CN113839065B - Fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system and control method - Google Patents

Fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system and control method Download PDF

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CN113839065B
CN113839065B CN202111097035.8A CN202111097035A CN113839065B CN 113839065 B CN113839065 B CN 113839065B CN 202111097035 A CN202111097035 A CN 202111097035A CN 113839065 B CN113839065 B CN 113839065B
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temperature
fuel cell
power
stack
cell stack
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CN113839065A (en
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高艳
殷聪
赵安
汤浩
李凯
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04037—Electrical heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
    • H01M8/04358—Temperature; Ambient temperature of the coolant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04701—Temperature
    • H01M8/04723—Temperature of the coolant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Abstract

The invention provides a fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system and a control method, which belong to the technical field of fuel cell test systems, wherein the system comprises a temperature and pressure measurement sensor, cooling liquid, a pipeline, a fuel cell stack, a water pump, a water tank, a controller, a heat exchanger and an electric heating module consisting of n electric heaters with the same power; the maximum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger is larger than the maximum output heat power of the electric pile; when the system is in a rapid heating mode, a normal heat dissipation mode or a heat compensation mode, the controller controls the working states of the heat exchanger and the electric heating module according to the in-pile temperature, the current output heat power of the electric pile, the minimum heat dissipation power of the system and the optimal working temperature of the electric pile, so that the heat compensation of different compensation demands of the system is realized; and different control methods are adopted for the conditions of different numbers of electric heaters so as to meet the actual compensation requirement.

Description

Fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system and control method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fuel cell testing systems, and particularly relates to a fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system and a control method.
Background
In the background of increasing energy demands and increasingly severe environmental crisis and the like worldwide, new clean energy utilization modes are increasingly receiving attention from people. Among them, proton exchange membrane fuel cells have been in the spotlight of the public because of high efficiency, zero pollution, low noise, quick start, etc. Unlike chemical energy storage cells in the conventional sense, fuel cells directly convert chemical energy of fuel and oxidant into electric energy through electrode reactions, and are called fuel cells because fuel and oxidant are continuously supplied thereto during operation.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are clean electrochemical energy sources with high power density, low working temperature, quick response and no pollution, and are widely regarded as the most potential power source candidates for next-generation clean energy automobiles. The temperature is one of the key factors affecting the performance of the PEMFC, directly affecting the transportation of water components in the fuel cell and the permeability of the proton exchange membrane gas, and in addition, the temperature has a significant influence on the activity of the catalyst, the diffusion of the fuel gas and the phenomenon of flooding. For this reason, it is necessary to maintain the fuel cell at an optimum operating temperature when performing fuel cell performance or life tests.
The prior art is commonly found in a conventional fuel cell thermal management system, which mainly comprises a fuel cell stack, a cooling water tank, a circulating water pump, a cooling fan, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor and a system controller. The system is characterized in that the temperature value of the fuel cell stack in-stack/out-stack is measured, the temperature value is compared with the temperature value set by a controller, and if the temperature of cooling water is lower than the temperature of set circulating water, the temperature is raised through the heat generated by the electric stack; when the temperature of the cooling water reaches the set temperature, the controller controls the fan to radiate heat of the system, so that the temperature is stabilized near the set temperature. In the prior art, for a test system with a specific power level, the measured power is not fixed, the heat dissipation capacity of the thermal management system represents the upper limit of the measured power of the test system, and the natural heat dissipation capacity of the whole system and the flow resistance of the pipeline determine the lower limit of the measured power of the test system. In the actual process, the following problems exist:
1. the heat generated by the electric pile is smaller than the heat naturally lost by the circulating water loop during the low-power point test, so that the electric pile cannot work in a proper temperature range, as shown in fig. 1.
2. When the test of the smaller power point is performed, the heat generated by the electric pile is slightly higher than the natural heat dissipation of the loop, so that the temperature rising rate of the electric pile in the starting process is slower, and after the set temperature is reached, the heat management loop cannot reach a heat balance state due to the minimum heat dissipation capacity after the heat exchanger is started, so that the temperature fluctuates back and forth at the set temperature, as shown in fig. 2.
Both conditions can influence the service life of the electric pile, and the long-term use of the electric pile is not facilitated.
Therefore, a fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system and a control method are sought, and the test requirement of a low power point is met on the premise of ensuring the stability of the temperature control of the fuel cell.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a heat compensation temperature control system and a control method for a cooling water loop of a fuel cell, which combine an electric heater with a heat exchanger to realize temperature control capable of switching different working modes and solve the problem that a thermal management system cannot reach a heat balance state due to low heat generation quantity of a fuel cell stack during low-power test of the fuel cell stack.
The specific technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the temperature measuring sensor and the pressure measuring sensor are positioned at a stack inlet and a stack outlet of the fuel cell stack, and the cooling liquid flows in the pipeline; the temperature control system is characterized by further comprising a heat exchanger, an electric heating module and a controller, wherein an outlet of the water tank is connected to a stack inlet of the fuel cell stack through the heat exchanger and the electric heating module by pipelines;
the maximum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger is larger than the maximum output heat power of the fuel cell stack;
the electric heating module consists of n electric heaters with the same power, wherein n is a positive integer;
the controller is connected with the temperature measuring sensor, the fuel cell stack, the water pump, the heat exchanger and the electric heating module, and controls the working states of the heat exchanger and the electric heating module according to the stack-in temperature of the fuel cell stack, the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack, the minimum heat dissipation power of the pre-stored heat exchanger, the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack, which are acquired by the temperature measuring sensor, wherein the specific control method comprises the following steps:
when the temperature of the fuel cell stack is lower than the optimal working temperature during starting, the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the heat exchanger is controlled to be closed, and all electric heaters of the electric heating module are turned on until the current temperature of the fuel cell stack reaches the optimal working temperature; then judging whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, at the moment, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, controlling the electric heating module to be closed, controlling the heat exchanger to be opened, and adjusting the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger by adopting a PID (proportion integration differentiation) control algorithm according to the difference between the stack temperature of the fuel cell stack and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is smaller than or equal to the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, and the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode at the moment, determining the number m of electric heaters needing to work according to the thermal power needed to be compensated by the temperature control system, controlling the m electric heaters and the heat exchangers to be started, and adjusting the heat dissipation power of the heat exchangers by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference between the stack temperature of the fuel cell stack and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; the minimum heat dissipation power of the system is the sum of the minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger and the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop; the thermal power required to be compensated is the difference value between the minimum heat dissipation power of the system and the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack; the number m should satisfy: and the sum of the heat generating powers of the m electric heaters is more than or equal to the heat generating power required to be compensated, and the sum of the heat generating powers of the m-1 electric heaters is less than the heat generating power required to be compensated.
Further, when n=1 (i.e. the electric heating module is composed of 1 electric heater), and the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller periodically controls the on state of the electric heater by taking the ratio of the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system to the generated thermal power of the electric heater as a control signal, so as to realize nonlinear control of the compensation power of the electric heater under different compensation demands of the system; and the shorter the control period, the better the thermal compensation effect.
Further, when n is more than or equal to 2 (i.e. the electric heating module is composed of a plurality of electric heaters), and the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller does not need to control the on states of the electric heaters in a periodical control mode, but determines the number m of the electric heaters required to work under different compensation demands of the system, and enables the m electric heaters to be in a constant on state, so that linear thermal compensation of different compensation demands of the system is realized.
Further, the electric heating module is composed of n electric heaters with the same power in series or in parallel.
Further, the smaller the power level of the electric heater is, the better the compensation effect of the temperature control system working in the thermal compensation mode is, and the thermal power of the actual system should be reasonably selected in actual engineering.
Further, the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003269185320000031
wherein Q is the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack; epsilon 0 Is a voltage constant equal to 1.47V; epsilon cell Average voltage of a single battery; i is the current of the fuel cell stack; n is the number of cells.
The invention also provides a control method based on the fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: starting control of the temperature control system, and starting the fuel cell stack and the water pump;
step 2: the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the controller controls the heat exchanger to be closed, and all electric heaters of the electric heating module are opened until the current in-stack temperature of the fuel cell stack reaches the optimal working temperature;
step 3: the controller judges whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if yes, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, the controller controls the electric heating module to be closed, the heat exchanger is opened, and the step 5 is carried out; otherwise, turning to step 4;
step 4: the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller determines the number m of electric heaters needing to work according to the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system, controls the opening of m electric heaters and heat exchangers, and goes to step 5;
step 5: the controller adjusts the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack inlet temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack so as to control the stack inlet temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; then, turning to step 6;
step 6: the controller judges whether a shutdown instruction is received, if so, the temperature of the fuel cell stack is set to be the room temperature, the heat exchanger is controlled to work at the maximum heat dissipation power to quickly cool down, and the control of the temperature control system is finished; otherwise, go back to step 3.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the invention provides a fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system, which combines an electric heater with a heat exchanger, realizes temperature control capable of switching different working modes according to different output thermal powers of a fuel cell stack, and meets the temperature requirement in a certain test power range;
2. when the fuel cell stack is just started, all electric heaters are started, so that the stack can be quickly heated to the optimal working temperature, and the power generation efficiency of the fuel cell is improved; when the system performs high-power test of the galvanic pile, only the heat exchanger is started, and the pile-in temperature is accurately controlled through a control algorithm; when the system performs the low-power test of the electric pile, the accurate thermal compensation of the temperature control system is realized by controlling the electric heaters with different numbers to work, and the problem that the temperature control system cannot reach a thermal balance state due to low heat generation quantity of the electric pile is solved by combining the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger accurately controlled by a control algorithm;
3. preferably, when a plurality of electric heaters are adopted, various compensation powers can be achieved by controlling the opening number of the electric heaters, the actual compensation requirements are more met, and the thermal compensation effect is better.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional fuel cell thermal management system for temperature control;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a second simulation of the temperature control problem of a conventional fuel cell thermal management system;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the heat generation and dissipation power requirements of the temperature control system according to embodiments 1,2 and 3 in the thermal compensation mode;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the compensation heat required under the conditions shown in FIG. 3 when the temperature control system according to embodiments 1,2 and 3 of the present invention is in the thermal compensation mode;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a temperature control system according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the heat generating power of an electric heater according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the heat generation curve of the electric heater according to example 1 of the present invention with a control signal of 50% at a control period of 4 s;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the comparison between the compensation heat required by the system and the actual compensation heat when the control period of the electric heater in the embodiment 1 of the present invention is 6 s;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the actual compensation power of the electric heater of example 1 of the present invention when the control period is 6 s;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the comparison between the compensation heat required by the system and the actual compensation heat when the control period of the electric heater in the embodiment 1 of the present invention is 4 s;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the actual compensation power when the control period of the electric heater is 4s in the embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the comparison between the compensation heat required by the system and the actual compensation heat when the control period of the electric heater in the embodiment 1 of the present invention is 2 s;
FIG. 13 is a graph showing the actual compensation power when the control period of the electric heater is 2s in the embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a flow chart of a temperature control system according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 15 is a schematic structural diagram of a temperature control system according to embodiment 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a graph showing the comparison of the compensation heat required by the system of examples 2 and 3 of the present invention with the actual compensation heat;
FIG. 17 is a graph showing the actual compensation power of the electric heating module in examples 2 and 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a block flow diagram of the temperature control system according to the present invention in embodiments 2 and 3;
fig. 19 is a schematic structural diagram of a temperature control system according to embodiment 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 20 is a temperature simulation diagram of the temperature control system according to embodiments 1,2, and 3 of the present invention;
the reference numerals are as follows:
101: fuel cell stack
102: water pump
103: water tank
104: heat exchanger
105: electric heating module
106: sensor for measuring temperature of pile
107: pile-up pressure measuring sensor
108: sensor for measuring temperature of pile
109: pile-out pressure measuring sensor
110: controller for controlling a power supply
1,2, …, n: numbering of each electric heater
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following specific embodiments in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clear.
The following non-limiting examples will enable one of ordinary skill in the art to more fully understand the invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
When the temperature control system is in the thermal compensation mode in the following embodiments, the heat generation and dissipation power requirement curves of the temperature control system are shown in fig. 3, and the required compensation thermal power (compensation power) =minimum dissipation power-current fuel cell stack output thermal power (stack heat generation power), and the corresponding required compensation thermal power curves are shown in fig. 4.
Example 1
The present embodiment provides a fuel cell cooling water circuit thermal compensation temperature control system, as shown in fig. 5, comprising a fuel cell stack 101, a water pump 102, a water tank 103, a heat exchanger 104, an electric heating module 105 composed of only one electric heater with a heat generation power of 5kw, a stack-in temperature measurement sensor 106, a stack-in pressure measurement sensor 107, a stack-out temperature measurement sensor 108, a stack-out pressure measurement sensor 109, a controller 110, a pipeline and a cooling liquid flowing in the pipeline; the pipes are used for sequentially connecting the fuel cell stack 101, the water pump 102, the water tank 103, the heat exchanger 104 and the electric heater, the stack inlet temperature measuring sensor 106 and the stack inlet pressure measuring sensor 107 are arranged at the stack inlet of the fuel cell stack 101, and the stack outlet temperature measuring sensor 108 and the stack outlet pressure measuring sensor 109 are arranged at the stack outlet of the fuel cell stack 101.
The maximum heat radiation power of the heat exchanger 104 is larger than the maximum output thermal power of the fuel cell stack 101.
The controller 110 is connected to the in-stack temperature measurement sensor 106, the in-stack pressure measurement sensor 107, the out-stack temperature measurement sensor 108, the out-stack pressure measurement sensor 109, the fuel cell stack 101, the water pump 102, the heat exchanger 104 and the electric heater, and controls the working states of the heat exchanger 104 and the electric heater according to the in-stack temperature of the fuel cell stack 101, the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101, the prestored minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104, the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop, and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack 101, which are acquired by the in-stack temperature measurement sensor 106, and the specific control method is as follows:
when the temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 is lower than the optimal working temperature, the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to be closed, and the electric heater is in a state of being always opened until the current temperature of the fuel cell stack reaches the optimal working temperature; then judging whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, at the moment, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, controlling the electric heater to be turned off, controlling the heat exchanger 104 to be turned on, and adjusting the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference between the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is less than or equal to the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, and at the moment, the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the ratio of the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system to the generated thermal power of the electric heater is used as a control signal, the on state of the electric heater is periodically controlled, nonlinear control of the electric heater on the compensation power under different compensation requirements of the system is realized, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to be started, and the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 is regulated by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference between the stack temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; the minimum heat dissipation power of the system is the sum of the minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 and the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop.
The output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003269185320000071
wherein Q is the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack; epsilon 0 Representing a voltage constant equal to 1.47V; epsilon cell Average voltage of a single battery; i is the current of the fuel cell stack; n is the number of cells.
The schematic diagram of the heat generation power of the electric heater adopted in this embodiment is shown in fig. 6, when the heat generation power is equal to 5kw, the electric heater is in an on state, and when the heat generation power is 0, the electric heater is in an off state, so that the heat generation curve of the electric heater with a control signal of 50% in a control period of 4s is shown in fig. 7.
In this embodiment, the temperature control system in the thermal compensation mode is thermally compensated by using control periods of 6s, 4s and 2s, the comparison curves of the compensation heat required by the system and the actual compensation heat are shown in fig. 8, 10 and 12, and the curves of the corresponding actual compensation power (i.e. the on state of the electric heater) of the electric heater are shown in fig. 9, 11 and 13, respectively, so that the shorter the control period is, the better the compensation effect is, but the control period cannot be set to be very small (the general control period is all 5s or more) in consideration of use in the actual engineering, and the actual compensation heat of the electric heater cannot well follow the compensation requirement of the system.
The embodiment also provides a control method based on the fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system, and a flow chart is shown in fig. 14, and the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: control of the temperature control system starts, and the fuel cell stack 101 and the water pump 102 are started;
step 2: the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, and the controller 110 controls the heat exchanger 104 to be turned off and the electric heater to be turned on until the current in-stack temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 reaches the optimal working temperature;
step 3: the controller 110 judges whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is greater than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if yes, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, the controller 110 controls the electric heater to be turned off, the heat exchanger 104 is turned on, and the step 5 is performed; otherwise, turning to step 4;
step 4: the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller 110 periodically controls the on state of the electric heater by taking the ratio of the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system to the generated thermal power of the electric heater as a control signal, performs thermal compensation on the temperature control system, controls the heat exchanger 104 to be turned on, and goes to step 5;
step 5: the controller 110 adjusts the heat radiation power of the heat exchanger 104 by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference between the in-stack temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 and the optimal working temperature so as to control the in-stack temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; then, turning to step 6;
step 6: the controller 110 judges whether a shutdown instruction is received, if so, the reactor temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 is set to be room temperature, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to work at the maximum heat dissipation power so as to quickly cool down, and the control of the temperature control system is finished; otherwise, go back to step 3.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system, as shown in fig. 15, which comprises a fuel cell electric pile 101, a water pump 102, a water tank 103, a heat exchanger 104, an electric heating module 105 formed by connecting n electric heaters (with the numbers of 1,2 and …, n is greater than or equal to 2) with the heat generation power of 1kw in series, a pile-in temperature measuring sensor 106, a pile-in pressure measuring sensor 107, a pile-out temperature measuring sensor 108, a pile-out pressure measuring sensor 109, a controller 110, a pipeline and cooling liquid flowing in the pipeline; the pipeline is used for sequentially connecting the fuel cell stack 101, the water pump 102, the water tank 103, the heat exchanger 104 and the electric heater, the stack inlet temperature measuring sensor 106 and the stack inlet pressure measuring sensor 107 are arranged at a stack inlet of the fuel cell stack 101, and the stack outlet temperature measuring sensor 108 and the stack outlet pressure measuring sensor 109 are arranged at a stack outlet of the fuel cell stack 101;
the maximum heat radiation power of the heat exchanger 104 is larger than the maximum output thermal power of the fuel cell stack 101.
The controller 110 is connected to the in-stack temperature measurement sensor 106, the in-stack pressure measurement sensor 107, the out-stack temperature measurement sensor 108, the out-stack pressure measurement sensor 109, the fuel cell stack 101, the water pump 102, the heat exchanger 104 and the electric heaters, and controls the working states of the heat exchanger 104 and the electric heaters according to the in-stack temperature of the fuel cell stack 101, the current output thermal power of the fuel cell stack 101, the prestored minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104, the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop, and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack 101, which are acquired by the in-stack temperature measurement sensor 106, and the specific control method is as follows:
when the temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 is lower than the optimal working temperature, the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to be closed, and each electric heater is in a state of being always opened until the current temperature of the fuel cell stack reaches the optimal working temperature; then judging whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, at the moment, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, controlling each electric heater to be turned off, controlling the heat exchanger 104 to be turned on, and adopting a PID control algorithm to adjust the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 according to the difference between the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is less than or equal to the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, and the temperature control system is in the thermal compensation mode at this time, determining the number m of electric heaters required to work according to the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system, where the number m should satisfy: m is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, the sum of the heat generation powers of the m electric heaters is more than or equal to the heat generation power required to be compensated, and the sum of the heat generation powers of the m-1 electric heaters is less than the heat generation power required to be compensated; the controller 110 controls the heat exchanger 104 to be turned on, m electric heaters are in a state of being always turned on, and adjusts the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; the minimum heat dissipation power of the system is the sum of the minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 and the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop; the thermal power to be compensated is the difference between the minimum heat dissipation power of the system and the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101.
The output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003269185320000091
wherein Q is the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack; epsilon 0 Representing a voltage constant equal to 1.47V; epsilon cell Average voltage of a single battery; i is the current of the fuel cell stack; n is the number of cells.
In this embodiment, a comparison curve of the compensation heat required by the system and the actual compensation heat is shown in fig. 16, and a curve of the actual compensation power (i.e. the on state of each electric heater) of the corresponding electric heating module 105 is shown in fig. 17, so that the actual compensation power of the electric heating module 105 is more fit to the compensation requirement, and each electric heater does not need to be frequently started like the period control, so that the electric heater is more fit to the actual situation.
The embodiment also provides a control method based on the fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system, and a flow chart is shown in fig. 18, and the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: control of the temperature control system starts, and the fuel cell stack 101 and the water pump 102 are started;
step 2: the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the controller 110 controls the heat exchanger 104 to be turned off, and each electric heater to be turned on until the current in-stack temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 reaches the optimal working temperature;
step 3: the controller 110 judges whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is greater than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if yes, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, the controller 110 controls the electric heaters to be turned off, the heat exchanger 104 is turned on, and the step 5 is performed; otherwise, turning to step 4;
step 4: the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller 110 calculates the number m of electric heaters needing to work according to the thermal power required to be compensated by the current temperature control system, keeps the m electric heaters on, performs thermal compensation on the temperature control system, controls the heat exchanger 104 to be on, and goes to step 5;
step 5: the controller 110 adjusts the heat radiation power of the heat exchanger 104 by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference between the in-stack temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 and the optimal working temperature so as to control the in-stack temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; then, turning to step 6;
step 6: the controller 110 judges whether a shutdown instruction is received, if so, the reactor temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 is set to be room temperature, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to work at the maximum heat dissipation power so as to quickly cool down, and the control of the temperature control system is finished; otherwise, go back to step 3.
Example 3
The difference between the temperature control system of the cooling water circuit of the fuel cell and the temperature control system of the embodiment 2 is that, as shown in fig. 19, the electric heating modules 105 composed of n electric heaters (with the numbers of 1,2, …, n, n being equal to or greater than 2) with the heat generation power of 1kw are connected in series are adjusted to be the electric heating modules 105 composed of n electric heaters (with the numbers of 1,2, …, n, n being equal to or greater than 2) with the heat generation power of 1 kw; other structures are unchanged.
The flow of the corresponding control method is the same as that of embodiment 2.
Fig. 20 is a temperature simulation diagram of the temperature control system according to embodiments 1,2, and 3 of the present invention, compared with the temperature simulation diagram of the conventional fuel cell thermal management system shown in fig. 1 and 2, after the fuel cell stack 101 is started for a certain period of time, the stack temperature is stabilized at the set optimal operating temperature of 65 ℃, so as to completely avoid the problem that the temperature cannot be stabilized at the set optimal operating temperature point due to the too low heat generating power of the system itself in some cases.
While the foregoing describes illustrative embodiments of the present invention to facilitate an understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, but is to be construed as protected by the accompanying claims insofar as various changes are within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and defined by the appended claims.
Meanwhile, for the foregoing method embodiments, for simplicity of description, all of them are expressed as a series of combinations of actions, but it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by the order of actions described, since some steps may be performed in other order or simultaneously according to the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. The temperature measuring sensor and the pressure measuring sensor are positioned at a stack inlet and a stack outlet of the fuel cell stack, and the cooling liquid flows in the pipeline; the temperature control system is characterized by further comprising a heat exchanger, an electric heating module and a controller, wherein an outlet of the water tank is connected to a stack inlet of the fuel cell stack through the heat exchanger and the electric heating module;
the maximum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger is larger than the maximum output heat power of the fuel cell stack;
the electric heating module consists of n electric heaters with the same power, wherein n is a positive integer;
the controller is connected with the temperature measuring sensor, the fuel cell stack, the water pump, the heat exchanger and the electric heating module, and controls the working states of the heat exchanger and the electric heating module according to the stack-in temperature acquired by the temperature measuring sensor, the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack, the minimum heat dissipation power of the pre-stored heat exchanger, the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack, and the specific control method is as follows:
when the fuel cell stack is started, the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the heat exchanger is controlled to be closed, and all electric heaters of the electric heating module are started until the current stack entering temperature reaches the optimal working temperature; then judging whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if so, controlling the electric heating module to be closed and the heat exchanger to be opened by the temperature control system in a normal heat dissipation mode, and adjusting the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack entering temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack so as to control the stack entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; if not, the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the number m of electric heaters needing to work is determined according to the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system, the m electric heaters and the heat exchangers are controlled to be started, and the heat dissipation power of the heat exchangers is regulated by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack temperature of the fuel cell stack and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; the minimum heat dissipation power of the system is the sum of the minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger and the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop; the thermal power required to be compensated is the difference value between the minimum heat dissipation power of the system and the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack; the number m should satisfy: m is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, the sum of the heat generation powers of the m electric heaters is more than or equal to the heat generation power required to be compensated, and the sum of the heat generation powers of the m-1 electric heaters is less than the heat generation power required to be compensated;
when n=1 and the temperature control system is in the thermal compensation mode, the controller periodically controls the on state of the electric heater by taking the ratio of the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system to the generated thermal power of the electric heater as a control signal;
when n is more than or equal to 2 and the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller determines the number m of the electric heaters needing to work and enables the m electric heaters to be in a constantly-opened state.
2. The fuel cell cooling water circuit thermal compensation temperature control system of claim 1, wherein the electric heating module is composed of n electric heaters with the same power in series or in parallel.
3. The fuel cell cooling water circuit thermal compensation temperature control system according to claim 1, wherein the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is calculated by the following formula:
Figure FDA0004159696680000021
wherein Q is the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack; epsilon 0 Is a voltage constant equal to 1.47V; epsilon cell Average voltage of a single battery; i is the current of the fuel cell stack; n is the number of cells.
4. A control method based on the fuel cell cooling water circuit thermal compensation temperature control system according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the steps of:
step 1: starting control of the temperature control system, and starting the fuel cell stack and the water pump;
step 2: the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the controller controls the heat exchanger to be closed, and all electric heaters of the electric heating module are opened until the current in-stack temperature of the fuel cell stack reaches the optimal working temperature;
step 3: the controller judges whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if yes, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, the controller controls the electric heating module to be closed, the heat exchanger is opened, and the step 5 is carried out; otherwise, turning to step 4;
step 4: the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller determines the number m of electric heaters needing to work according to the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system, controls the opening of m electric heaters and heat exchangers, and goes to step 5;
step 5: the controller adjusts the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack inlet temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack so as to control the stack inlet temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; then, turning to step 6;
step 6: the controller judges whether a shutdown instruction is received, if so, the temperature of the fuel cell stack is set to be the room temperature, the heat exchanger is controlled to work at the maximum heat dissipation power to quickly cool down, and the control of the temperature control system is finished; otherwise, go back to step 3.
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