CN114056268A - Automobile chassis with protection function - Google Patents
Automobile chassis with protection function Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114056268A CN114056268A CN202111335967.1A CN202111335967A CN114056268A CN 114056268 A CN114056268 A CN 114056268A CN 202111335967 A CN202111335967 A CN 202111335967A CN 114056268 A CN114056268 A CN 114056268A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- automobile chassis
- collision
- piston cylinder
- spring
- protection function
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
- B60R19/02—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects
- B60R19/023—Details
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
- B60R19/02—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects
- B60R19/18—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects characterised by the cross-section; Means within the bumper to absorb impact
- B60R19/22—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects characterised by the cross-section; Means within the bumper to absorb impact containing mainly cellular material, e.g. solid foam
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
- B60R19/02—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects
- B60R19/24—Arrangements for mounting bumpers on vehicles
- B60R19/26—Arrangements for mounting bumpers on vehicles comprising yieldable mounting means
- B60R19/36—Combinations of yieldable mounting means of different types
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
- B60R19/02—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects
- B60R2019/026—Buffers, i.e. bumpers of limited extent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
- B60R19/02—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects
- B60R19/24—Arrangements for mounting bumpers on vehicles
- B60R2019/247—Fastening of bumpers' side ends
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Vibration Dampers (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of automobile protection, in particular to an automobile chassis with a protection function, which reduces the injury of impact force to personnel during automobile collision, improves the use safety of a device and reduces the harm caused by the impact force of an automobile; the automobile chassis comprises an automobile chassis, an anti-collision beam, a connecting mechanism and a buffer mechanism, wherein the buffer mechanism is arranged at the left end of the automobile chassis, and the anti-collision beam is connected with the buffer mechanism in a matching way through the connecting mechanism; buffer gear includes a first piston section of thick bamboo, a second piston section of thick bamboo, first damping cover, the piston slide, the second damping cover, a supporting beam, first spring, the second spring, the third damping cover, buffer block and third spring, a first piston section of thick bamboo is installed respectively in car chassis left end inner chamber, the suit of second damping cover is outside at the piston slide, the suit of third damping cover is outside at the buffer block, both ends are connected with buffer block and car chassis groove chamber wall cooperation respectively about the third spring, the anticollision roof beam passes through coupling mechanism and is connected with a supporting beam cooperation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of automobile protection, in particular to an automobile chassis with a protection function.
Background
As is known, the chassis of a motor vehicle is composed of four parts, namely a drive train, a running train, a steering train and a braking train. The chassis is used for supporting and mounting the automobile engine and all parts and assemblies thereof, forming the integral shape of the automobile, receiving the power of the engine to enable the automobile to move and ensure normal running, and the power generated by the automobile engine is transmitted to the driving wheels by a transmission system. The transmission system has the functions of speed reduction, speed change, reversing, power interruption, inter-wheel differential speed, inter-axle differential speed and the like, works in cooperation with the engine, can ensure the normal running of the automobile under various working conditions, and has good dynamic property and economy.
In the prior art, bumpers are mounted on the head and the tail of a common automobile and have the function of relieving impact force caused by collision by utilizing the deformation of the bumpers, so that the personal safety of passengers is protected, but the relieving effect is obviously insufficient to resist strong instant impact force, and the effect is poor, so that how to realize the anti-collision arrangement of automobile protection is realized, the operation is simple, safe and effective, and the technology for reducing the occurrence of traffic accidents is at present, so that the production of the automobile chassis with the anti-collision function is very promising, and the market prospect is wide.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the automobile chassis with the protection function, which can reduce the injury of impact force to personnel during automobile collision, improve the use safety of the device and reduce the damage caused by the impact force of the automobile.
The invention discloses an automobile chassis with a protection function, which comprises an automobile chassis, an anti-collision beam, a connecting mechanism and a buffer mechanism, wherein the buffer mechanism is arranged at the left end of the automobile chassis; the buffer mechanism comprises a first piston cylinder, a second piston cylinder, a first damping sleeve, a piston slide block, a second damping sleeve, a supporting beam, a first spring, a second spring, a third damping sleeve, a buffer block and a third spring, wherein the first piston cylinder is respectively arranged in an inner cavity at the left end of a chassis of the automobile, the first damping sleeve is sleeved outside the second piston cylinder, the second piston cylinder is matched and slidably connected with the working cavity wall of the first piston cylinder through the first damping sleeve, the second damping sleeve is sleeved outside the piston slide block, the piston slide block is matched and slidably connected with the cavity wall of the second piston cylinder through the second damping sleeve, the supporting beam is matched and connected with a through hole of the piston slide block, the left end and the right end of the first spring are respectively connected with the cavity of the second piston cylinder and the right end of the piston slide block, the left end and the right end of the second spring are respectively matched and connected with the working cavity of the first piston cylinder and the second piston cylinder, the third damping sleeve is sleeved outside the buffer block, the buffer block passes through third damping cover and vehicle chassis spread groove cooperation sliding connection, and both ends are connected with buffer block and vehicle chassis wall of groove cooperation respectively about the third spring, and the anticollision roof beam passes through coupling mechanism and is connected with a supporting beam cooperation.
The automobile chassis with the protection function comprises a connecting column, a first bolt, a connecting seat and a connecting shaft, wherein the connecting column is matched and slidably connected with a supporting beam, the first bolt penetrates through a through hole of the connecting column to be matched and threadedly connected with the supporting beam, the connecting seat is installed at the right end of an anti-collision beam, and the connecting seat and the connecting column are matched and rotatably connected through the connecting shaft.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises buffer foam, the anti-collision beam is provided with a multi-layer cavity type structure, and the buffer foam is filled in the cavity of the anti-collision beam in a matched mode.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises a connecting piece and a second bolt, wherein the connecting piece is installed at the left end of the connecting seat, a connecting hole is formed in the bottom end of the connecting piece, the second bolt is connected with the anti-collision beam threaded through hole in a matched mode, and the connecting piece is connected with the anti-collision beam connecting hole in a matched mode.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises a connecting beam and a second bolt, an inner hole of the connecting beam is respectively connected with the supporting beam in a matched mode, and the second bolt is connected with the supporting beam in a matched threaded mode.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises a rubber pad, and the rubber pad is mounted at the left end of the anti-collision beam.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises anti-collision cotton, and the anti-collision cotton is arranged at the left end of the automobile chassis.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises a protection beam, and the protection beam is arranged on the left side of the bottom end of the automobile chassis.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: make second piston cylinder and first piston cylinder cooperation sliding resistance increase through first damping cover, make piston slide and second piston cylinder cooperation sliding resistance increase through second damping cover, make buffer block and vehicle chassis cooperation sliding resistance increase through third damping cover, make anticollision roof beam and a supporting beam cooperation be connected through coupling mechanism, it makes anticollision roof beam stabilizing support to support through the cooperation of multiunit supporting beam, carry out the one-level buffering when making anticollision roof beam bump through first spring, make anticollision roof beam carry out the second grade buffering through the second spring, carry out tertiary buffering by the third spring through a supporting beam and buffer block contact, impact force is to personnel's injury when reducing the automobile collision, improve device safety in utilization, reduce the harm that the automobile impact force caused simultaneously.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic front view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic top view of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the portion A of FIG. 3;
in the drawings, the reference numbers: 1. an automotive chassis; 2. an anti-collision beam; 3. a first piston cylinder; 4. a second piston cylinder; 5. a first damping sleeve; 6. a piston slide block; 7. a second damping sleeve; 8. a support beam; 9. a first spring; 10. a second spring; 11. a third damping sleeve; 12. a buffer block; 13. a third spring; 14. connecting columns; 15. a first bolt; 16. a connecting seat; 17. a connecting shaft; 19. buffering foam; 20. a connecting member; 21. a second bolt; 22. a connecting beam; 23. a second bolt; 24. a rubber pad; 25. anti-collision cotton; 26. the beam is protected.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1 to 4, the automobile chassis with the protection function of the invention comprises an automobile chassis 1, an anti-collision beam 2, a connecting mechanism and a buffer mechanism, wherein the buffer mechanism is installed at the left end of the automobile chassis 1, and the anti-collision beam 2 is connected with the buffer mechanism in a matching way through the connecting mechanism; the buffer mechanism comprises a first piston cylinder 3, a second piston cylinder 4, a first damping sleeve 5, a piston slide block 6, a second damping sleeve 7, a supporting beam 8, a first spring 9, a second spring 10, a third damping sleeve 11, a buffer block 12 and a third spring 13, wherein the first piston cylinder 3 is respectively arranged in the inner cavity at the left end of the automobile chassis 1, the first damping sleeve 5 is sleeved outside the second piston cylinder 4, the second piston cylinder 4 is matched and slidably connected with the working cavity wall of the first piston cylinder 3 through the first damping sleeve 5, the second damping sleeve 7 is sleeved outside the piston slide block 6, the piston slide block 6 is matched and slidably connected with the cavity wall of the second piston cylinder 4 through the second damping sleeve 7, the supporting beam 8 is matched and connected with a through hole of the piston slide block 6, the left end and the right end of the first spring 9 are respectively connected with the cavity of the second piston cylinder 4 and the right end of the piston slide block 6, the left end and the right end of the second spring 10 are respectively matched and connected with the working cavity of the first piston cylinder 3 and the second piston cylinder 4, the third damping sleeve 11 is sleeved outside the buffer block 12, the buffer block 12 is in matched sliding connection with a connecting groove of the automobile chassis 1 through the third damping sleeve 11, the left end and the right end of a third spring 13 are respectively in matched connection with the buffer block 12 and the wall of a groove cavity of the automobile chassis 1, and the anti-collision beam 2 is in matched connection with the supporting beam 8 through a connecting mechanism; make second piston cylinder 4 and 3 cooperation sliding resistance of first piston cylinder increase through first damping cover 5, make piston slide 6 and 4 cooperation sliding resistance of second piston cylinder increase through second damping cover 7, make buffer block 12 and 1 cooperation sliding resistance of vehicle chassis increase through third damping cover 11, make anticollision roof beam 2 and a supporting beam 8 cooperation through coupling mechanism and be connected, make anticollision roof beam 2 stable support through the cooperation of multiunit supporting beam 8, carry out the primary buffer when making anticollision roof beam 2 bump through first spring 9, make anticollision roof beam 2 carry out the secondary buffer through second spring 10, carry out tertiary buffering by third spring 13 through supporting beam 8 and buffer block 12 contact, impact force is to personnel's injury when reducing the automobile collision, improve device safety in utilization, reduce the harm that the automobile impact force caused simultaneously.
The automobile chassis with the protection function comprises a connecting column 14, a first bolt 15, a connecting seat 16 and a connecting shaft 17, wherein the connecting column 14 is in matched sliding connection with a supporting beam 8, the first bolt 15 penetrates through a through hole of the connecting column 14 to be in matched threaded connection with the supporting beam 8, the connecting seat 16 is installed at the right end of an anti-collision beam 2, and the connecting seat 16 and the connecting column 14 are in matched rotating connection through the connecting shaft 17; make spliced pole 14 and a supporting beam 8 be connected the dismouting convenience through first bolt 15 and increase, make first bolt 15 and spliced pole 14 cooperation rotate through connecting axle 17 and be connected, rotate through an anticollision roof beam 2 and a supporting beam 8 and be connected and make an anticollision roof beam 2 take place to strike when warping and protect a supporting beam 8, prevent the operation of a supporting beam 8 crooked influence sequent buffer gear, increase device operating stability, reduce and use the limitation.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises buffer foam 19, the anti-collision beam 2 is provided with a multi-layer cavity type structure, and the buffer foam 19 is filled in the cavity of the anti-collision beam 2 in a matching mode; make anticollision roof beam 2 be provided with the multi-layer cavity structure through buffering bubble cotton 19 and make the buffering bubble cotton 19 multistage packing of being convenient for, further improve device buffering efficiency through the cotton 19 cooperation of multilayer buffering bubble, reduce the injury of device to car and passenger.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises a connecting piece 20 and a second bolt 21, wherein the connecting piece 20 is installed at the left end of the connecting seat 16, a connecting hole is formed in the bottom end of the connecting piece 20, the second bolt 21 is in fit connection with the threaded through hole of the anti-collision beam 2, and the connecting piece 20 is in fit connection with the connecting hole of the anti-collision beam 2; make connecting seat 16 and anticollision roof beam 2 be connected the dismouting convenience through connecting piece 20 and increase, make connecting seat 16 and connecting piece 20 hookup location lock through second bolt 21 and the cooperation of 2 screw thread through-holes of anticollision roof beam, improve the device and change and overhaul the convenience, increase device function diversity.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises a connecting beam 22 and a second bolt 23, an inner hole of the connecting beam 22 is connected with the supporting beam 8 in a matched mode respectively, and the second bolt 23 is connected with the supporting beam 8 in a matched threaded mode; make tie-beam 22 and the cooperation of multiunit supporting beam 8 be connected through second bolt 23, make the cooperation of multiunit supporting beam 8 connect through tie-beam 22, improve multiunit buffer gear work synchronism, improve device buffering efficiency, reduce and use the limitation.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises a rubber pad 24, and the rubber pad 24 is arranged at the left end of the anti-collision beam 2; make anticollision roof beam 2 carry out collision protection through rubber pad 24, increase device safety in utilization, reduce and use the limitation.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises anti-collision cotton 25, wherein the anti-collision cotton 25 is arranged at the left end of the automobile chassis 1; when buffer gear reachd extreme position when making 2 collisions of anticollision roof beams through crashproof cotton 25 anticollision cotton 25 carries out the last level buffering, further improves device job stabilization nature.
The automobile chassis with the protection function further comprises a protection beam 26, wherein the protection beam 26 is arranged on the left side of the bottom end of the automobile chassis 1; the automobile chassis 1 is subjected to bottom supporting protection through the protection beam 26, and the use safety of the device is improved.
According to the automobile chassis with the protection function, the installation mode, the connection mode or the arrangement mode are all common mechanical modes, and the automobile chassis with the protection function can be implemented as long as the beneficial effects of the automobile chassis can be achieved.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several modifications and variations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and variations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. An automobile chassis with a protection function is characterized by comprising an automobile chassis (1), an anti-collision beam (2), a connecting mechanism and a buffer mechanism, wherein the buffer mechanism is arranged at the left end of the automobile chassis (1), and the anti-collision beam (2) is connected with the buffer mechanism in a matching way through the connecting mechanism;
the buffer mechanism comprises a first piston cylinder (3), a second piston cylinder (4), a first damping sleeve (5), a piston slide block (6), a second damping sleeve (7), a supporting beam (8), a first spring (9), a second spring (10), a third damping sleeve (11), a buffer block (12) and a third spring (13), wherein the first piston cylinder (3) is respectively arranged in an inner cavity at the left end of the automobile chassis (1), the first damping sleeve (5) is sleeved outside the second piston cylinder (4), the second piston cylinder (4) is in matched sliding connection with the working cavity wall of the first piston cylinder (3) through the first damping sleeve (5), the second damping sleeve (7) is sleeved outside the piston slide block (6), the piston slide block (6) is in matched sliding connection with the cavity wall of the second piston cylinder (4) through the second damping sleeve (7), the supporting beam (8) is in matched connection with the through hole of the piston slide block (6), both ends are connected with second piston cylinder (4) cavity and piston slide (6) right-hand member respectively about first spring (9), both ends are connected with first piston cylinder (3) working chamber and second piston cylinder (4) cooperation respectively about second spring (10), third damping cover (11) suit is outside at buffer block (12), buffer block (12) are through third damping cover (11) and vehicle chassis (1) spread groove cooperation sliding connection, both ends are connected with buffer block (12) and vehicle chassis (1) groove cavity wall cooperation respectively about third spring (13), anticollision roof beam (2) are connected through coupling mechanism and supporting beam (8) cooperation.
2. The automobile chassis with the protection function according to claim 1, wherein the connecting mechanism comprises a connecting column (14), a first bolt (15), a connecting seat (16) and a connecting shaft (17), the connecting column (14) is in fit sliding connection with the supporting beam (8), the first bolt (15) penetrates through a through hole of the connecting column (14) to be in fit threaded connection with the supporting beam (8), the connecting seat (16) is installed at the right end of the anti-collision beam (2), and the connecting seat (16) is in fit rotating connection with the connecting column (14) through the connecting shaft (17).
3. The automobile chassis with the protection function as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a buffering foam (19), wherein the anti-collision beam (2) is provided with a multi-layer cavity type structure, and the buffering foam (19) is filled in the cavity of the anti-collision beam (2) in a matching manner.
4. The automobile chassis with the protection function as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a connecting member (20) and a second bolt (21), wherein the connecting member (20) is installed at the left end of the connecting seat (16), a connecting hole is formed in the bottom end of the connecting member (20), the second bolt (21) is connected with the threaded through hole of the anti-collision beam (2) in a matched mode, and the connecting member (20) is connected with the connecting hole of the anti-collision beam (2) in a matched mode.
5. The automobile chassis with the protection function as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a connecting beam (22) and a second bolt (23), wherein the inner holes of the connecting beam (22) are respectively matched and connected with the supporting beam (8), and the second bolt (23) is matched and connected with the supporting beam (8) in a threaded manner.
6. The automobile chassis with the protection function as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a rubber pad (24), wherein the rubber pad (24) is installed at the left end of the anti-collision beam (2).
7. The automobile chassis with the protection function as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an anti-collision cotton (25), wherein the anti-collision cotton (25) is installed at the left end of the automobile chassis (1).
8. The vehicle chassis with the protection function as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a protection beam (26), wherein the protection beam (26) is installed at the left side of the bottom end of the vehicle chassis (1).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111335967.1A CN114056268A (en) | 2021-11-12 | 2021-11-12 | Automobile chassis with protection function |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111335967.1A CN114056268A (en) | 2021-11-12 | 2021-11-12 | Automobile chassis with protection function |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114056268A true CN114056268A (en) | 2022-02-18 |
Family
ID=80275264
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111335967.1A Pending CN114056268A (en) | 2021-11-12 | 2021-11-12 | Automobile chassis with protection function |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN114056268A (en) |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2399251Y (en) * | 1999-11-08 | 2000-10-04 | 方力 | Automotive anticollision device |
| CN2402546Y (en) * | 1999-12-17 | 2000-10-25 | 哈尔滨市深航汽车空调有限公司 | Collision avoidance system for small- or mini-car |
| CN204998471U (en) * | 2015-10-11 | 2016-01-27 | 陈朋飞 | Vehicle anti -collision device |
| DE102015202617A1 (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2016-08-18 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Impact damping for a vehicle |
| CN107199975A (en) * | 2017-06-16 | 2017-09-26 | 孟庆雷 | One kind is used for motor vehicles buffer unit and motor vehicles |
| CN206841360U (en) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-01-05 | 薛东红 | A kind of rear-end collision subtracts collision device |
-
2021
- 2021-11-12 CN CN202111335967.1A patent/CN114056268A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2399251Y (en) * | 1999-11-08 | 2000-10-04 | 方力 | Automotive anticollision device |
| CN2402546Y (en) * | 1999-12-17 | 2000-10-25 | 哈尔滨市深航汽车空调有限公司 | Collision avoidance system for small- or mini-car |
| DE102015202617A1 (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2016-08-18 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Impact damping for a vehicle |
| CN204998471U (en) * | 2015-10-11 | 2016-01-27 | 陈朋飞 | Vehicle anti -collision device |
| CN206841360U (en) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-01-05 | 薛东红 | A kind of rear-end collision subtracts collision device |
| CN107199975A (en) * | 2017-06-16 | 2017-09-26 | 孟庆雷 | One kind is used for motor vehicles buffer unit and motor vehicles |
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