CN114044676A - 一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏及其制备方法,包括以下步骤:以含碳纤维束为原料制成纤维布;采用耐高温材料制备定型模具的内外模;将纤维布缠绕在定型模具的内模上,并采用校型模具和连接件将纤维布夹持固定后将内模、纤维布和外模缝合为一体,缠绕的纤维布即为纤维预制体;将纤维预制体表面依次沉积氮化硼界面层和碳化硅陶瓷基体,制得隔热屏坯料并进行加工,制得陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品,然后继续在陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品表面沉积碳化硅,制得陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏。该陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏可有效解决现有的隔热屏存在的重量大、耐高温性能差的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于陶瓷基复合材料技术领域,具体涉及一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏及其制备方法。
背景技术
在涡轮与尾喷管之间安装加力燃烧室,是军用飞机发动机向高推比、高机动方向发展的必要技术。为了避免加力燃烧室中的核心燃气流烧蚀发动机壳体,需要设计隔热屏构件将燃气流和发动机壳体隔离开,以保证发动机在加力工作状态下的安全性。目前,发动机加力燃烧室隔热屏常用的高温合金材料存在耐热温度不高于1100℃、重量大等问题;而能够耐较高温度的碳纤维增强碳基体复合材料又存在高温易氧化的缺点。
陶瓷基复合材料密度仅为高温合金的1/3~1/4、耐热温度比高温合金高150~350℃、耐酸碱腐蚀、强韧性高;同时,陶瓷基复合材料在高温燃气环境中反应所生成的氧化物保护膜能够封堵材料表面的裂纹和孔隙,阻止外界氧向材料内部扩散,从而保证构件的高温稳定性和长时使用寿命。因此,陶瓷基复合材料已被国内外公认为是新一代航空发动机热防护构件的首选材料之一。
公告号为CN104384846A的中国专利公开了一种大型波纹隔热屏的成型方法,该方法属于冷成型技术,采用金属加工将三段隔热屏预成型,再结合焊接的方式将三段隔热屏焊接为整体。该工艺仅可用于金属材料隔热屏的制备,难以从根本上提升隔热屏构件的使用温度、降低构件重量。
发明内容
针对现有技术中的上述不足,本发明提供了一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏及其制备方法,该陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏可有效解决现有的隔热屏存在的重量大、耐高温性能差的问题。
为实现上述目的,本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是:
一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以含碳纤维束为原料制成纤维布;
(2)采用耐高温材料制备定型模具的内外模,内外模上对应设置有若干与型面垂直的通气孔;
(3)将步骤(1)中的纤维布均匀缠绕在定型模具的内模上,然后用外模将纤维布覆盖,并采用校型模具和连接件将纤维布夹持固定,然后采用所述含碳纤维束作为缝合线,将所述通气孔作为缝合路径,将内模、纤维布和外模缝合为一体,缝合完毕的缠绕纤维布即为纤维预制体;
(4)将步骤(3)中的纤维预制体表面依次沉积氮化硼界面层和碳化硅陶瓷基体,去除定型模具,制得陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏坯料;
(5)对步骤(4)中的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏坯料进行加工,制得陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品,然后继续在陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品表面沉积碳化硅,制得陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏。
上述方案中,含碳纤维束为碳纤维束或碳化硅纤维束或者两者的混合料,上述原料采用二维平纹编织、二维缎纹编织或单向铺层的方式制备成纤维布,当采用单向铺层方式制备的纤维布时可以与酚醛树脂等材料一起制备为单向纤维预浸布。
分别以隔热屏构件的内型面和外型面为参考,制备定型模具的内外模。并采用同种材料制备校型模具和连接件,用于对纤维预制体的高精度成型。定型模具外模由若干结构相同的扇形段组成。
进一步地,步骤(1)中单层纤维布的厚度为0.1-0.35mm。
进一步地,步骤(2)中耐高温材料为电极石墨或高纯石墨。
进一步地,步骤(2)中定型模具的轴向高度为隔热屏构件高度的1.1-1.5倍,定型模具的内外模的壁厚为5-15mm。
进一步地,步骤(2)中通气孔的直径为3-10mm。
进一步地,步骤(3)中纤维布的缠绕厚度为隔热屏构件设计厚度的1.1-1.5倍。
进一步地,步骤(4)中氮化硼界面层的制备工艺为:在压力为50-1000Pa条件下升温至650-1000℃,保温1-2h后,依次通入氩气、氢气、氨气以及三氯化硼气体,氩气流量0.3-1.2L/min,氢气流量0.1-1L/min,氨气流量0.1-1L/min,三氯化硼流量0.1-1L/min,沉积15-35h后继续保温2h,降温至室温即可。
进一步地,氮化硼界面层制备过程循环执行1-4次。
进一步地,步骤(4)中碳化硅陶瓷基体的制备工艺为:在压力为200-5000Pa条件下升温至900-1200℃,保温1-2h后,通入三氯甲基硅烷、氢气和氩气的混合气体,三氯甲基硅烷、氢气和氩气的流量比为1:5-15:10-20,沉积30-80h后继续保温2h,降温至室温即可。
进一步地,碳化硅陶瓷基体制备过程循环执行4-8次。
进一步地,步骤(5)中陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的密度为2.4-2.7g/cm3。
一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏,陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏壁厚为1.5-4mm,所述陶瓷基复合材料中碳化硅纤维的体积分数为40-45%,所述陶瓷基复合材料上设置有若干直径为0.5-1.2mm的通孔,其气孔率为5-9%,陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏上设置有若干波纹凸起。
上述方案所产生的有益效果为:
1、本发明中的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏具有密度低的优点,成品密度仅为2.4-2.7g/cm3,长时耐温性为1350℃,相比于现有的材料,实现减重40-70%,耐温性能提升150-350℃,从而大幅提高航空发动机的推重比、机动性等综合战技指标。
2、本发明所提出的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏制备方法属于近净尺寸成型技术,无需分段加工即可获得外形尺寸精密,内部组织致密的隔热屏构件。同时,该制备方法生产流程简单,在航空发动机热防护领域具备广阔的推广前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的结构示意图;
图2为定型模具的内模结构示意图;
图3为定型模具的外模扇形段的结构示意图;
图4为校型模具的结构示意图;
图5为定型模具装配后的结构示意图;
图6为陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备流程图;
附图标记:1、内模;2、外模;3、校型模具。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式做详细的说明。
实施例1
一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)纤维布编织:以每束500根单丝的碳化硅纤维束为原材料,采用二维五枚缎纹编织的方式制备成纤维布,单层纤维布的厚度为0.25mm;
(2)定型模具制造:以隔热屏构件的内型面为参考,采用高纯石墨制备定型模具的内模1;以隔热屏构件的外型面为参考,采用高纯石墨制备定型模具的外模2,其由8个相同尺寸的扇形段组成;采用高纯石墨制备校型模具3;定型模具的内模1和外模2轴向高度为隔热屏构件轴向高度的1.12倍,定型模具壁厚为8mm;定型模具的内模1和外模2含有大量与型面垂直的通气孔,通气孔直径为6mm;
(3)纤维预制体定型:采用步骤(1)中制备的纤维布和步骤(2)中制备的定型模具,将纤维布均匀缠绕在定型模具的内模1上,缠绕厚度为构件设计厚度的1.15倍,随后采用高纯石墨螺栓/螺母连接件和校型模具3,将缠绕后的纤维布夹持在定型模具的外模2与内模1之间,最后,以碳纤维束作为缝合线,以步骤(2)通气孔作为缝合路径,将定型模具内模1、纤维预制体和定型模具外模2缝合为一体,缝合完毕的缠绕纤维布即为纤维预制体;
(4)界面层制备:将夹持有纤维预制体的定型模具放置在氮化硼化学气相沉积炉内,在纤维预制体表面制备氮化硼界面层,此步骤循环执行2次;
氮化硼界面层的制备工艺参数为:炉体内压力为500Pa,升温至650℃,保温2h后,依次通入氩气、氢气、氨气以及三氯化硼气体,氩气流量0.38L/min,氢气流量0.6L/min,氨气流量0.6L/min,三氯化硼流量0.52L/min,沉积30h后继续保温2h,降温至室温;
(5)陶瓷基体制备:将步骤(4)中沉积完氮化硼界面层的纤维预制体和定型模具一起放置于碳化硅化学气相沉积炉内,气体通过通气孔进内模和外模内,在纤维预制体上进行沉积,制备碳化硅陶瓷基体,此步骤循环执行6次,去除定型模具后,得到陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏坯料;
碳化硅陶瓷基体的制备工艺参数为:炉体内压力为350Pa,升温至1000℃,保温1-2h后,通入三氯甲基硅烷、氢气和氩气的混合气体,三氯甲基硅烷、氢气、氩气的流量比为1:15:20,沉积80h后继续保温2h,降温至室温;
(6)机械/激光加工:采用机械加工的方式,将步骤(5)制得的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏坯料加工至设计尺寸;隔热屏的气膜孔采用飞秒激光制孔的方式完成加工,此步骤完成后,得到陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品,陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品的密度为2.23g/cm3;
(7)加工损伤修复:将上述陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品放置于碳化硅化学气相沉积炉内,将碳化硅陶瓷覆盖于涡轮外环的所有加工面,工艺参数与步骤(5)一致,此步骤循环执行2次,此步骤完成后,得到密度为2.57g/cm3、耐温性为1350℃、拉伸强度为335MPa的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏。
密度检测执行标准为:GB/T 2997-2000精细陶瓷密度和显气孔率试验方法;
耐高温性能检测标准为:Q/AVIC 06185.4-2015连续纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料高温力学性能试验方法第4部分:层间剪切性能试验方法;
拉伸强度测定标准为:Q/AVIC 06185.1-2015连续纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料高温力学性能试验方法第1部分。
该隔热屏由碳化硅纤维、氮化硼界面层和碳化硅陶瓷基体层构成,碳化硅纤维的体积分数为42%,该隔热屏上设置有4912个直径为0.7mm,与型面切向夹角为30°的气孔,其气孔率为7%,该陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏轴向长度为850mm,最大直径为950mm,壁厚为2.5mm,隔热屏主体上设置有6个周期的径向起伏为3.2mm的波纹凸起;
实施例2
一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)纤维布编织:以每束500根单丝的碳化硅纤维束为原材料,采用二维平纹编织的方式制备成纤维布,单层纤维布的厚度为0.31mm;
(2)定型模具制造:以隔热屏构件的内型面为参考,采用高纯石墨制备定型模具的内模1;以隔热屏构件的外型面为参考,采用高纯石墨制备定型模具的外模2,其由8个相同尺寸的扇形段组成;采用高纯石墨制备校型模具3;定型模具的内模1和外模2轴向高度为隔热屏构件轴向高度的1.15倍,定型模具壁厚为10mm;定型模具的内模1和外模2含有大量与型面垂直的通气孔,通气孔直径为3mm;
(3)纤维预制体定型:采用步骤(1)中制备的纤维布和步骤(2)中制备的定型模具,将纤维布均匀缠绕在定型模具的内模1上,缠绕厚度为构件设计厚度的1.3倍,随后采用高纯石墨螺栓/螺母连接件和校型模具3,将缠绕后的纤维布夹持在定型模具的外模2与内模1之间,最后,以碳纤维束作为缝合线,以步骤(2)通气孔作为缝合路径,将定型模具内模1、纤维预制体和定型模具外模2缝合为一体,缝合完毕的缠绕纤维布即为纤维预制体;
(4)界面层制备:将夹持有纤维预制体的定型模具放置在氮化硼化学气相沉积炉内,在纤维预制体表面制备氮化硼界面层,此步骤循环执行2次;
氮化硼界面层的制备工艺参数为:炉体内压力为1000Pa,升温至800℃,保温2h后,依次通入氩气、氢气、氨气以及三氯化硼气体,氩气流量0.6L/min,氢气流量0.4L/min,氨气流量0.4L/min,三氯化硼流量0.8L/min,沉积30h后继续保温2h,降温至室温;
(5)陶瓷基体制备:将步骤(4)中沉积完氮化硼界面层的纤维预制体和定型模具一起放置于碳化硅化学气相沉积炉内,气体通过通气孔进内模和外模内,在纤维预制体上进行沉积,制备碳化硅陶瓷基体,此步骤循环执行6次,去除定型模具后,得到陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏坯料;
碳化硅陶瓷基体的制备工艺参数为:炉体内压力为4000Pa,升温至1100℃,保温2h后,通入三氯甲基硅烷、氢气和氩气的混合气体,三氯甲基硅烷、氢气、氩气的流量比为1:10:15,沉积80h后继续保温2h,降温至室温;
(6)机械/激光加工:采用机械加工的方式,将步骤(5)制得的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏坯料加工至设计尺寸;隔热屏的气膜孔采用飞秒激光制孔的方式完成加工,此步骤完成后,得到陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品,陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品的密度为2.42g/cm3;
(7)加工损伤修复:将上述陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品放置于碳化硅化学气相沉积炉内,将碳化硅陶瓷覆盖于涡轮外环的所有加工面,工艺参数与步骤(5)一致,此步骤循环执行2次,此步骤完成后,得到密度为2.63g/cm3、耐温性为1350℃、拉伸强度为334MPa的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏。
密度检测执行标准为:GB/T 2997-2000精细陶瓷密度和显气孔率试验方法;
耐高温性能检测标准为:Q/AVIC 06185.4-2015连续纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料高温力学性能试验方法第4部分:层间剪切性能试验方法;
拉伸强度测定标准为:Q/AVIC 06185.1-2015连续纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料高温力学性能试验方法第1部分。
该隔热屏由碳化硅纤维、氮化硼界面层和碳化硅陶瓷基体层构成,碳化硅纤维的体积分数为45%,该隔热屏上设置有4899个直径为0.7mm,与型面切向夹角为30°的气孔,其气孔率为6%,该陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏轴向长度为850mm,最大直径为950mm,壁厚为2.5mm,隔热屏主体上设置有6个周期的径向起伏为3.2mm的波纹凸起。
Claims (10)
1.一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)以含碳纤维束为原料制成纤维布;
(2)采用耐高温材料制备定型模具的内外模,所述内外模上对应设置有若干与型面垂直的通气孔;
(3)将步骤(1)中的纤维布均匀缠绕在定型模具的内模上,然后用外模将纤维布覆盖,并采用校型模具和连接件将纤维布夹持固定,然后采用所述含碳纤维束作为缝合线,将所述通气孔作为缝合路径,将内模、纤维布和外模缝合为一体,缝合完毕的缠绕纤维布即为纤维预制体;
(4)将步骤(3)中的纤维预制体表面依次沉积氮化硼界面层和碳化硅陶瓷基体,制得陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏坯料;
(5)对步骤(4)中的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏坯料进行加工,制得陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品,然后继续在陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏半成品表面沉积碳化硅,制得陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏。
2.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中单层纤维布的厚度为0.1-0.35mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中耐高温材料为电极石墨或高纯石墨。
4.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述定型模具的轴向高度为隔热屏构件高度的1.1-1.5倍,定型模具的内外模的壁厚为5-15mm,所述通气孔的直径为3-10mm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中所述纤维布的缠绕厚度为隔热屏构件设计厚度的1.1-1.5倍。
6.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中氮化硼界面层的制备工艺为:在压力为50-1000Pa条件下升温至650-1000℃,保温1-2h后,依次通入氩气、氢气、氨气以及三氯化硼气体,氩气流量0.3-1.2L/min,氢气流量0.1-1L/min,氨气流量0.1-1L/min,三氯化硼流量0.1-1L/min,沉积15-35h后继续保温2h,降温至室温即可。
7.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中碳化硅陶瓷基体的制备工艺为:在压力为200-5000Pa条件下升温至900-1200℃,保温1-2h后,通入三氯甲基硅烷、氢气和氩气的混合气体,三氯甲基硅烷、氢气和氩气的流量比为1:5-15:10-20,沉积30-80h后继续保温2h,降温至室温即可。
8.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏的密度为2.4-2.7g/cm3。
9.一种陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏,其特征在于,采用权利要求1-9中任一项所述的方法制得;所述陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏壁厚为1.5-4mm,所述陶瓷基复合材料中碳化硅纤维的体积分数为40-45%,所述陶瓷基复合材料上设置有若干直径为0.5-1.2mm的通孔,其气孔率为5-9%。
10.如权利要求9所述的陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏,其特征在于,所述陶瓷基复合材料隔热屏上设置有若干波纹凸起。
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