵母粉7.3份、玉米蛋白粉6.4份、菜籽粕5.5份、磷酸二氢钙1.4份、DDGS 9份、虾壳粉2.3份、膨润土0.9份、复合预混料0.9份、维生素C 0.1份、鱼油5份、卵磷脂0.5份。
按照上述配比，所述银鼓鱼饲料中，粗蛋白的质量分数为39.14％，粗脂肪的质量分数为8.11％。
银鼓鱼饲料的制备方法同实施例1。
实施例4
一种银鼓鱼饲料，按重量份计，包括以下原料：面粉21份、鱼粉8份、鸡肉粉10份、嘉肽康1份、鱼排粉5份、豆粕11份、味精酵母粉5份、玉米蛋白粉8份、菜籽粕4份、磷酸二氢钙1份、DDGS 6份、虾壳粉2份、膨润土0.6份、复合预混料0.5份、维生素C 0.5份、鱼油8份、卵磷脂0.3份。
实施例5
一种银鼓鱼饲料，按重量份计，包括以下原料：面粉25份、鱼粉4份、鸡肉粉12份、嘉肽康0.9份、鱼排粉8份、豆粕20份、味精酵母粉8份、玉米蛋白粉4份、菜籽粕6份、磷酸二氢钙2份、DDGS 8份、虾壳粉3份、膨润土0.5份、复合预混料1份、维生素C1份、鱼油6份、卵磷脂0.6份。
实施例6
一种通用型海水鱼的配合饲料，按重量份计，包括以下原料：面粉23份、鱼粉10份、鸡肉粉8份、嘉肽康0.5份、鱼排粉6份、豆粕15份、味精酵母粉10份、玉米蛋白粉6份、菜籽粕7份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、DDGS 10份、虾壳粉4份、膨润土1份、复合预混料0.8份、维生素C 0.6份、鱼油5份、卵磷脂0.5份。
对比例1
一种通用型海水鱼的配合饲料，按重量份计，包括以下原料：面粉22.7份、鱼粉13.5份、鸡肉粉11份、嘉肽康0份、鱼排粉4.5份、豆粕12份、味精酵母粉7.3份、玉米蛋白粉7.3份、菜籽粕5.5份、磷酸二氢钙1.4份、DDGS 4.5份、虾壳粉2.3份、膨润土0.9份、复合预混料0.9份、维生素C 0.1份、鱼油4.6份、卵磷脂0.5份。
所述通用型海水鱼的配合饲料中，粗蛋白的质量分数为42.6％，粗脂肪的质量分数为8.21％。
养殖试验
取实施例、对比例1饲料，每日的定时(8:00和17:00)饲养初始体重为0.30±0.05g的银鼓鱼56d，记录数据，见表1。其中，表1中部分数据的计算方式如下：
存活率(％)＝终末鱼尾数/初始鱼尾数×100
增重率(％)＝(每尾鱼的平均末体重-每尾鱼的平均初始体重)×100/每尾鱼的平均初始体重
摄食率(％)＝摄食饲料总质量/(终末鱼总质量/2+初始鱼总质量/2)/养殖天数×100
饲料效率＝(终末鱼总质量-初始鱼总质量)/摄食饲料总质量
蛋白质效率＝(终末鱼总质量-初始鱼总质量)/摄入蛋白质总量
肠炎致死率(％)＝肠炎引发鱼死亡的尾数/初始鱼尾数×100
表1 各组饲料对银鼓鱼生长性能和肠炎致死率的影响
注：每组数据标注的字母不同，代表差异显著(P<0.05)。
从表1可以得出：
(1)相较于对比例1，实施例2和3的饲料饲养银鼓鱼可显著提高其的存活率和降低肠炎的致死率，说明实施例2和实施例3的饲料可有效促进银鼓鱼的肠道健康，降低死亡率。
(2)相较于对比例1，实施例3饲料饲养的银鼓鱼摄食率降低，但增重率和饲料效率增高且蛋白质效率与对比例无显著差异。说明实施例3饲料可以满足银鼓鱼的生长需求，能有效促进营养物质的消化吸收，同时避免了蛋白质和鱼粉的浪费，降低了饲料成本，提高了养殖的经济效益。
(3)本发明提供的饲料相比常规市售的海水鱼饲料一方面有提高存活率、增重率、饲料效率和降低肠炎发生率的优势，切实增加养殖户的经济效益；另一方面，在满足银鼓鱼营养需求的前提下，节省了鱼粉的使用量。
以上详细描述了本发明的优选实施方式，但是，本发明并不限于上述实施方式中的具体细节，在本发明的技术构思范围内，可以对本发明的技术方案进行多种简单变型，这些简单变型均属于本发明的保护范围。
另外需要说明的是，在上述具体实施方式中所描述的各个具体技术特征，在不矛盾的情况下，可以通过任何合适的方式进行组合。为了避免不必要的重复，本发明对各种可能的组合方式不再另行说明。
此外，本发明的各种不同的实施方式之间也可以进行任意组合，只要其不违背本发明的思想，其同样应当视为本发明所公开的内容。
Claims (4)
1.一种银鼓鱼饲料，其特征在于：所述银鼓鱼饲料按重量份计，包括以下原料：
面粉22.7份、鱼粉4.5份、鸡肉粉9份、嘉肽康0.9份、鱼排粉4.5份、豆粕18.2份、味精酵母粉7.3份、玉米蛋白粉6.4份、菜籽粕5.5份、磷酸二氢钙1.4份、DDGS 9份、虾壳粉2.3份、膨润土0.9份、复合预混料0.9份、维生素C 0.1份、鱼油5份、卵磷脂0.5份；
其中，所述嘉肽康为混合发酵料，发酵菌种为：酿酒酵母，其菌粉中酵母活菌数≥2.0×1010个/g、枯草芽孢杆菌，其有效孢子含量≥2.0×1010个/g和米曲霉，其效孢子含量≥2.0×109个/g，添加比例为5:2:1，按原料重的0.5% 计算菌粉总添加量；发酵底物为90%豆粕、5%玉米粉和5%麸皮，料水比为1:0.4，置于28℃下发酵48h，所得混合物即为嘉肽康；
所述复合预混料的组成为：按每1kg饲料计，含有维生素B1 10 mg；核黄素8 mg；盐酸吡哆醇10 mg；维生素B12 0.2 mg；维生素K3 10 mg；肌醇100 mg；泛酸钙20 mg；烟酸50 mg；叶酸2 mg；生物素2 mg；50万IU维生A 400 mg；维生素D 5 mg；50万IU维生素E 100 mg；乙氧基喹啉150 mg；次粉0.1328 g；氯化钾200 mg；碘化钾60 mg；硫酸钴100 mg；硫酸铜24mg；硫酸亚铁400 mg；硫酸锌174 mg；硫酸锰78 mg；硫酸镁800 mg；亚硒酸钠50 mg；沸石粉3.114g；
所述银鼓鱼饲料中，粗蛋白的质量分数为35～39%，粗脂肪的质量分数为8.1～8.3%。
2.权利要求1所述银鼓鱼饲料的制备方法，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：
（1）按照重量份获得各原料，将面粉、鱼粉、鸡肉粉、嘉肽康、鱼排粉、豆粕、味精酵母粉、玉米蛋白粉、菜籽粕、DDGS、虾壳粉进行一次粉粹，粉粹后充分混合，得到混合料A；在混合料A中加入复合预混料、磷酸二氢钙、维生素C和膨润土，充分混合，后进行超微粉碎，得到混合料B；
（2）所述混合料B中加入卵磷脂和部分鱼油，充分搅拌，混合均匀后加入水，充分混合，得到混合料C；
（3）将混合料C调质处理后制成膨化颗粒饲料，干燥后利用剩余鱼油进行真空喷油，冷却，过筛，得到所述银鼓鱼饲料。
3.根据权利要求2所述银鼓鱼饲料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤（2）中使用占鱼油总重2%-10%的鱼油与卵磷脂一起加入所述混合料B中，步骤（3）中使用余下鱼油进行真空喷油，所述真空喷油是在60-70℃下进行。
4.权利要求1所述银鼓鱼饲料在银鼓鱼养殖上的运用。
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