CN114086198B - 一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,所述膜电极由氢电极层、电解池层、隔层、氧电极层组成,膜电极制备过程包括:氢电极层浆料制备、氢电极支撑体制备、电解质层制备、隔层制备及氧电极制备。制备的膜电极的氢电极含有指状孔结构,显著地提高了水蒸气和氢气的扩散过程,提高了电解池的性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及燃料电池及电解池领域,具体涉及一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法。
背景技术
固体氧化物电解池(Solid Oxide electrolysis Cell,简称SOEC)可在高温下将水蒸气电解为氢气和氧气,表观电效率可达到100%,目前被认为是最高效的电解制氢技术。
膜电极是SOEC的核心部件,其具有“三明治”结构,中间是致密的电解质层,两边为多孔的氢电极和氧电极。当膜电极用于高温电解水蒸气制取氢气应用时,在氢电极上发生水蒸气扩散、水分子解离为氢气和氧离子,氧离子体相扩散,氧离子通过氢电极/电解质界面注入到电解质等过程。对于传统流延、干压等方法制备的氢电极支撑型膜电极,氢电极的孔径多为亚微米级,孔隙率较低,导致水分子在氢电极上的传质过程较慢,在高的电解电流密度下出现明显的浓差极化,严重制约了SOEC的性能。而单一的增加氢电极的孔隙率或增加几十微米级的大孔,则会导致氢电极与电解质界面在高温烧制过程中结合不好,引入较大的界面电阻。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,在氢电极中控制制备出直径为几十微米的指状孔结构,显著提升水分子的扩散过程,提高SOEC制氢性能。
一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,其特征在于:所述膜电极制备过程包括如下:
(1)制备氢电极层浆料;
(2)制备氢电极支撑体;
(3)电解质层预烧制:将YSZ粉体与溶剂、粘结剂、分散剂、增塑剂混合研磨形成电解质浆料,将YSZ电解质浆料涂覆于预烧后的氢电极支撑体的一侧,然后在600~1000℃预烧2~10h,形成电解质预烧层;
(4)电解质层致密化烧制:配置Y、Zr硝酸盐的混合液,Y∶Zr摩尔比=0.1~0.25∶0.75~0.9,优选0.15∶0.85,金属离子总浓度为0.5~3M,将硝酸盐混合液滴到电解质预烧层上,在80~120℃干燥后,在高温1200~1400℃下焙烧5~20h,得到致密的YSZ电解质薄膜;
(5)制备隔层;
(6)制备氧电极。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,步骤(1)中,制备氢电极层浆料:将溶剂、粘结剂和分散剂混合搅拌10~100h,形成稳定的有机浆料,将氢电极粉体NiO、YSZ与有机浆料混合后研磨10~50h,形成稳定均匀的氢电极浆料,其中,溶剂为1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP),N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中一种或几种,粘结剂为聚砜(PSF)、聚醚砜(PESf)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)中一种或几种,分散剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙烯醇中一种或几种,溶剂、粘结剂和分散剂三者质量比为100∶10~20∶2~6,有机浆料与氢电极粉体的质量比为40∶60~15∶85,NiO和YSZ粉体的质量比为50∶50~70∶30;
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,步骤(2)中,制备氢电极支撑体;将(1)制备的氢电极浆料涂覆到表面光滑的玻璃平板上,控制厚度为500~1500微米,将玻璃平板室温下浸泡于水、乙醇、乙二醇单一或混合凝固浴中静置固化10~60min后得到湿胚体,然后将湿的胚体在40~80℃干燥0.5~50h,将干燥的生胚在800~1300℃下预烧1~10h,得到氢电极支撑体,支撑体中含有指状孔,孔直径为20~100微米,孔隙率为40~70%。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,步骤(3)中,电解质层预烧制:将YSZ粉体与溶剂、粘结剂、分散剂、增塑剂混合研磨形成电解质浆料,将YSZ电解质浆料涂覆于预烧后的氢电极支撑体的一侧,然后在600~1000℃预烧2~10h,形成电解质预烧层。其中,溶剂为正丁醇、乙醇、松油醇中一种或几种,粘结剂为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲基丙烯酸中一种或几种,分散剂为鱼油、磷酸酯、三油酸甘油酯中一种或几种,增塑剂为聚乙二醇、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、甘油中一种或几种,YSZ粉体与溶剂、粘结剂、分散剂、增塑剂的质量比为100∶80~120∶6~8∶1~5∶6~12。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,步骤(5)中,制备隔层;将原子比为8~9∶2~1的Ce/Gd合金材料为靶材在YSZ电解质膜上反应溅射GDC隔层,溅射厚度为100~2000纳米,将隔层在800~1000℃退火1~10h。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,步骤(6)中,制备氧电极:将氧电极粉体与松油醇、乙基纤维素混合研磨形成电解质浆料,其质量比为:100∶30~60∶1.5~4.5,将氧电极浆料涂敷在隔层表面,氧电极厚度为10~100微米,在高温800~1100℃下焙烧1~10h制得膜电极。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,所述氢电极层浆料制备中溶剂、粘结剂、分散剂质量比为100∶12~18∶2~4,有机溶剂与氢电极粉体的质量比为30∶70~20∶80,NiO和YSZ粉体的质量比为55∶45~65∶35。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,所述氢电极支撑体制备中,将氢电极浆料用刮刀刮到表面光滑的玻璃或不锈钢平板上,控制厚度为600~1000微米,将干燥的生胚在900~1200℃下预烧,氢电极支撑体中指状孔的孔直径为30~80微米,孔隙率为50~65%。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,所述电解质层制备中,YSZ粉体与溶剂、粘结剂、分散剂、增塑剂的质量比为100∶85~110∶6~8∶2~4∶6~10。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,所述隔层制备中,溅射厚度为200~1000纳米;
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,所述氧电极制备中,氧电极粉体与松油醇、乙基纤维素的质量比为:100∶40~55∶2~4,氧电极厚度为20~50微米。
本发明的优点在于:
(1)本发明在膜电极制备过程中,将电解质层分为预烧和致密化烧制两个过程,致密化烧制过程中,与电解质组成一致的硝酸盐溶液在电解质预烧层和氢电极层间扩散,强化了氢电极层与电解质层的接触。
(2)本发明的膜电极制备过程中,氢电极浆料与凝固浴间不同组分、相间扩散、分离反应,在氢电极中含有直径为几十微米的指状孔,孔径远大于H2O和H2的分子平均值自由程,其内部气体为分子扩散,实现了氢电极内气体的传输快速。
(3)本发明膜电极适用平板式、管式膜电极,显示出优异的电解水制氢性能。
附图说明
图1为对比例1制备的膜电极氢电极的SEM图片;
图2为实施例1制备的膜电极氢电极的SEM图片;
图3为实施例1中膜电极电解水的I-V曲线。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明作进一步的阐述。
对比例1
(1)氢电极支撑体制备:采用流延法制备氢电极支撑体,其中,氢电极粉体NiO-YSZ(质量比为60∶40),预烧温度为1000℃下预烧5h,电镜图片如图1所示,氢电极中NiO和YSZ颗粒均匀分布,孔径大小为0.3~0.6微米。
(2)电解质层预烧制:将YSZ粉体与正丁醇、鱼油、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯和聚乙烯醇缩丁醛混合研磨50h形成电解质浆料,其质量分别为:100g、100g、2g、10g、6g,将YSZ电解质浆料涂覆于预烧后的氢电极支撑体的一侧,然后在900℃下焙烧5h.
(3)电解质层致密化烧制:配置50mL Y、Zr硝酸盐的混合液,Y∶Zr=0.15∶0.85,金属离子总浓度为1M,将2mL硝酸盐混合液滴到电解质预烧层上,在80~120℃干燥后,在高温1350℃下焙烧10h,得到致密的YSZ电解质薄膜.
(4)隔层制备:以Ce/Gd(原子比为9∶1)合金材料为靶材在YSZ电解质膜上反应溅射GDC隔层,隔层在1000℃退火2h,隔层厚度为500纳米,其中,溅射气氛为高纯Ar和O2(≥99.999vol%),流量比为10∶1,溅射气压为0.5Pa,基底温度为300℃,靶功率密度为9W cm-2。
(5)氧电极层制备:将Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3氧电极粉体与松油醇、乙基纤维素按照质量分别为100g、50g、3g混合研磨形成氧电极浆料,将氧电极浆料涂敷在隔层表面,在高温1000℃下焙烧2h制得膜电极,其中,氧电极厚度为30微米。
膜电极在绝对湿度70%、800℃、1.3V下电解水制氢的电流密度达到-1.7Acm-2。
对比例2
(1)氢电极层浆料制备:将1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、聚砜(PSF)聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)按照质量分别为100g、15g、5g混合后,在球磨机中研磨搅拌24h,形成稳定的有机浆料,将氢电极粉体NiO-YSZ(质量比为60∶40)与有机浆料混合后研磨24h,形成稳定均匀的氢电极浆料,其中,有机浆料与氢电极粉体的质量比为20∶80。
(2)氢电极支撑体制备:将氢电极浆料用刮刀刮到表面光滑的玻璃平板上,控制厚度为800微米,将玻璃平板室温下浸泡于凝固水浴中静置固化30min后得到湿的胚体,然后将湿的胚体在60℃干燥10h,将干燥的生胚在1000℃下预烧5h,得到氢电极支撑体,支撑体中含有指状孔,孔直径为30~70微米,孔隙率为65%,氢电极含有指状孔,最大孔径在60~80微米。
(3)电解质层制备:将YSZ粉体与正丁醇、鱼油、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯和聚乙烯醇缩丁醛混合研磨50h形成电解质浆料,其质量分别为:100g、100g、2g、10g、6g,将YSZ电解质浆料涂覆于预烧后的氢电极支撑体的一侧,然后高温1350℃下焙烧10h得到致密的YSZ电解质薄膜。
(4)隔层制备:以Ce/Gd(原子比为9∶1)合金材料为靶材在YSZ电解质膜上反应溅射GDC隔层,隔层在1000℃退火2h,隔层厚度为500纳米,其中,溅射气氛为高纯Ar和O2(≥99.999vol%),流量比为10∶1,溅射气压为0.5Pa,基底温度为300℃,靶功率密度为9W cm-2。
(5)氧电极层制备:将Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3氧电极粉体与松油醇、乙基纤维素按照质量分别为100g、50g、3g混合研磨形成氧电极浆料,将氧电极浆料涂敷在隔层表面,在高温1000℃下焙烧2h制得膜电极,其中,氧电极厚度为30微米。
膜电极在绝对湿度70%、800℃、1.3V下电解水制氢的电流密度为-2.7Acm-2。
实施例1
(1)氢电极层浆料制备:将1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、聚砜(PSF)聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)按照质量分别为100g、15g、5g混合后,在球磨机中研磨搅拌24h,形成稳定的有机浆料,将氢电极粉体NiO-YSZ(质量比为60∶40)与有机浆料混合后研磨24h,形成稳定均匀的氢电极浆料,其中,有机浆料与氢电极粉体的质量比为20∶80。
(2)氢电极支撑体制备:将氢电极浆料用刮刀刮到表面光滑的玻璃平板上,控制厚度为800微米,将玻璃平板室温下浸泡于凝固水浴中静置固化30min后得到湿的胚体,然后将湿的胚体在60℃干燥10h,将干燥的生胚在1000℃下预烧5h,得到氢电极支撑体,支撑体中含有指状孔,孔直径为30~70微米,孔隙率为65%,如附图2所示,其中,氢电极含有指状孔,最大孔径在60~80微米。
(3)电解质层预烧制:将YSZ粉体与正丁醇、鱼油、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯和聚乙烯醇缩丁醛混合研磨50h形成电解质浆料,其质量分别为:100g、100g、2g、10g、6g,将YSZ电解质浆料涂覆于预烧后的氢电极支撑体的一侧,然后在900℃下焙烧5h。
(4)电解质层致密化烧制:配置50mL Y、Zr硝酸盐的混合液,Y∶Zr=0.15∶0.85,金属离子总浓度为1M,将2mL硝酸盐混合液滴到电解质预烧层上,在80~120℃干燥后,在高温1350℃下焙烧10h,得到致密的YSZ电解质薄膜.
(5)隔层制备:以Ce/Gd(原子比为9∶1)合金材料为靶材在YSZ电解质膜上反应溅射GDC隔层,隔层在1000℃退火2h,隔层厚度为500纳米,其中,溅射气氛为高纯Ar和O2(≥99.999vol%),流量比为10∶1,溅射气压为0.5Pa,基底温度为300℃,靶功率密度为9W cm-2。
(6)氧电极层制备:将Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3氧电极粉体与松油醇、乙基纤维素按照质量分别为100g、50g、3g混合研磨形成氧电极浆料,将氧电极浆料涂敷在隔层表面,在高温1000℃下焙烧2h制得膜电极,其中,氧电极厚度为30微米。
膜电极在绝对湿度70%、800℃、1.3V下电解水制氢的电流密度达到-4.20Acm-2,如图3所示。
Claims (7)
1.一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,其特征在于:所述膜电极制备过程包括如下:
(1)制备氢电极层浆料:将溶剂、粘结剂和分散剂混合搅拌10~100h,形成稳定的有机浆料,将粉体NiO、YSZ与有机浆料混合后研磨10~50h,形成稳定均匀的氢电极浆料,其中,溶剂为1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中一种或几种,粘结剂为聚砜、聚醚砜、聚醚酰亚胺中一种或几种,分散剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇中一种或几种,溶剂、粘结剂和分散剂三者质量比为100:10~20:2~6,有机浆料与氢电极粉体的质量比为40:60~15:85,NiO和YSZ粉体的质量比为50:50~70:30;
(2)制备氢电极支撑体:将(1)制备的氢电极浆料涂覆到表面光滑的玻璃平板上,控制厚度为500~1500微米,将玻璃平板室温下浸泡于水、乙醇、乙二醇单一或混合凝固浴中静置固化10~60min后得到湿胚体,然后将湿的胚体在40~80℃干燥0.5~50 h,将干燥的生胚在800~1300℃下预烧1~10h,得到氢电极支撑体,支撑体中含有指状孔,孔直径为20~100微米,孔隙率为40~70%;
(3)电解质层预烧制:将YSZ粉体与溶剂、粘结剂、分散剂、增塑剂混合研磨形成电解质浆料,将YSZ电解质浆料涂覆于预烧后的氢电极支撑体的一侧,然后在600~1000℃预烧2~10h,形成电解质预烧层;
(4)电解质层致密化烧制:配置Y、Zr硝酸盐的混合液,Y:Zr摩尔比= 0.1~0.25:0.75~0.9,金属离子总浓度为0.5~3M,将硝酸盐混合液滴到电解质预烧层上,在80~120℃干燥后,在高温1200~1400℃下焙烧5~20h,得到致密的YSZ电解质薄膜;
(5)制备隔层;
(6)制备氧电极。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,其特征在于:(3)电解质层预烧制中,溶剂为正丁醇、乙醇、松油醇中一种或几种,粘结剂为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲基丙烯酸中一种或几种,分散剂为鱼油、磷酸酯、三油酸甘油酯中一种或几种,增塑剂为聚乙二醇、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、甘油中一种或几种,YSZ粉体与溶剂、粘结剂、分散剂、增塑剂的质量比为100: 80~120 : 6~8:1~5:6~12;
(5)制备隔层:将原子比为8~9: 2~1的Ce/Gd合金材料为靶材在YSZ电解质膜上反应溅射GDC隔层,溅射厚度为100~2000纳米,将隔层在800~1000℃退火1~10h;
(6)制备氧电极:将氧电极粉体与松油醇、乙基纤维素混合研磨形成电解质浆料,其质量比为:100:30~60:1.5~4.5,氧电极浆料涂敷在隔层表面,氧电极厚度为10~100微米,在高温800~1100℃下焙烧1~10 h制得膜电极。
3.根据权利要求1所述一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,其特征在于:所述氢电极层浆料制备中溶剂、粘结剂、分散剂质量比为100:12~18:2~4,有机浆料与氢电极粉体的质量比为30:70~20:80,NiO和YSZ粉体的质量比为55:45~65:35。
4.根据权利要求1所述一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,其特征在于:所述氢电极支撑体制备中,将氢电极浆料用刮刀刮到表面光滑的玻璃或不锈钢平板上,控制厚度为600~1000微米,将干燥的生胚在900~1200℃下预烧,氢电极支撑体中指状孔的孔直径为30~80微米,孔隙率为50~65%。
5.根据权利要求2所述一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,其特征在于:所述电解质层预烧制中,YSZ粉体与溶剂、粘结剂、分散剂、增塑剂的质量比为100: 85~110 : 6~8:2~4:6~10。
6.根据权利要求2所述一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,其特征在于:所述隔层制备中,溅射厚度为200~1000 纳米。
7.根据权利要求2所述一种固体氧化物电解池膜电极的制备方法,其特征在于:所述氧电极制备中,氧电极粉体与松油醇、乙基纤维素的质量比为:100:40~55:2~4,氧电极厚度为20~50微米。
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