CN114002355A - 一种用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱 - Google Patents
一种用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱,该固相萃取柱以MIL‑101(Cr)纳米材料作为填料。本发明提供的用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱,首次提出了用MIL‑101(Cr)纳米材料作为吸附剂固相萃取农产品中9种常见的真菌毒素,建立一种高效、环境温和、回收率高且价格低廉的前处理方法,克服了传统方法中农产品基质净化效果差,基质效应高的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及真菌毒素检测领域,具体的说涉及一种用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱。
背景技术
真菌毒素是由产毒真菌在适宜的环境条件下产生的有毒次级代谢产物,其中A型单端孢霉烯族化合物是一种广泛存在的真菌毒素,主要包括T-2毒素(T2)、HT-2毒素(HT2)和蛇形毒素(DAS)等。急性和慢性摄入这些毒素可引起多种毒性效应,如免疫抑制和细胞毒性等。欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)食物链中的污染物小组已经确定T-2和HT-2毒素的总摄入量(TDI)为100ng kg-1。黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins)是一种由黄曲霉或寄生曲霉等真菌产生的有毒次生代谢产物,其中,最主要的为黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1),黄曲霉毒素B12(AFB2),黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1),黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2),具有致癌性、致畸性和肝脏毒性等,AFB1被国际研究机构(IARC)列为I级致癌物质。赭曲霉毒素是继黄曲霉毒素后又一个引起世界广泛关注的真菌毒素,其中毒性最大、分布最广、对农产品的污染最重、与人类健康关系最密切的是赭曲霉毒素A(OTA),赭曲霉毒素B(OTB)是OTA的脱氯衍生物,同样具有较高的毒性,主要会造成尿路肿瘤,肾病以及免疫抑制反应。这些毒素广泛存在于小麦、玉米、花生、稻谷等农作物中,严重危害人类的健康,因此,建立一种高效检测农产品中这几种毒素分析方法十分关键。
真菌毒素的富集净化前处理技术是建立灵敏检测方法的关键,有效富集目标物,减少样品的基质干扰能够显著提高检测的准确度和灵敏度。目前,对真菌毒素的富集净化方法主要包括液液萃取法、QUECHERS方法和固相萃取法(SPE)等,其中液液萃取法需要的有机溶剂较多,操作费时费力;QuEChERS是真菌毒素分析中应用最广泛的样品制备方法,但其对基质类型敏感,导致检测能力低,基质效应高。与之相比,固相萃取法因其富集因子高、干扰消除好、溶剂消耗少而得到越来越多的应用。其中,应用最为广泛的是免疫亲和柱(IACs),但多数只针对一种或一类真菌毒素,价格昂贵,单只价格达到150元左右。
因此,亟需开发新的固相萃取柱用于农产品中多种真菌毒素的富集净化。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱,该萃取柱以MIL-101(Cr)纳米材料作为填料;
具体的说,本发明提供的用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱,其包含:下筛板、填料和上筛板,其中填料为MIL-101(Cr)纳米材料;下筛板和上筛板均为聚乙烯板;
其中所述的九种真菌毒素为:T-2毒素(T2)、HT-2毒素(HT2)、蛇形毒素(DAS)、黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1),黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2),黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1),黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)、赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)、赭曲霉毒素B(OTB);
本发明提供的用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱,是在固相萃取空柱中,依次加入下筛板、填料和上筛板;
本发明还提供了上述固相萃取柱用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
先将2%的乙腈水溶液作为上样溶液溶解提取的目标毒素,并通过装填好的MIL-101(Cr)固相萃取柱,流速约为每秒1-2滴;
然后用1mL正己烷淋洗杂质以消除干扰;
接着用含1%(V:V)甲酸的2mL丙酮(洗脱液)洗脱目标真菌毒素;
洗脱液在50℃的氮气流下吹干,重新溶解在1mL乙腈-5mmol L-1乙酸铵(20:80,V:V)混合溶液中,通过0.22μm滤膜,上机进行UPLC-MS/MS分析;
其中UPLC-MS/MS分析的色谱条件和质谱条件分别如下:
色谱条件:色谱柱:Waters AcquityBEH C18色谱柱(100mm×2.1mm,1.7mm);流动相:流动相A为乙腈,流动相B为5mmol L-1乙酸铵溶液;梯度洗脱程序:0-3min,10%A-70%A;3-5min,70%A-90%A;5-6min,90%A;6-6.1min,90%A-10%A;6.1-8min,10%A;流速为0.3mL min-1;进样量3μL;柱温40℃;
质谱条件:分离出的化合物采用Waters XEVO TQ-S质谱仪,其电喷雾电离源可在正(ESI+)和负(ESI-)模式下工作;参数设定如下:源温度150℃;脱气温度500℃;锥体和脱溶气体流量分别为150L h-1和1000L h-1。
本发明建立了多反应监测MRM模式对目标物进行定量,并对各真菌毒素检测条件进行了优化。采用MassLynx v4.1和Targetlynx数据分析软件进行数据处理,优化后的参数(母离子、子离子和碰撞能量)如表1所示。
本发明的创新点:
本发明提供的用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱,首次提出了用MIL-101(Cr)纳米材料作为吸附剂固相萃取农产品中9种常见的真菌毒素,建立一种高效、环境温和、回收率高且价格低廉的前处理方法,克服了传统方法中农产品基质净化效果差,基质效应高的问题。结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS),实现了对玉米、小麦和西甜瓜中9种真菌毒素的定量分析,回收率76.7%-107%,日内精密度1.8%-9.8%,日间精密度2.9%-12.5%。
本发明以MIL-101(Cr)纳米材料作为填充材料,所需填充量较少,单支容积为3毫升固相萃取柱的填充量为20mg,这样填充好的单支固相萃取柱的价格不超过10元,与现有的商品化固相柱相比,在保证净化效果的同时,大大节省了成本。
本发明采用的MIL-101(Cr)由金属离子和有机配体组成,具有介孔分子筛结构、超高的表面积以及大量不饱和Cr(III)位点,这些不饱和Cr(III)位点能与富电子官能团有效结合,可有效对复杂农产品中痕量真菌毒素进行富集净化。
附图说明
图1小麦、玉米、西瓜和甜瓜样品采用实施例1的固相萃取柱净化前和净化后的比较
图2标准溶液中9种真菌毒素(20μg kg-1)的MRM图谱
图3空白小麦基质溶液中9种真菌毒素(20μg kg-1)的MRM图谱
具体实施方式
试剂与材料:
甲醇和乙腈购于德国默克;
甲酸、醋酸铵、九水硝酸铬、对苯二甲酸、醋酸钠、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)均购于上海阿拉丁有限公司;
实验用水均为超纯水;
AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2、OTA、OTB、T2、HT2、DAS毒素标准品均购于青岛普瑞邦生物工程有限公司,将其溶解在乙腈中配置成10ppm的储备液待用。储备液存放在-20℃的冰箱中;
所有用于HPLC分析的有机溶剂、酸、碱、盐都是分析纯级别;
空的固相萃取小柱(容积为3mL,内径8.9mm)及聚丙烯板(厚度1.6mm)购于北京金天然科技有限公司;
0.22μm的滤膜购买于领航实验室仪器有限公司;
Waters XEVO TQ-S质谱:Waters,Milford,MA,USA
实施例1 MIL-101(Cr)的制备以及固相萃取小柱的制备:
MIL-101(Cr)的制备参照如下方法;
2g九水硝酸铬,1.6g对苯二甲酸,0.2g乙酸钠加入到50mL去离子水中,搅拌2h至悬浮液混合均匀,放入反应釜在200℃下保持12h;收集产物用去离子水清洗三遍,DMF清洗三遍(清洗掉未反应的反应物,对苯二甲酸可溶于DMF);最后把清洗完的产物置于50mL乙醇中100℃下维持10h(交换金属有机框架MOF材料孔道中的DFM分子和洗掉多余的对苯二甲酸),离心收集最终产物,去离子水洗3-5次至母液无色,在80℃下干燥24h,得到灰绿色的粉末,即为MIL-101(Cr)。
固相萃取小柱的制备:将聚丙烯板置于固相萃取小柱空柱(3ml)的底部,然后精确称量20mg的MIL-101(Cr),将其填充至固相萃取小柱中的聚丙烯板上面,最后将另外一块聚丙烯板放在MIL-101(Cr)填料的顶部。
实施例2样品的收集与准备:
玉米,小麦,西甜瓜均购于上海的超市中,用搅拌机打碎成粉状或匀浆于-4℃下保存,取2g样品用10mL的乙腈-水(84:16,V:V)进行提取,浸泡5min后,超声40min然后在4000g的转速下离心5min,取5mL上清液在50℃下氮吹至干。残渣首先用1mL乙腈-水(2:98,V:V)重新溶解,得到上样溶液。
2%的乙腈作为上样溶液通过装填好的MIL-101(Cr)固相萃取柱,流速约为每秒1-2滴。然后用1mL正己烷清洗杂质以消除干扰。用含1%(V:V)甲酸的2mL丙酮(洗脱液)洗脱目标真菌毒素。洗脱液在50℃的氮气流下吹干,重新溶解在1mL乙腈-5mmol L-1乙酸铵(20:80,V:V)混合溶液中,通过0.22μm滤膜,上机进行UPLC-MS/MS分析。
空白基质溶液:不含有九种目标真菌毒素的小麦、玉米、西甜瓜样品参照上述步骤处理后得到的溶液。
空白基质提取液的提取步骤如下:取2g不含目标毒素的空白基质样品置于离心管中,加入10mL的乙腈-水(84:16,V:V),完全浸泡5min后,超声提取40min,然后在4000g的转速下离心5min,取5ml的上清液为空白基质提取液,该空白基质提取液可以多次制备,用于后期评价固相萃取小柱的萃取回收率。
实施例3 UHPLC-MS/MS分析
色谱条件:色谱柱:Waters AcquityBEH C18色谱柱(100mm×2.1mm,1.7mm);流动相:流动相A为乙腈,流动相B为5mmol L-1乙酸铵溶液;梯度洗脱程序:0-3min,10%A-70%A;3-5min,70%A-90%A;5-6min,90%A;6-6.1min,90%A-10%A;6.1-8min,10%A;流速为0.3mL min-1;进样量3μL;柱温40℃。
质谱条件:分离出的化合物采用Waters XEVO TQ-S质谱仪,其电喷雾电离源可在正(ESI+)和负(ESI-)模式下工作。参数设定如下:源温度150℃;脱气温度500℃。锥体和脱溶气体流量分别为150L h-1和1000L h-1。
建立了多反应监测MRM模式对目标物进行定量,并对各真菌毒素检测条件进行了优化。采用MassLynx v4.1和Targetlynx数据分析软件进行数据处理,优化后的参数(母离子、子离子和碰撞能量)如表1所示。
表1 9种真菌毒素的质谱参数
实施例4
(1)基质效应评估
用乙腈-5mmol L-1乙酸铵(20:80,V:V)和参照实施例2制备的空白基质溶液分别稀释标准溶液,得到分析物浓度为(0.05、0.1、0.2、0.5、1、2、5、10、20、50、100、200μg kg-1)的系列标准品。信号抑制/增强(SSE)作用是通过比较空白基质加标曲线的斜率和溶剂标准曲线的斜率来计算的,用于评价基质效应。
(2)方法验证
通过线性曲线、检出限、定量限、回收率和精密度等指标对所建立的方法进行验证,以保证方法的灵敏度、准确度和重复性。
9种毒素的不同浓度的混标分别用乙腈-5mmol L-1乙酸铵(20:80,V:V)和空白基质稀释制备,用于构建线性标准曲线。
采用基质标准溶液进行准确定量;定量限和检测限(信噪比S/N=3和10)用于评价灵敏度;回收率,日内和日间精密度在空白基质溶液中加标进行测试,15份样品分别用低中高三个浓度进行加标(2μg kg-1,20μg kg-1,100μg kg-1),每个浓度有5个平行,通过比较每个分析物的计算浓度和加标浓度来考察回收率,回收率在70%到120%之间是可以接受的。当日3个浓度水平的相对标准偏差(RSD)用于评价日内精密度,而连续5天的结果用于评价日间精密度。
(3)结果与讨论:
固相萃取条件的优化:
选取基质条件较为复杂的小麦基质进行毒素的优化,首先参照实施例2中制备小麦样品的空白基质提取液,在该空白基质提取液中进行加标使得目标毒素的浓度为20μgkg-1,使用加标后的空白基质提取液进行各项固相萃取(SPE)条件的优化,以考察固相萃取小柱的萃取效率。
本实施例优化了乙腈-水(V:V)上样液中乙腈的含量,主要优化了含1%,2%,5%和10%乙腈这四个比例,研究发现2%乙腈水溶液最适合作为上样液。
考察了5%甲醇水溶液,10%甲醇水溶液,正己烷溶液这三种淋洗液,研究发现当使用正己烷作为淋洗液时,回收率基本都能达到80%以上,为最佳的淋洗液。
本实施例还研究了丙酮、乙腈和甲醇及在这三种有机溶剂中添加了1%含量的甲酸作为洗脱液的回收率,结果显示,当使用1%甲酸(V:V)的丙酮作为洗脱液的效果最佳,回收率范围在78.6%-104.7%。
本实施例选取了5mg,10mg,20mg和30mg MIL-101(Cr)作为填充材料的回收率,发现当用量为20mg,9种毒素的回收率均达到了较为满意的效果。
基质效应:
经过填充MIL-101(Cr)纳米材料的固相萃取柱富集净化后的样品液(与未净化样品液相比,明显澄清透明(图1)。说明经过净化的样品液,可以有效除去色素、油脂等干扰杂质,达到净化的目的。
9种真菌毒素(20μg kg-1)在乙腈-5mmol L-1乙酸铵(20:80,V:V)溶液和空白小麦基质溶液中的MRM图谱如图2和图3所示,峰型良好,保留时间能够区分。基质效应见表2,范围为29.9-111.9%,说明为保证结果的准确性,需要采用基质匹配校准曲线来消除基质效应。
表2 9种毒素在玉米、小麦、西甜瓜中的基质效应
方法验证:
小麦、西甜瓜基质及溶剂中,9种分析物中在1-200μg kg-1在范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好线性;玉米基质中9种分析物在0.5-200μg kg-1在范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好线性,线性系数(R2)均大于0.991。9种真菌毒素的LOD和LOQ分别为0.13-0.51μg kg-1和0.5-1.5μgkg-1。
9种目标化合物在小麦、玉米和西甜瓜中的回收率的范围为76.7-107%,日内精密度为1.8-9.8%,日间精密度为2.9-12.5%,。
上述结果表明本发明的方法具有准确性和可重复性,可同时用于玉米小麦西甜瓜等的9种真菌毒素的分析。
实施例5
为了最终验证此SPE方法的实用性,本实施例一共检测了10份小麦样品,10份玉米样品,10份甜瓜样品和10份西瓜样品。这些样品均来自于上海的超市,农贸市场。在这些农产品中检出了一定量的真菌毒素,具体检出情况和含量见下表3所示。
其中AFB1在1份玉米和1份小麦样品中被检出,在玉米中的含量低于定量限,在小麦中的含量为1.1μg kg-1;OTA在三份小麦样本中检出,浓度范围是1.0-3.5μg kg-1;DAS在三份玉米样本中检出,浓度范围为1.5-3.0μg kg-1;T2毒素在两份小麦样本中被检出,浓度范围在2.1-2.4μg kg-1;HT2在一份小麦样本中被检出,浓度为1.2μgkg-1。
表3实际农产品中9种真菌毒素的检测结果
Claims (5)
1.一种用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱,其特征在于该固相萃取柱以MIL-101(Cr)纳米材料作为填料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱,其包含:下筛板、填料和上筛板,其中填料为MIL-101(Cr);下筛板和上筛板均为聚乙烯板。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的固相萃取柱,其中所述的九种真菌毒素为:T-2毒素、HT-2毒素、蛇形毒素、黄曲霉毒素B1,黄曲霉毒素B2,黄曲霉毒素G1,黄曲霉毒素G2、赭曲霉毒素A、赭曲霉毒素B。
4.上述权利要求1-3任一项所述固相萃取柱用于农产品中九种真菌毒素同时富集净化的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
先将2%乙腈水溶液作为上样溶液溶解提取的目标毒素,并通过装填好的MIL-101(Cr)固相萃取柱,流速约为每秒1-2滴;
然后用1mL正己烷作为淋洗液淋洗杂质以消除干扰;
接着用含1%甲酸的丙酮洗脱目标真菌毒素;
洗脱液在50℃的氮气流下吹干,重新溶解在1mL乙腈-5mmol L-1乙酸铵混合溶液中,通过0.22μm滤膜,上机进行UPLC-MS/MS分析。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于其中UPLC-MS/MS分析的色谱条件和质谱条件分别如下:
色谱条件:色谱柱:Waters AcquityBEH C18色谱柱,100mm×2.1mm,1.7mm;流动相:流动相A为乙腈,流动相B为5mmol L-1乙酸铵溶液;梯度洗脱程序:0-3min,10%A-70%A;3-5min,70%A-90%A;5-6min,90%A;6-6.1min,90%A-10%A;6.1-8min,10%A;流速为0.3mL min-1;进样量3μL;柱温40℃;
质谱条件:分离出的化合物采用Waters XEVO TQ-S质谱仪,其电喷雾电离源可在正(ESI+)和负(ESI-)模式下工作;参数设定如下:源温度150℃;脱气温度500℃;锥体和脱溶气体流量分别为150L h-1和1000L h-1。
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