CN113954741A - 用于监视在车辆中的制动系统的功能可靠性的方法 - Google Patents

用于监视在车辆中的制动系统的功能可靠性的方法 Download PDF

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CN113954741A
CN113954741A CN202110813722.9A CN202110813722A CN113954741A CN 113954741 A CN113954741 A CN 113954741A CN 202110813722 A CN202110813722 A CN 202110813722A CN 113954741 A CN113954741 A CN 113954741A
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brake
sensor
pedal
driver
light switch
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M·基斯特纳
J·瓦格纳
O·马夸特
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/18—Safety devices; Monitoring
    • B60T17/22—Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices
    • B60T17/221—Procedure or apparatus for checking or keeping in a correct functioning condition of brake systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Q—ARRANGEMENT OF SIGNALLING OR LIGHTING DEVICES, THE MOUNTING OR SUPPORTING THEREOF OR CIRCUITS THEREFOR, FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Q1/00—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor
    • B60Q1/26—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor the devices being primarily intended to indicate the vehicle, or parts thereof, or to give signals, to other traffic
    • B60Q1/44—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor the devices being primarily intended to indicate the vehicle, or parts thereof, or to give signals, to other traffic for indicating braking action or preparation for braking, e.g. by detection of the foot approaching the brake pedal
    • B60Q1/441—Electric switches operable by the driver's pedals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Q—ARRANGEMENT OF SIGNALLING OR LIGHTING DEVICES, THE MOUNTING OR SUPPORTING THEREOF OR CIRCUITS THEREFOR, FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Q9/00—Arrangement or adaptation of signal devices not provided for in one of main groups B60Q1/00 - B60Q7/00, e.g. haptic signalling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T11/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator without power assistance or drive or where such assistance or drive is irrelevant
    • B60T11/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator without power assistance or drive or where such assistance or drive is irrelevant transmitting by fluid means, e.g. hydraulic
    • B60T11/16—Master control, e.g. master cylinders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T11/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator without power assistance or drive or where such assistance or drive is irrelevant
    • B60T11/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator without power assistance or drive or where such assistance or drive is irrelevant transmitting by fluid means, e.g. hydraulic
    • B60T11/16—Master control, e.g. master cylinders
    • B60T11/18—Connection thereof to initiating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/18—Safety devices; Monitoring
    • B60T17/22—Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T7/00—Brake-action initiating means
    • B60T7/02—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation
    • B60T7/04—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated
    • B60T7/042—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated by electrical means, e.g. using travel or force sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T7/00—Brake-action initiating means
    • B60T7/02—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation
    • B60T7/04—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated
    • B60T7/06—Disposition of pedal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/40—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition comprising an additional fluid circuit including fluid pressurising means for modifying the pressure of the braking fluid, e.g. including wheel driven pumps for detecting a speed condition, or pumps which are controlled by means independent of the braking system
    • B60T8/4072—Systems in which a driver input signal is used as a control signal for the additional fluid circuit which is normally used for braking
    • B60T8/4081—Systems with stroke simulating devices for driver input
    • B60T8/409—Systems with stroke simulating devices for driver input characterised by details of the stroke simulating device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T2220/00—Monitoring, detecting driver behaviour; Signalling thereof; Counteracting thereof
    • B60T2220/04—Pedal travel sensor, stroke sensor; Sensing brake request
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T2270/00—Further aspects of brake control systems not otherwise provided for
    • B60T2270/40—Failsafe aspects of brake control systems
    • B60T2270/406—Test-mode; Self-diagnosis

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Braking Elements And Transmission Devices (AREA)
  • Regulating Braking Force (AREA)

Abstract

在用于监视车辆中的制动系统的功能可靠性的方法中，通过制动灯开关来监视制动踏板操作，并且当所述制动灯开关生成了开关信号而没有通过传感器的传感器信号来记录驾驶员制动愿望时就产生了故障信号。

Description

用于监视在车辆中的制动系统的功能可靠性的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于监视在车辆中的制动系统的功能可靠性的方法。
背景技术
已知的在车辆中的液压式的制动系统具有两个制动回路以用于给车轮制动单元供应液压式的制动压力（WO2018/108351 A1）。所述制动回路与共同的制动主缸相连接，在操作所述制动踏板时将制动流体从所述制动主缸输送到所述制动回路中。所述制动主缸具有在制动踏板操作时被调节的输入杆。所述制动踏板的踏板行程通过踏板行程传感器来测量。
在配备有这种液压式的制动系统的车辆中，通常也安装了一种制动灯开关，所述制动灯开关被构造为接通开关/切断开关并且由所述制动踏板来接通。
发明内容
根据本发明的方法用于监视在车辆中的制动系统的功能可靠性。所述制动系统尤其是液压式的制动系统，其带有在车辆车轮处的车轮制动单元，在操作所述制动系统时给所述车轮制动单元供应了液压式的制动流体以用于产生所期望的制动力。能够由驾驶员来操作的制动踏板配属于所述制动系统。通过操作所述制动踏板使得制动流体被输送到所述车轮制动单元中。
所述车辆配备有制动灯开关，所述制动灯开关在制动踏板操作时被接通并且相应地产生开关信号，由此在所述车辆处来操作制动灯开关。在所述制动踏板的静止状态或者初始状态中，所述制动灯开关被切断并且没有相应地产生开关信号。所述制动灯开关优选地与所述制动踏板邻近地存在着，并且在制动踏板操作时紧接着地由所述制动踏板来接通。所述制动灯开关优选地被构造为接通开关/切断开关。
所述制动系统具有机械式的返回运动平面（Rückfallebene），其中，在以液压式的或者电液式的方法的制动力支持发生损失的情况下，单独地通过所述制动踏板操作来保证制动压力的产生。为了确保所述机械式的返回运动平面的功能可靠性，在所述制动踏板与在所述制动系统中的液压单元——原则上是制动主缸——之间的传递路径必须是完好的。为了控制所述传递路径，根据本发明能够与传感器的另外的传感器信号相结合地评估所述制动灯开关的开关信号，从所述另外的传感器信号中能够推断出驾驶员制动愿望。在所述传递路径的功能可靠性中，在操作所述制动踏板时由所述制动灯开关生成了开关信号。同时所述传感器提供了一种表示所述驾驶员制动愿望的传感器信号。如果时间相同地存在两种信号，那么能够以所述传递路径的功能可靠性为出发点。
与之相反如果所述制动灯开关提供了一种开关信号，这表明了所述制动踏板的操作，而同时没有通过所述传感器的传感器信号来记录驾驶员制动愿望，那么必须以故障状态为出发点，在所述故障状态中在所述制动踏板与所述液压式的单元之间的传递路径并非是完好的或者至少并非完全是完好的。在这种情况下产生了故障信号。所述故障信号能够例如显示给所述驾驶员，和/或为了例如在修理厂中的进一步的评估而被存储。
在存在开关信号而同时不存在记录了驾驶员制动愿望的传感器信号的情况下，在所述制动踏板与所述制动系统的液压式的单元之间的传递路径中例如存在不允许地大的间隙。所述间隙在仅仅机械式的传递路径的情况下相应地是机械式的间隙，或者在被插入的液压式的传递单元的情况下是在所述传递路径中的空气。在每种情况下所述间隙都超过了允许的值，由此至少限制了所述制动系统的功能可靠性。
根据有利的实施方案，所述传感器——从所述传感器的信号获取了所述驾驶员制动愿望——是一种踏板行程传感器，利用所述踏板行程传感器测量了所述制动踏板的踏板行程。当所述制动灯开关生成了制动信号并且同时所感应的踏板行程处在踏板行程边界值之下时，就产生了故障信号。在这种情况下，尽管能够必要时通过所述踏板行程传感器产生一传感器信号，但是所述传感器信号太小以至于不能表明驾驶员制动愿望。随着超过所述踏板行程边界值，所述踏板行程传感器才提供一表示驾驶员制动愿望的传感器信号，从而当所述制动灯开关同时生成开关信号时就不存在故障。
根据又一另外的有利的实施方案，所述制动灯开关以及用于记录所述驾驶员制动愿望的传感器被布置在所述制动系统中的不同的位置处。所述制动灯开关优选地与所述制动踏板邻近地存在着，并且在制动踏板操作时紧接着地由所述制动踏板来接通。用于记录所述驾驶员制动愿望的传感器与之相反地能够与所述制动踏板有间隔地布置，例如布置在所述液压式的制动主缸处。在所述制动踏板与所述制动主缸之间的传递路径包含了可能的间隙，所述间隙对于在所述制动主缸处的传感器的传感器信号产生影响。
考虑下述踏板行程传感器作为传感器类型：所述踏板行程传感器获取了在所述制动主缸处的输入杆行程。作为替代方案也可行的是：通过感应了液压式制动压力的压力传感器来获取所述驾驶员制动愿望，其中，从制动压力上升能够推断出所述驾驶员制动愿望。
所述制动系统例如配备有能运动的导杆，通过所述导杆使得所述制动踏板与所述制动系统、尤其是所述制动主缸相连接。所述能运动的导杆包含动力学的运动可行方案，其带有一个或者多个平移的移动方案和/或转动的旋转方案。由于在能运动的导杆的支承装置中的间隙，就可能出现下述故障情况：所述制动灯开关已经产生了开关信号，而没有通过所述传感器的传感器信号记录到一驾驶员制动愿望。
在能运动的导杆——通过所述导杆使得所述制动踏板连接到所述制动系统处——的情况下，所述导杆必要时能够具有所述制动踏板行程的方向转向。必要时能够借助于在所述制动踏板与所述制动主缸之间的导杆发生多次方向转向。
对于通过能运动的导杆进行的机械式连接的替代方案也可行的是：所述制动踏板到所述制动系统处的液压式的连接。在所述液压式的连接的情况下例如插入了另外的液压缸。
此外本发明涉及一种用于并且被配备用于执行前述方法的控制器。为此，所述控制器具有被设计用于执行所述方法的装置，尤其是至少一个存储单元、至少一个计算单元、控制器输入端以及控制器输出端。通过所述控制器输入端此外能够给所述控制器输送对于所述制动灯开关和对于所述传感器的传感器信息，通过所述传感器获取了所述驾驶员制动愿望。通过所述控制器输出端能够发出所述故障信号。
本发明此外涉及一种前述的在车辆中的液压式的制动系统，带有前述的控制器和传感器，从所述传感器的传感器信号能够推导出驾驶员制动愿望。必要时，所述制动灯开关也配属于所述液压式的制动系统。作为替代方案，所述制动灯开关也能够配属于车辆，在所述车辆中安装了所述液压式的制动系统。
本发明此外涉及一种带有程序代码的计算机程序产品，所述程序代码被设计用于执行前述的方法步骤。所述计算机程序产品在前述的控制器中运行。
附图说明
另外的优点和适合的实施方案能够从另外的权利要求书、附图说明和附图中推断出来。
其中：
图1示出了在车辆中的制动系统的示意图；
图2示出了用于监视所述制动系统的功能可靠性的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了用于车辆的带有制动主缸2的液压式的制动系统1，两个制动回路3和4与所述制动主缸相连接，所述两个制动回路用于给在车辆的车轮处的车轮制动单元供应液压式的制动流体。所述制动系统1具有制动踏板5，所述制动踏板能够由驾驶员来操作,并且所述驾驶员通过所述制动踏板预先给定了驾驶员制动愿望。所述制动踏板5通过传递单元6与所述制动主缸2的输入杆7相耦联，所述传递单元被构造为能运动的机械式的导杆。通过所述导杆6（它包括活节以及传递杆），发生了制动踏板运动到所述制动主缸2的输入杆7上的双重的方向转向。
与所述制动踏板5邻近地布置了制动灯开关8，所述制动灯开关被构造为接通开关/切断开关并且在操作所述制动踏板5时被接通，紧接着，所述车辆的制动灯被点亮。在没有制动踏板操作的情况下所述制动灯开关8处在被切断的状态中。
所述制动系统1具有踏板行程传感器9，所述踏板行程传感器借助于所述制动主缸2的输入杆7的运动来记录所述制动踏板5的操作并且因此记录驾驶员制动愿望。所述踏板行程传感器9以连续的方式来测量所述输入杆7的运动。
所述制动系统1此外配备有控制器10，所述踏板行程传感器9的传感器信号以及所述制动灯开关8的实时的开关状态作为输入信号被输送给所述控制器。在所述控制器10中能够产生调节信号，以用于操控所述制动系统1的能调节的组件。
此外在所述控制器10中，在所述制动灯开关8的实时的状态以及所述踏板行程传感器9的传感器信号的基础上执行了对于所述制动系统1的功能可靠性的监视。在操作所述制动踏板5时接通了所述制动灯开关8。如果所述制动踏板运动足够大并且尤其超过了踏板行程边界值，那么这能够被解释为驾驶员制动愿望，从而使得所述制动灯开关8的被接通的状态和所述驾驶员制动愿望变得一致。然而如果所述制动灯开关8被接通，但是同时所述制动踏板5的所感应的踏板行程处在所述踏板边界值之下，那么这必须被解释为故障，例如由于在所述导杆6中的过高的间隙而发生所述故障。在这种情况下在所述控制器10中产生一故障信号，所述故障信号被显示给所述驾驶员并且必要时被存储。
在图2中示出了带有方法步骤的流程图，所述方法步骤用于监视所述制动系统的功能可靠性。在第一方法步骤20中进行了查询：所述制动灯开关是否产生了与被接通的状态相对应的开关信号。如果这不是所述情况，那么“否-分支”（“否”（“N”））接下来又返回到所述方法步骤20的开端，并且所述方法步骤20以循环的间隔来重复。
与之相反如果得出了下述查询：所述制动灯开关被接通，那么“是-分支”（“是”（“Y”））接下来就向前推进到下个方法步骤21，在所述方法步骤中检查了：由踏板行程传感器所记录的踏板行程是否大于踏板行程边界值。如果这是所述情况，那么所述“是-分支”接下来就向前推进到步骤22，根据所述步骤确保了所述制动系统无故障并且确保了所述制动系统的功能可靠性。在这种情况下所述制动灯信号和所述踏板行程传感器的传感器信号变得一致。所感应的踏板行程足够大，从而能够推断出驾驶员制动愿望。
与之相反如果在方法步骤21中得出了下述查询：通过所述踏板行程传感器所探测的踏板行程例如由于间隙而处在所述踏板行程边界值之下，那么所述“否-分支”接下来就向前推进到方法步骤23，根据所述方法步骤产生了故障信号。在这种情况下所述制动系统处在带有被接通的制动灯开关的状态中，而不能获取驾驶员制动愿望。所述制动灯开关的信号和所述踏板行程传感器的信号并不变得一致，从而没有确保所述制动系统的功能可靠性并且产生了故障信号。

Claims (11)

1.用于对于在车辆中的制动系统的功能可靠性进行监视的方法，在所述方法中，通过制动灯开关（8）监视了制动踏板操作，并且当所述制动灯开关（8）生成了开关信号而同时没有通过传感器（9）的传感器信号来记录驾驶员制动愿望时，就产生了故障信号。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述传感器——从所述传感器的信号获取了所述驾驶员制动愿望——是踏板行程传感器（9），其中，当所述制动灯开关（8）生成了制动信号并且同时所感应的踏板行程处在踏板行程边界值之下时，就产生了故障信号。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述制动灯开关（8）和用于记录所述驾驶员制动愿望的传感器（9）被布置在所述制动系统（1）中的不同的位置处。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述制动灯开关（8）布置在所述制动踏板（5）处或者与所述制动踏板邻近地布置，并且用于记录所述驾驶员制动愿望的传感器（9）布置在制动主缸（2）的输入杆（7）处或者与所述制动主缸的输入杆邻近地布置。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于在制动系统（1）中的执行方案，所述制动系统带有所述制动踏板（5）的通过能运动的导杆（6）的连接。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于在制动系统（1）中的执行方案，所述制动系统带有制动踏板运动的借助于所述导杆（6）到制动主缸（2）去的至少一个方向转向。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于在制动系统（1）中的执行方案，所述制动系统带有所述制动踏板（5）的液压式的连接。
8.用于执行根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法的控制器，其中，所述制动灯开关（8）的以及用于记录所述驾驶员制动愿望的传感器（9）的传感器信息能够输送给所述控制器（10）。
9.在车辆中的液压式的制动系统，带有根据权利要求8所述的控制器（10），带有制动灯开关（8）并且带有一传感器（9），从所述传感器的传感器信号能够推导出驾驶员制动愿望。
10.带有根据权利要求9所述的制动系统（1）的车辆。
11.带有程序代码的计算机程序产品，所述程序代码被设计用于：当所述计算机程序产品在根据权利要求8所述的控制器（10）中运行时，执行根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法的步骤。
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