CN114026270A - 具有两个掺硼金刚石层的电解装置 - Google Patents
具有两个掺硼金刚石层的电解装置 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 140
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- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 201
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- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
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- MAYPHUUCLRDEAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorine peroxide Chemical compound ClOOCl MAYPHUUCLRDEAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- DNYWZCXLKNTFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium Chemical compound [U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U] DNYWZCXLKNTFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种电解装置,其包括基底(1、6),其上设置有由第一金刚石层(3)形成的阳极以及由第二金刚石层(4)形成的阴极,其中第一金刚石层(3)和第二金刚石层(4)均由掺硼金刚石制成。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种电解装置,尤其用于水性电解质电解的电解装置,以及一种电解方法及其使用方法。
背景技术
文献WO2005/113860公开了一种由多个基底制成的大面积电极。多个基底在边缘处导电连接以形成具有机械稳定性的电极本体。电极本体至少在其一侧设置有导电金刚石层。这种电极尤其适用于在废水处理中用作阳极。
近年来,对生产臭氧、OH自由基等的装置的需求一直存在。此类装置用在例如家用洗衣机中以进行消毒。此类洗衣机已知于例如专利EP1975299B1。目前使用的用于生产臭氧的装置使用氧气来生成臭氧。不期望的是,在这个过程中也产生有毒氮氧化物。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术中的缺点。尤其将公开一种使用寿命提升的电解装置。根据本发明的另一个目的,本装置还能够以芯片的方式进行小型化制造。该装置旨在简单且低成本地进行电解。
该目的通过独立权利要求中的特征实现。本发明的有益实施方案由从属权利要求中的特征实现。
根据本发明,提供一种电解装置,包括基底,其上设置有由第一金刚石层形成的阳极以及由第二金刚石层形成的阴极,第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层均由掺硼金刚石制成。
由于掺杂了硼,本发明提出的第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层具有导电性。通过将第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层共同设置在基底上,能够简化制造工艺。该装置也能够以芯片的方式小型化。
优选地,金刚石掺杂有100至10000 ppm的硼。本申请提出的掺杂方式给金刚石提供足够的导电性以进行电解。
根据另一个实施方案,基底由(i)电绝缘材料或(ii)在面向金刚石层的上表面上设置有电绝缘层(2)的导电材料制成。在任一种情况下,第一金刚石层与第二金刚石层之间彼此绝缘,使其可作为阳极和阴极。-“电绝缘材料”指电导率小于10-2 S/m的材料。尤其,电绝缘材料相较于与之接触的电解质具有较低的电导率。另一方面,导电材料具有基本上更高的电导率,通常大于10 S/m,优选大于102 S/m,特别是大于106 S/m。
电绝缘材料或电绝缘层可适宜地由以下至少一种材料构成:金属氧化物、Si、SiC、金刚石、SiO2、耐火粘土、陶瓷,优选为陶瓷或玻璃。例如,Al2O3或MgO能够用作金属氧化物。另外,可考虑提供SiC或未掺杂的Si作为电绝缘基底,并将未掺硼的金刚石层作为电绝缘层。还可考虑将掺硼的CVD金刚石膜结合至基底。这种情况下,可以通过例如聚合物粘合层、扩散连接、焊料等实现结合。还可以提供带有金属层的CVD金刚石膜,其之后能够通过超声波焊接连接至金属基底。CVD金刚石膜已知于专利EP2403974B1。
根据另一个有利的实施方案,在第一金刚石层和/或第二金刚石与电绝缘基底或电绝缘层之间设置有导电中间层,导电中间层设置为由例如由Ti、Nb或Ta制成。导电中间层的设置能够更好地分配电流。尤其,这也使得制造大面积电解装置成为可能。除此之外,上述金属在CVD工艺中形成金属碳化物。金属碳化物进而有助于在导电中间层与通过CVD工艺制造的金刚石层之间形成良好的附着力。
方便地,通过CVD工艺制造第一金刚石层和/或第二金刚石层和/或电绝缘层和/或导电中间层。尤其,还能够通过PVD工艺制造导电中间层。
经证明,便利的是,第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层的厚度为1至100 μm。此外,有利的是,第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层面向基底的表面中超过50%的表面由构成金刚石晶体的(111)晶面或(001)晶面的小面构成,优选地,所述小面构成共同生长金刚石单晶的(111)晶面或(001)晶面。具有上述特征的金刚石涂层特别耐用,尤其特别抗氧化。
另外,经证明,便利的是,金刚石单晶主要从基底或设置在基底和对应金刚石层之间的中间层向对应的金刚石层的表面沿[111]晶向或[110]晶向延伸。
为了制造本发明的装置,首先通过CVD工艺在基底或电绝缘层或设置在基底上的中间层上方便地沉积掺硼金刚石层作为均匀层。然后,优选地通过激光将导电金刚石层分离成第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层。因此,第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层通过电绝缘路径有利地相互分离。有利地,路径的厚度为2至500 μm。有利地,路径呈弯折状。由于面向彼此的电极之间的距离设置得较小,本发明的装置能够在低工作电压下运行,尤其是小于10 V的低工作电源。在这种情况下,电场线至在阳极和阴极之间延伸。尤其,它们几乎不与金刚石层的表面垂直,因此承托金刚石层的中间层不可能被阳极氧化分解。所提出的装置尤其适用于水的电解,尤其是从水生产臭氧。
根据另一个实施方案,第一金刚石层和/或第二金刚石层上部分设置有金属层。优选地,金属层设置在路径之外的区段中。金属层用于均匀分配提供给金刚石层的电流。其合适地由自钝化金属或贵金属构成。自钝化金属和/或贵金属当然也能够是合适的合金。
所述金属可以包括以下元素中的一种作为主要成分:Ti、Ta、Nb、Cr、Al、W、Au和Ag。
便利地,在金属层与第一金刚石层和/或第二金刚石层的表面之间设置有由金属碳化物构成的附加中间层,所述金属碳化物优选为TiC或WC。该附加中间层用于提高金属层与金刚石层之间的附着力。
第一金刚石层和/或第二金刚石层上至少一部分上设置有覆盖层,其由电绝缘材料制成,优选由金刚石制成。这种覆盖层防止意外形成短路。覆盖层能够容易地生成,尤其在CVD工艺中生成。原因在于,在沉积第一金刚石层和/或第二金刚石层后,省略了硼掺杂,也就是说,将未掺杂的金刚石层作为覆盖层应用于第一金刚石层和/或第二金刚石层。
根据另一个实施方案,在金属层上设置有所述覆盖层或由电绝缘材料制成的附加覆盖层。附加覆盖层可以是钝化层和/或由聚合物形成的层。上述层的厚度可在0.001 μm到10000 μm的范围内。运行时,这些层用于减少阴极区域的氢致脆化和/或阳极区域的氧化。
如果第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层被电绝缘覆盖层和/或附加电绝缘覆盖层覆盖和/或下方垫设导电中间层,则路径也穿过覆盖层、附加覆盖层和/或导电中间层。
根据本发明的另一方面,提出了一种电解工艺,尤其用于制造OH自由基、氧化的氯化合物、氧化剂、臭氧、氢、氧和/或用于金属或金属化合物的阴极沉积的电解工艺,包括以下步骤:
将本发明装置中的第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层与水性电解质接触,并且
在第一金刚石层和第二金刚石层之间施加3至60伏的电压,由此形成电场,所述电场的电场线至少部分横向穿过路径的纵向方向。
使用本发明的装置,所提出的工艺特别适用于有效制造臭氧、OH自由基等。电解过程中可施加1至10000 mA/cm2的电流。
使用本发明的装置,例如,可以在阳极处产生OH自由基以及由此产生的氧化物质,例如臭氧、过氧化物等。含氯离子的电解质可以形成例如氯和氧化氯。在阴极或邻近阴极的电解液中能以纯净形式或以化合物如氢氧化物、碳酸盐、硫酸盐或磷酸盐的形式沉积出例如钙、许多重金属(例如铁、铀、钴、镍)、贵金属(例如铜)、以及硫和砷。根据本发明的装置不限于与水性电解质接触的电解。也可以考虑将根据本申请的装置用于用来制造期望物质的非水性电解质。
本发明的装置尤其可用于脱钙或去除水中的重金属。通过改变极性,可以从金刚石表面分离沉积的物质。可以从液相中分离脱离的固体物质,例如通过过滤来分离。
在下文中,将参考附图更详细地解释本发明的实施方案。
附图说明
图1是穿过第一装置的层序列的剖视图。
图2是穿过第二装置的层序列的横截面示意图。
图3是穿过第三装置的层序列的横截面示意图。
图4是电解装置的俯视图。
图5是穿过沉积在中间层上的第一金刚石层的剖视图。
图6是穿过第四装置的层序列的横截面示意图。
图7是图6中装置的俯视图。
附图标记说明:1、导电基底;2、电绝缘层;3、第一金刚石层;4第二金刚石层;5、路径;6、电绝缘基底;7、导电中间层;8、覆盖层;9、TiC层;10、金刚石单晶;11、平面;12、金属层;13、金属碳化物层;14、聚合物层;B、宽度;O、表面;P、生长方向。
具体实施方式
在图1示出的第一装置中,电绝缘层2设置在例如由Ti制成的导电基底1上。电绝缘层2可由例如未掺杂的金刚石制成。电绝缘层2的电阻大于水的电阻,尤其是当该装置与水性电解质一起使用时。
电绝缘层2上设置有第一金刚石层3和第二金刚石层4。第一金刚石层3与第二金刚石层4通过路径5彼此电隔离。任选地,路径5还可以延伸穿过电绝缘层2(此处未示出)。
在图2示出的第二装置中,导电中间层7设置在电绝缘基底6上,电绝缘基底6上还设有第一金刚石层3和第二金刚石层4。路径5穿过第一金刚石层3、第二金刚石层4和导电中间层7。电绝缘基底6可由例如瓷、SiC、Al2O3等制成。导电中间层7可由例如Ti、Nb或Ta制成。-也可以去掉导电中间层7。在这种情况下,第一金刚石层3和第二金刚石层4直接设置在电绝缘基底6上,且在第一金刚石层3、第二金刚石层4与基底6之间设置有厚度为1 nm至10000nm的碳化物中间层。
在图3示出的第三装置中,相比于图2示出的第二装置,第一金刚石层3和第二金刚石层4上均设有覆盖层8。覆盖层8由电绝缘材料构成。其可以是电绝缘金刚石。
图4示出了本发明装置的俯视图,大致对应于图1或图2示出的第一装置或第二装置。第一金刚石层3与第二金刚石层4通过电绝缘路径5彼此电隔离。路径5的宽度B在2至500μm的范围内。适宜地,在通过激光或离子刻蚀在电绝缘基底或电绝缘层上沉积掺硼导电金刚石层之后形成路径5。其具有弯折的路线。
图5示出了图2所示装置的一部分。导电中间层7上形成有由例如Ti制成的TiC层9,作为金刚石晶体的生长层。金刚石单晶10从TiC层9延伸超过50%。金刚石单晶10的小面标记为11,其由(111)晶面或(001)晶面构成。金刚石单晶10的生长方向标记为附图标记P。
第一金刚石层3的表面O由小面11的总和形成。第二金刚石层4的形成与第一金刚石层3相似。
在第一金刚石层3和第二金刚石层4之间产生电流,电流大致垂直于生长方向P或横穿路径5。
图6示出了通过第四装置的层序列的横截面示意图。第四装置与图2示出的第二装置相似。第一金刚石层3和第二金刚石层4的表面上均部分设置有金属层12。任选地,金属层12可以通过如图6所示的中间金属碳化物层13结合在金刚石层3、4的表面。金属层12的表面上可以设置聚合物层14进行保护。也可以设置钝化层来代替聚合物层。聚合物层和/或钝化层是可选的。
图7示出图六中第四装置的俯视图。金属层12仅设置在第一金刚石层3和第二金刚石层4的一部分上,该区段位于形成弯折路径5的结构之外。
Claims (20)
1.一种电解装置,包括基底(1、6),其上设置有由第一金刚石层(3)形成的阳极和由第二金刚石层(4)形成的阴极,所述第一金刚石层(3)和第二金刚石层(4)均由掺硼金刚石制成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述金刚石掺杂100至10000 ppm的硼。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述基底(1、6)由(i)电绝缘材料或(ii)在面向金刚石层的上侧上设置有电绝缘层(2)的导电材料制成。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述电绝缘材料或电绝缘层(2)由以下材料中的至少一种形成:金属氧化物、Si、SiC、金刚石、SiO2、耐火粘土、陶瓷,优选为陶瓷或玻璃。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,在所述第一金刚石层(3)和/或第二金刚石(4)与电绝缘基底(6)或电绝缘层(2)之间设置有导电中间层(7),其优选由Ti、Nb或Ta形成。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述第一金刚石层(3)和/或第二金刚石层(4)和/或电绝缘层(2)和/或导电中间层(7)是通过CVD工艺制造的。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述第一金刚石层(3)和第二金刚石层(4)的厚度为5至100 μm。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述第一金刚石层(3)和第二金刚石层(4)面向所述基底(1、6)的表面(O)中超过50%的表面均由构成金刚石晶体的(111)晶面或(001)晶面的小面(11)构成,优选共同生长的金刚石单晶(10)的(111)晶面或(001)晶面。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述金刚石单晶(10)主要从基底(1、6)或设置在基底(1、6)和对应金刚石层(3、4)之间的中间层(7)向对应金刚石层(3、4)的表面(O)沿[111]晶向或[110]晶向延伸。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述第一金刚石层(3)与第二金刚石层(4)通过电绝缘路径(5)彼此隔离。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述路径(5)的厚度为2至500 μm。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述路径(5)是弯折形的。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,在所述第一金刚石层(3)和/或第二金刚石层(4)位于所述路径(5)之外的部分上设置有金属层(12)。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述金属层(12)是由自钝化金属或贵金属形成的。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述金属包括以下元素中的任一种作为主要成分:Ti、Ta、Nb、Cr、Al、W、Au和Ag。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,在所述金属层(12)与所述第一金刚石层(3)和/或第二金刚石层(4)的表面(O)之间设置有由金属碳化物形成的附加中间层(13),所述金属碳化物优选为TiC或WC。
17.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述第一金刚石层(3)和/或第二金刚石层(4)上至少部分设置有电绝缘材料制成的覆盖层(8),优选金刚石制成的覆盖层(8)。
18.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述金属层(12)上设置有所述覆盖层(8)或电绝缘材料制成的附加覆盖层(14)。
19.一种电解方法,尤其是用于制造OH自由基、氧化的氯化合物、氧化剂、臭氧、氢、氧和/或用于阴极沉积金属或金属化合物的电解方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
将前述权利要求中任一项所述的装置中的所述第一金刚石层(3)和第二金刚石层(4)与水性电解质接触,以及
在所述第一金刚石层(3)和第二金刚石层(4)之间施加3至60伏的电压,由此形成电场,其电场线至少部分横向穿过路径(5)的纵向方向。
20.根据权利要求1-19中任一项所述的装置用于制造OH自由基、氧化的氯化合物、臭氧、氢和/或氧的用途。
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