CN113843263A - 一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法 - Google Patents

一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法 Download PDF

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CN113843263A
CN113843263A CN202111193670.6A CN202111193670A CN113843263A CN 113843263 A CN113843263 A CN 113843263A CN 202111193670 A CN202111193670 A CN 202111193670A CN 113843263 A CN113843263 A CN 113843263A
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coal
putty
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CN113843263B (zh
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左海滨
王亚杰
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University of Science and Technology Beijing USTB
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Abstract

本发明涉及煤化工技术领域,提供了一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法,包括S1、将干燥后的油灰渣粉碎;S2、采用高压反应釜对粉碎后的油灰渣进行溶剂热萃取,得到萃取液和残渣;S3、对萃取液进行蒸馏,得到固体提取物,并回收有机溶剂;S4、以所述固体提取物用作粘结剂制备热压型煤;S5、以步骤S2得到的所述残渣为原料制备陶粒。本发明方法操作简单,对油灰渣的处理效率高,产品的附加值大,完全符合油灰渣资源化、减量化和无害化的处理目标。油灰渣的萃取率可达70%;绝大部分多环芳烃转移到提取物中,残渣中基本不含多环芳烃;提取物的粘结性能显著提升,制成的热压型煤的强度很高;残渣的灰分含量在30%以上,是制备陶粒的理想原料。

Description

一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法
技术领域
本发明涉及煤化工技术领域,特别涉及一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法。
背景技术
我国是一个富煤、贫油、少气的国家。煤制油技术有助于中国摆脱对进口原油和石油产品的过度依赖,从而提高能源安全。煤制油是以煤炭为原料,通过化学加工过程生产油品和石油化工产品的一项技术,包含煤直接液化和煤间接液化两种技术路线。相比于煤间接液化技术,煤直接液化技术的热效率和液体产品收率更高,因此受到了广泛的关注和研究。煤炭直接液化技术首先将合适的煤磨成细粉,然后在高温高压条件下,通过催化加氢反应使煤直接转化为液体燃料,转化过程是在含有煤粉、溶剂和催化剂的浆液系统中进行加氢和解聚,在将液体燃料精制后可以制得优质的汽油、柴油和航空燃料。目前,神华集团公司已经开发出了具有自主知识产权的煤炭直接液化工艺,成为世界上煤直接液化的第一套工业化装置,已于2011年正式进入了商业化生产。
然而,在煤炭的直接液化过程中,会产生大量的煤直接液化残渣,也被称为油灰渣。油灰渣主要由沥青质、前沥青质和无机矿物质组成,其固体物含量约为50%,软化点约为160℃,热值约为7000大卡。据统计,每生产100万吨油品,大约会产生60万吨油灰渣。随着煤直接液化技术的快速发展,生产能力的不断扩大,产生的油灰渣的数量也逐渐增加。油灰渣中的沥青质属于煤焦油类沥青质,含有大量的多环芳烃,具有很高的致癌性,如果处理不当,会对人体和环境造成极大的危害。然而,油灰渣也是一种宝贵的能源,具有高热值和有机化合物含量。因此,对油灰渣进行合理的处理和利用,对于经济和环境保护意义重大。直接将油灰渣用作燃料、配煤炼焦、热解、气化和炭素材料的原料是常用的处理方法,然而较高的粘度以及矿物质含量,特别是较高的硫含量限制了油灰渣的利用率。
溶剂萃取法是实现油、渣分离的一种简单操作。该方法主要是利用油灰渣中有机组分与萃取溶剂的互溶机理,将含油废渣与溶剂按所需的比例混合而达到完全混溶,再经过滤、离心或沉降等达到油、渣分离的目的。萃取分离方法具有高效、经济、处理量大的特点。但关于溶剂萃取技术的研究还较少,寻找经济、低能耗的绿色溶剂是溶剂萃取技术的关键。
发明内容
本发明的目的是至少克服现有技术的不足之一,提供了一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法,能够解决油灰渣处理困难、利用效率低的问题。该方法操作简单,对油灰渣的处理效率高,产品的附加值大。
本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法,包括:
S1、将干燥后的油灰渣粉碎,所述油灰渣为煤炭直接液化过程中产生的废渣;
S2、采用高压反应釜对粉碎后的油灰渣进行溶剂热萃取,得到萃取液和残渣;
S3、对萃取液进行蒸馏,得到固体提取物,并回收有机溶剂。
如上所述的任一可能的实现方式,进一步提供一种实现方式,所述方法还包括:
S4、步骤S3得到的所述固体提取物用作粘结剂制备热压型煤;
S5、以步骤S2得到的所述残渣为原料制备陶粒。
如上所述的任一可能的实现方式,进一步提供一种实现方式,步骤S2中,萃取溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮,所述溶剂热萃取温度为300-400℃,萃取时间为0.5-1.5h。
如上所述的任一可能的实现方式,进一步提供一种实现方式,步骤S1中,所述油灰渣干燥温度为80-120℃,粉碎粒度≤0.2mm。
如上所述的任一可能的实现方式,进一步提供一种实现方式,步骤S3中,所述蒸馏温度为80-110℃,真空度≤0.05Mpa。
如上所述的任一可能的实现方式,进一步提供一种实现方式,步骤S4中,所述热压型煤的制备方法为:按一定配比称量所述固体提取物和原料煤,均匀混合,装入热压模具,置于高温炉中加热,保温,在设定压力下热压成型,降温至室温后即得。
如上所述的任一可能的实现方式,进一步提供一种实现方式,所述固体提取物和原料煤的配比为5-25%,热压成型温度为250-500℃,保温时间为10-60min。
如上所述的任一可能的实现方式,进一步提供一种实现方式,所述原料煤为烟煤或无烟煤。
如上所述的任一可能的实现方式,进一步提供一种实现方式,步骤S5中,以所述残渣为原料制备陶粒的方法为:以矾土、膨润土和所述残渣为原料,混合均匀;造粒、预热、高温烧结,即得陶粒成品。
如上所述的任一可能的实现方式,进一步提供一种实现方式,预热温度为400-600℃,预热时间为10-30min;烧结温度为900-1200℃,时间为10-60min。
本发明的有益效果为:本发明解决了油灰渣处理困难、利用效率低的问题。该方法操作简单,对油灰渣的处理效率高,产品的附加值大,完全符合油灰渣资源化、减量化和无害化的处理目标。油灰渣的萃取率可达70%;绝大部分多环芳烃转移到固体提取物中,残渣中基本不含有多环芳烃;提取物的粘结性能显著提升,制成的热压型煤的强度很高;残渣的灰分含量在30%以上,是制备陶粒的理想原料。
附图说明
图1所示为本发明实施例一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法的流程示意图。
具体实施方式
下文将结合具体附图详细描述本发明具体实施例。应当注意的是,下述实施例中描述的技术特征或者技术特征的组合不应当被认为是孤立的,它们可以被相互组合从而达到更好的技术效果。
如图1所示,本发明实施例一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法,包括:
S1、将干燥后的油灰渣在矿石粉碎机中粉碎,所述油灰渣为煤炭直接液化过程中产生的废渣;
S2、采用高压反应釜对粉碎后的油灰渣进行溶剂热萃取,得到萃取液和残渣;
S3、采用旋转蒸发仪对萃取液进行蒸馏,得到固体提取物,并回收有机溶剂;
S4、步骤S3得到的所述固体提取物用作粘结剂制备热压型煤;
S5、以步骤S2得到的所述残渣为原料制备陶粒。
实施例1
本实施例一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法,具体为:
S1、首先将油灰渣在105℃下干燥8h,然后利用矿石粉碎机将其粉碎至粒度小于0.2mm以下。
S2、称量8g的油灰渣和400mL的N-甲基吡咯烷酮,并将其装入高温反应釜中;在反应釜中通入氩气以排尽釜内的空气,然后关闭进气口和出气口。控制反应釜升温至350℃,同时在整个实验过程中采用搅拌桨不断搅拌,以确保固液两相充分接触,搅拌速率为100r/min。在350℃保温1h后,取下加热炉,待反应釜自由冷却至50℃后,取出固液混合物。然后利用抽滤装置对固液混合物进行分离,分别得到液相和残渣。
S3、用酒精和去离子水对滤渣进行反复冲洗,去除附着的有机溶剂。将萃取液通过旋转蒸发器回收N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂并析出固体产物,其中,蒸馏温度为80℃,真空度小于0.01MPa。固体产物经酒精和去离子水反复冲洗后与残渣一起放入干燥箱中干燥,干燥温度为105℃,干燥时间为8h。
S4、步骤S3得到的所述固体提取物用作粘结剂制备热压型煤。
S5、以步骤S2得到的所述残渣为原料制备陶粒。
表1所示为样品的工业分析和元素分析以及萃取率。N-甲基吡咯烷酮对油灰渣的萃取率约为70.8%,表现出极佳的萃取效果。工业分析的结果表明,固体提取物的挥发物含量高于油灰渣,高达69.17w%。因此,油灰渣中大量的挥发性物质被萃取出来。由于灰分难溶于有机溶剂,固体提取物中灰分含量很低,仅为0.72w%,而残渣中灰分含量高达30.64%。而且,油灰渣中的硫大部分转移到残渣中,固体提取物中的硫含量由原先的1.72%降至0.09%。
表1
Figure BDA0003302209830000041
利用气相色谱质谱分析对样品中的挥发性组分进行检测,表2所示为样品中挥发性组分的分布规律。油灰渣中的挥发性组分主要由芳香烃和芳香族衍生物构成,因此是一种具有一定危险性的固体废弃物。在经过溶剂热萃取之后,大部分的芳香烃转移到了固体提取物之中。提取物中的挥发性组分主要为芳香烃、脂肪烃和芳香族衍生物以及少量的脂肪族衍生物。残渣中的挥发性组分主要为脂肪族衍生物,其含量高达90.8%,而芳香烃和芳香烃衍生物的含量已经降至很低。这表明残渣基本实现了无害化,同时由于残渣中含有大量的灰分以及固定碳,因此是制备陶粒的理想原料。
表2
样品 脂肪烃,% 脂肪族衍生物,% 芳香烃,% 芳香族衍生物,%
油灰渣 0 0 42.1 57.9
提取物 19.9 1.3 60.6 18.2
残渣 0 90.8 6.8 2.5
由于油灰渣提取物在高温下表现出优异的热塑性,可以被用作热粘结剂,配合普通的煤粉制备热压型煤。表3所示为本实施例中所用原料煤的工业分析和元素分析。热压型煤的制备方法如下:首先按一定的配比称量提取物与破碎至粒度在0.5mm以下的原料煤并均匀混合,然后将5g混匀后的样品装入热压模具,并置于已达到设定温度的立式高温炉中加热。维持一定的加热时间后,在0.1kN/s的移动压力下使样品成型,在到达设定压力(9.4kN)后保持压力1min。待模具降至室温后,取出样品。
表3
Figure BDA0003302209830000051
表4所示为热压型煤在不同油灰渣提取物配比下的特征参数。在固体提取物配比为零的情况下,无烟煤粉即使经过热压处理也无法形成具有一定抗压强度的热压型煤,因为无烟煤粉本身不能产生可塑性物质。随着提取物比例的增加,热压型煤的抗压强度呈现快速增加的趋势,表明提取物可以产生大量的塑性物质,使煤粉在机械压力下紧密结合在一起。
表4
Figure BDA0003302209830000052
Figure BDA0003302209830000061
表5所示为热压型煤在不同加热时间下的特征参数。随着加热时间的延长,热压时间的抗压强度虽然呈下降趋势,但下降幅度较小,说明胶质体具有良好的热稳定性。
表5
Figure BDA0003302209830000062
表6所示为热压型煤在不同加热温度下的特征参数。在350℃时,热压型煤的抗压强度可以达到2.52MPa(959N)。因此,以油灰渣提取物为粘结剂,以无烟煤粉为原料,可以制备出具有高强度的热压型煤。
表6
Figure BDA0003302209830000063
表7所示为直接以油灰渣为粘结剂时,所制备的热压型煤在不同加热温度下的特征参数。相比于油灰渣,油灰渣提取物的粘结性能得到大幅提升,由其制成的热压型煤的抗压强度提升了约50%以上。因此,该方法可以显著提升油灰渣提取物的粘结性能。
表7
Figure BDA0003302209830000071
实施例2
传统的型煤制备方法一般是采用冷压成型,所用的粘结剂主要包括无机粘结剂、有机粘结剂和复合粘结剂等。为了比较油灰渣提取物用于制备热压型煤的优势,分别使用膨润土、淀粉和糖蜜等三种传统粘结剂进行了冷压型煤的制备,其制备方法如下:
膨润土型煤的制备方法:膨润土的水分添加与配料过程同时进行,首先用天平称量0.75g(质量分数为15%)的去离子水于搅拌器中,然后称量总质量为4.25g的不同比例的膨润土和煤粉在搅拌器中充分混合。将混匀后的样品装入模具,在0.1kN/s的移动压力下使样品成型,在到达设定压力(9.4kN)后保持压力1min。取出样品,将压制好的型煤在105℃的干燥箱中干燥4h后装入密封袋并编号。
淀粉型煤的制备方法:由于淀粉在热水中糊化后才具有粘结性,因此,先将过量的淀粉溶于95℃的热水中,不断搅拌,使其糊化,最终得到透明的溶液,并冷却至室温。每次称取总质量为5g的不同比例的溶液和煤粉,并在搅拌器中充分混合。将混匀后的样品装入模具,在0.1kN/s的移动压力下使样品成型,在到达设定压力(9.4kN)后保持压力1min。取出样品,将压制好的型煤在105℃的干燥箱中干燥4h后装入密封袋并编号。
糖蜜型煤的制备方法:由于糖蜜的粘度太高导致混料困难,不利于型煤的成型。因此,按照体积比为1:1的比例,用去离子水将糖蜜稀释。每次称取总质量为5g的不同比例的溶液和煤粉,并于搅拌器中充分混合。将混匀后的样品装入模具,在0.1kN/s的移动压力下使样品成型,在到达设定压力(9.4kN)后保持压力1min。。取出样品,将压制好的型煤在105℃的干燥箱中干燥4h后装入密封袋并编号。
表8
膨润土配比 0 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
抗压强度/N 19 48 64 85 128 105 100
表9
淀粉添配比 0 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
抗压强度/N 19 50 120 141 110 109
表10
糖蜜配比 0 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
抗压强度/N 19 63 158 403 283 275 267
三种冷压型煤的抗压强度分别见于表8、表9和表10。可以发现:膨润土在添加量达到20%时,型煤的抗压强度最大,为128N;淀粉在当添加量为15%,型煤的抗压强度达到最大的141N;糖蜜在添加量为15%时,型煤的抗压强度可达403N。然而,膨润土会增加型煤的灰分,而淀粉和糖蜜的抗水性能以及热态强度差。同时,水分的添加导致混料困难,制成的型煤的性能不稳定。作为对比,以油灰渣提取物为粘结剂制成的热压型煤的最大抗压强度可达959N,其强度远超三种粘结剂制成的冷压型煤,而且性能稳定,具有传统粘结剂无法比拟的优势。
本发明的一个重要创新之处是在油灰渣的资源化处理中生产出了高效的型煤粘结剂,即本发明的固体提取物,为更准确理解本发明的创新,关于型煤技术做以下补充说明:
一、发展型煤技术的必要性
我的煤炭资源呈现以下两个特点:一是粉煤产率高,块煤产率低。随着焦炭行业机采率的提高,近几年的块煤率已从40%降到10%左右,粉煤率大概在90%左右,块煤产量逐渐减少,致使块煤市场供不应求,块煤价格不断上涨,而粉煤大量积压,价格低廉,其大量积压和直接燃用也对环境造成一定的污染。二是整体质量差,优质煤资源稀缺。原煤灰分小于10%的煤炭储量仅占保有储量的15%~20%;硫分大于1.5%的煤炭储量占保有储量约30%;褐煤、中高硫原煤、高灰原煤等低品质煤约占煤炭资源总量的40%左右。特殊煤类中肥煤、焦煤等占比不到10%,瘦煤和无烟煤占比约15%。发展型煤技术是解决上述问题的重要思路。型煤是用一种或数种煤粉与一定比例的黏结剂或固硫剂在一定压力下加工形成的,具有一定形状和强度的煤炭产品。与直接使用原煤相比,型煤具有以下优点:
(1)大量使用粉煤,减少块煤需求
目前,国内对块煤的需求量很大,正面临供不应求的局面。中国工业锅炉、窑炉中的有相当部分属于层燃式,需要燃用块煤;中国化肥工业合成气以及燃料气的生产都需要块煤。发展工业型煤可以缓解块煤数量少供不应求的局面,同时为粉煤的合理、有效利用开辟了技术途径。
(2)提高燃烧效率,减少能源浪费
作为中国民用型煤主体的蜂窝煤,配以先进炉具,热效率比烧散煤高1倍。在各种洁净煤技术中,工业型煤的能量转化率最高,达97.5%,远远大于其它技术。锅炉型煤产品粒度较大,可以保证燃烧时所需的空隙,燃烧效率较高,同时露煤量较少,与燃烧原煤相比,节煤15%~20%。
(3)减少环境污染
锅炉燃用型煤可以大量减少大气污染。与燃烧原煤相比,SO2排放量降低40%~60%左右,NO2排放量降低40%左右,烟尘排放减少约60%,强致癌物减少50%以上,具有明显的环保效果。型煤在加工过程中加入固硫剂、粘合剂,可以使SO2的排放量减少40%~50%,同时也可以减少固体粉尘的排放量。此外,型煤可使用工业废料和农业废料作粘合剂,变废为宝,减少了三废排放。
(4)改变单一煤种的性能缺陷
型煤的加工制造过程中,通过使用添加剂,将不同性能的煤种加以组合掺配,使粘结性指数、着火点、灰分、灰熔点、硫分、固定碳、挥发分以及发热量等指标得到改善,增加了煤的反应活性、易燃性、热稳定性,提高灰熔点,生产出各项指标满足客户要求的优质产品。比如,通过配煤可将非炼焦煤制成型焦,作为冶金焦的替代品;将烟煤制成无烟化型煤,替代造气无烟块煤,从而扩大煤炭的利用途径。
二、弱粘结煤炼焦的必要性
煤的粘结性是指烟煤在干馏时黏结其本身或外加惰性物的能力,是用来衡量烟煤在干馏过程中发生软化熔融、形成胶质体后发生固化的标准,是煤炭结焦的首要条件。形成胶质体的数量和质量是判断煤粘结性强弱的主要指标。胶质体中的液相主要是由大分子侧链和能团受热形成。低变质程度的煤(如褐煤、长焰煤等)由于煤炭结构中碳含量少,结构松散,芳香核外侧链多且氧含量高,在一定温度下气态相多,稳定的液态相少,阻碍了胶质体的形成,因此粘结性差。高变质程度的煤(如瘦煤、贫瘦煤等)尽管氧含量低,但是侧链含量低很难形成液相,所以粘结性差。因此,炼焦过程对强粘结性烟煤(肥煤、焦煤)的需求量很大。
高炉生产离不开焦炭,焦炭是高炉冶炼的重要原料,在高炉内同时发挥铁水渗碳剂、发热剂、还原剂和料柱骨架的作用。焦炭是炼焦煤在炼焦炉内焦化后产生的工业产品。然而,焦化工序的污染问题一直饱受诟病。焦化过程中产生了大量的粉尘、废气和污水等,对环境造成了严重的污染和破坏。我国是焦炭生产和消费大国,每年要消耗大量的炼焦煤。但是我国的炼焦煤资源并不丰富,炼焦用煤储量仅占煤炭资源总储量的26%,其中,强粘结性的肥煤和焦煤储量仅占炼焦用煤储量的10%。由于炼焦煤需求量不断增加,强粘结性烟煤的供应日趋紧张,价格不断上涨,同时,供给的原料煤质量也不断下降,使本来就硫分和灰分偏高的炼焦煤又雪上加霜。相对而言,弱粘结煤(无烟煤、贫煤、瘦煤、半焦等)质量好,且售价较低。特别是自2010以来,国家加大了对土焦窑的清理力度,关停了大量不符合生产标准的炼焦企业。因此,发展非常规的炼焦工艺,提高弱粘结煤的使用比例已成为焦化企业降低成本的重要手段。
三、制备热压型煤的目的和意义
通过溶剂萃取的方式从油灰渣中获得的提取物,不仅具有极低的灰分含量,还有着极佳的粘结性。将油灰渣提取物作为热态粘结剂,配合弱粘结性的粉煤制成的热压型煤具有很高的机械强度。由于所用原料为无烟煤,其反应性也很低。而高炉所用焦炭一般需要低反应性和高反应后强度。因此,热压型煤不仅可以用作一般的块状燃料,更可以替代高炉中的焦炭。与传统的炼焦工艺相比,热压型煤的生产温度较低,不需要焦化工序,可以降低能源消耗,减少环境污染。此举可以不仅提升油灰渣的使用价值,也可以提高弱粘结性粉煤的利用率,减少对炼焦煤资源的过度依赖,对钢铁企业的节能减排具有重要的意义。
可以看出,本发明所提炼出固体提取物用于型煤粘结剂生产型煤具有极大的现实意义。同时,本发明方法操作简单,对油灰渣的处理效率高,产品的附加值大,完全符合油灰渣资源化、减量化和无害化的处理目标。
本文虽然已经给出了本发明的几个实施例,但是本领域的技术人员应当理解,在不脱离本发明精神的情况下,可以对本文的实施例进行改变。上述实施例只是示例性的,不应以本文的实施例作为本发明权利范围的限定。

Claims (10)

1.一种油灰渣的资源化处理方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括:
S1、将干燥后的油灰渣粉碎,所述油灰渣为煤炭直接液化过程中产生的废渣;
S2、采用高压反应釜对粉碎后的油灰渣进行溶剂热萃取,得到萃取液和残渣;
S3、对萃取液进行蒸馏,得到固体提取物,并回收有机溶剂。
2.如权利要求1所述的油灰渣资源化处理方法,其特征在于,所述方法还包括:
S4、步骤S3得到的所述固体提取物用作粘结剂制备热压型煤;
S5、以步骤S2得到的所述残渣为原料制备陶粒。
3.如权利要求1所述的油灰渣资源化处理方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,萃取溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮,所述溶剂热萃取温度为300-400℃,萃取时间为0.5-1.5h。
4.如权利要求1所述的油灰渣资源化处理方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述油灰渣干燥温度为80-120℃,粉碎粒度≤0.2mm。
5.如权利要求1所述的油灰渣资源化处理方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述蒸馏温度为80-110℃,真空度≤0.05Mpa。
6.如权利要求2所述的油灰渣资源化处理方法,其特征在于,步骤S4中,所述热压型煤的制备方法为:按一定配比称量所述固体提取物和原料煤,均匀混合,装入热压模具,置于高温炉中加热,保温,在设定压力下热压成型,降温至室温后即得。
7.如权利要求6所述的油灰渣资源化处理方法,其特征在于,所述固体提取物和原料煤的配比为5-25%,热压成型温度为250-500℃,保温时间为10-60min。
8.如权利要求6所述的油灰渣资源化处理方法,其特征在于,所述原料煤为烟煤或无烟煤。
9.如权利要求2所述的油灰渣资源化处理方法,其特征在于,步骤S5中,以所述残渣为原料制备陶粒的方法为:以矾土、膨润土和所述残渣为原料,混合均匀;造粒、预热、高温烧结,即得陶粒成品。
10.如权利要求9所述的油灰渣资源化处理方法,其特征在于,预热温度为400-600℃,预热时间为10-30min;烧结温度为900-1200℃,时间为10-60min。
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