CN113839065A - Thermal compensation temperature control system and control method for cooling water loop of fuel cell - Google Patents

Thermal compensation temperature control system and control method for cooling water loop of fuel cell Download PDF

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CN113839065A
CN113839065A CN202111097035.8A CN202111097035A CN113839065A CN 113839065 A CN113839065 A CN 113839065A CN 202111097035 A CN202111097035 A CN 202111097035A CN 113839065 A CN113839065 A CN 113839065A
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fuel cell
temperature
stack
control system
power
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CN113839065B (en
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高艳
殷聪
赵安
汤浩
李凯
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04037—Electrical heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
    • H01M8/04358—Temperature; Ambient temperature of the coolant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04701—Temperature
    • H01M8/04723—Temperature of the coolant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Abstract

The invention provides a thermal compensation temperature control system and a control method for a cooling water loop of a fuel cell, belonging to the technical field of fuel cell test systems, wherein the system comprises a temperature pressure measurement sensor, cooling liquid, a pipeline, a fuel cell stack, a water pump, a water tank, a controller, a heat exchanger and an electric heating module consisting of n electric heaters with the same power; the maximum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger is greater than the maximum output thermal power of the electric pile; when the system is in a rapid heating mode, a normal heat dissipation mode or a thermal compensation mode, the controller controls the working states of the heat exchanger and the electric heating module according to the reactor entering temperature, the current output thermal power of the electric reactor, the minimum system heat dissipation power and the optimal electric reactor working temperature, so as to realize thermal compensation for different compensation requirements of the system; and different control methods are adopted for the conditions of different numbers of electric heaters so as to better meet the actual compensation requirement.

Description

Thermal compensation temperature control system and control method for cooling water loop of fuel cell
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fuel cell test systems, and particularly relates to a thermal compensation temperature control system and a control method for a cooling water loop of a fuel cell.
Background
Under the background of increasing global energy demand and increasing environmental crisis, new clean energy utilization modes are receiving more and more attention. Among them, the pem fuel cell is popular due to its advantages of high efficiency, zero pollution, low noise, and fast start-up. Unlike a chemical energy storage cell in the conventional sense, a fuel cell directly converts chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant into electrical energy through an electrode reaction, and is called a fuel cell because the fuel and the oxidant are continuously supplied thereto during operation.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are clean electrochemical energy sources with high power density, low operating temperature, fast response, and no pollution, and are widely considered as the most potential power source candidates for the next generation of clean energy vehicles. Temperature, one of the key factors affecting the performance of PEMFCs, directly affects the transport of water components inside the fuel cell, and also affects the permeability of the proton exchange membrane gas, and besides, temperature also has a significant effect on the activity of the catalyst, the diffusion of the fuel gas, and the phenomenon of "flooding". For this reason, it is necessary to maintain the fuel cell at an optimum operating temperature when performing fuel cell performance or life tests.
The conventional thermal management system for a fuel cell is usually known in the prior art, and mainly includes a fuel cell stack, a cooling water tank, a circulating water pump, a cooling fan, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, and a system controller. The system compares the temperature value of the fuel cell stack entering/leaving with the temperature value set by the controller by measuring the temperature value of the fuel cell stack entering/leaving, and if the temperature of the cooling water is lower than the set temperature of the circulating water, the temperature is raised by the heat generated by the electric stack; when the temperature of the cooling water reaches the set temperature, the fan is controlled by the controller to dissipate heat of the system, so that the temperature is stabilized near the set temperature. In the prior art, for a test system with a specific power level, the measured power is not fixed, the heat dissipation capacity of the thermal management system represents the upper limit of the measured power of the test system, and the natural heat dissipation capacity of the whole system and the flow resistance of a pipeline determine the lower limit of the measured power of the test system. In practice, the following problems exist:
firstly, during the small power point test, the heat generated by the galvanic pile is less than the heat naturally lost by the circulating water loop, so that the galvanic pile can not work in a proper temperature range, as shown in fig. 1.
Secondly, the heat generated by the galvanic pile is slightly higher than the natural heat dissipation of the loop when the test is carried out at a low power point, so that the heating rate of the galvanic pile is low in the starting process, and after the set temperature is reached, the heat management loop cannot reach a heat balance state due to the minimum heat dissipation capacity of the heat exchanger after the heat exchanger is started, so that the temperature fluctuates up and down at the set temperature, as shown in fig. 2.
The service life of the galvanic pile can be influenced by the two conditions, and the galvanic pile is not beneficial to long-term use.
Therefore, a thermal compensation temperature control system and a control method for a cooling water loop of the fuel cell are sought, and the test requirement of a low-power point is met on the premise of ensuring the stable temperature control of the fuel cell.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a thermal compensation temperature control system and a control method for a cooling water loop of a fuel cell, which combine an electric heater and a heat exchanger to realize temperature control capable of switching different working modes and solve the problem that a thermal management system cannot reach a thermal balance state due to low heat generation of a fuel cell stack during a low-power test of the fuel cell stack.
The specific technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system comprises a temperature measuring sensor, a pressure measuring sensor, cooling liquid, a fuel cell stack, a water pump and a water tank which are sequentially connected through a pipeline, wherein the temperature measuring sensor and the pressure measuring sensor are positioned at a stack inlet and a stack outlet of the fuel cell stack, and the cooling liquid flows in the pipeline; the fuel cell electric pile temperature control system is characterized by further comprising a heat exchanger, an electric heating module and a controller, wherein an outlet of the water tank is connected to a pile inlet of the fuel cell electric pile through a pipeline via the heat exchanger and the electric heating module;
the maximum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger is greater than the maximum output thermal power of the fuel cell stack;
the electric heating module consists of n electric heaters with the same power, wherein n is a positive integer;
the controller is connected with the temperature measuring sensor, the fuel cell stack, the water pump, the heat exchanger and the electric heating module, and controls the working states of the heat exchanger and the electric heating module according to the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack, the current output thermal power of the fuel cell stack, the pre-stored minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger, the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack, which are acquired by the temperature measuring sensor, and the specific control method comprises the following steps:
when the stack entering temperature is lower than the optimal working temperature when the fuel cell stack is started, the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode at the moment, the heat exchanger is controlled to be closed, and all electric heaters of the electric heating module are started until the current stack entering temperature reaches the optimal working temperature; then judging whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is greater than the minimum system heat dissipation power, if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is greater than the minimum system heat dissipation power, and the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode at the moment, controlling the electric heating module to be closed, controlling the heat exchanger to be opened, and adjusting the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger by adopting a PID (proportional integral derivative) control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack-entering temperature of the fuel cell stack and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack-entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is less than or equal to the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, and the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode at the moment, determining the number m of the electric heaters needing to work according to the thermal power needed to be compensated by the temperature control system, controlling the m electric heaters and the heat exchanger to be started, and adjusting the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack entering temperature and the optimum working temperature of the fuel cell stack so as to control the stack entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimum working temperature; the system minimum heat dissipation power is the sum of the minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger and the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop; the thermal power required to be compensated is the difference between the minimum heat dissipation power of the system and the current output thermal power of the fuel cell stack; the number m should satisfy: m is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, the sum of the heat generating powers of m electric heaters is more than or equal to the thermal power required to be compensated, and the sum of the heat generating powers of m-1 electric heaters is less than the thermal power required to be compensated.
Further, when n is 1 (that is, the electric heating module is composed of 1 electric heater), and the temperature control system is in the thermal compensation mode, the controller periodically controls the on-state of the electric heater by using the ratio of the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system to the heat-generating power of the electric heater as a control signal, so as to realize the nonlinear control of the electric heater on the compensation power of the system under different compensation requirements; and the shorter the control period is, the better the thermal compensation effect is.
Further, when n is greater than or equal to 2 (namely the electric heating module is composed of a plurality of electric heaters), and the temperature control system is in the thermal compensation mode, the controller does not need to control the starting state of the electric heaters in a periodic control mode, but the linear thermal compensation of the system with different compensation requirements is realized by determining the number m of the electric heaters which need to work under different compensation requirements of the system and enabling the m electric heaters to be in the always-on state.
Further, the electric heating module is composed of n electric heaters with the same power which are connected in series or in parallel.
Further, the smaller the power grade of the electric heater is, the better the compensation effect of the temperature control system working in the thermal compensation mode is, and the thermal power of the actual system is reasonably selected in the actual engineering.
Further, the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003269185320000031
wherein Q is the current fuel cell powerThe output thermal power of the stack; epsilon0Is a voltage constant, equal to 1.47V; epsiloncellThe average voltage of the single battery is; i is the current of the fuel cell stack; and N is the number of single batteries.
The invention also provides a control method based on the thermal compensation temperature control system of the fuel cell cooling water loop, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: starting the control of the temperature control system, and starting the fuel cell stack and the water pump;
step 2: the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the controller controls the heat exchanger to be closed, and all electric heaters of the electric heating module are started until the current stacking temperature of the fuel cell stack reaches the optimal working temperature;
and step 3: the controller judges whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if so, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, the controller controls the electric heating module to be closed, the heat exchanger to be opened, and the step 5 is carried out; otherwise, go to step 4;
and 4, step 4: the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller determines the number m of the electric heaters needing to work according to the thermal power needed to be compensated by the temperature control system, controls the m electric heaters and the heat exchanger to be started, and goes to the step 5;
and 5: the controller adjusts the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack-entering temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack so as to control the stack-entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; then, go to step 6;
step 6: the controller judges whether a shutdown instruction is received, if so, the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack is set to be room temperature, the heat exchanger is controlled to work at the maximum heat dissipation power so as to rapidly cool, and the control of the temperature control system is finished; otherwise, go back to step 3.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention provides a thermal compensation temperature control system of a fuel cell cooling water loop, which is characterized in that an electric heater is combined with a heat exchanger, so that temperature control of different working modes can be switched according to different output thermal powers of a fuel cell stack, and the temperature requirement in a certain test power range is met;
2. when the fuel cell stack is just started, all the electric heaters are started, so that the stack can be quickly heated to the optimal working temperature, and the power generation efficiency of the fuel cell is improved; when the system carries out high-power test on the electric pile, only the heat exchanger is started, and the pile entering temperature is accurately controlled through a control algorithm; when the system is used for conducting a galvanic pile low-power test, the accurate thermal compensation of the temperature control system is realized by controlling the electric heaters with different numbers to work, and the problem that the temperature control system cannot reach a thermal balance state due to low heat generation quantity of the galvanic pile is solved by combining the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger accurately controlled by a control algorithm;
3. preferably, when a plurality of electric heaters are adopted, various compensation powers can be achieved by controlling the starting number of the electric heaters, actual compensation requirements are fitted more, and the thermal compensation effect is better.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a simulation of a temperature control problem for a conventional fuel cell thermal management system;
FIG. 2 is a simulation diagram of a temperature control problem two of a conventional fuel cell thermal management system;
fig. 3 is a graph of heat generation and dissipation power requirements when the temperature control system of embodiments 1,2 and 3 of the present invention is in the thermal compensation mode;
fig. 4 is a graph of the compensation heat quantity required under the conditions shown in fig. 3 when the temperature control system proposed in embodiments 1,2 and 3 of the present invention is in the thermal compensation mode;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a temperature control system according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the heat generation power of the electric heater used in example 1 of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a heat generation curve of 50% of the control signal at a control period of 4s for the electric heater used in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a comparison graph of the amount of compensation heat required by the system and the actual amount of compensation heat when the control period of the electric heater in example 1 of the present invention is 6 s;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing an actual compensation power curve when the control period of the electric heater is 6s in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the comparison between the amount of compensation heat required for the system and the actual amount of compensation heat when the control period of the electric heater in example 1 of the present invention is 4 s;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing an actual compensation power curve when the control period of the electric heater is 4s in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the comparison between the amount of compensation heat required by the system and the actual amount of compensation heat when the control period of the electric heater in example 1 of the present invention is 2 s;
FIG. 13 is a graph showing an actual compensation power curve when the control period of the electric heater is 2s in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 14 is a block flow diagram of a temperature control system according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 15 is a schematic structural diagram of a temperature control system according to embodiment 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a graph showing the comparison of the amount of compensation heat required by the system in examples 2 and 3 of the present invention with the actual amount of compensation heat;
FIG. 17 is a graph of the actual compensated power of the electric heating modules in examples 2 and 3 of the present invention;
fig. 18 is a block flow diagram of a temperature control system proposed in embodiments 2 and 3 of the present invention;
fig. 19 is a schematic structural diagram of a temperature control system according to embodiment 3 of the present invention;
fig. 20 is a temperature simulation diagram of the temperature control system according to embodiments 1,2, and 3 of the present invention;
the reference numbers are as follows:
101: fuel cell stack
102: water pump
103: water tank
104: heat exchanger
105: electric heating module
106: reactor-entering temperature measuring sensor
107: pile-entering pressure measuring sensor
108: out-of-pile temperature measuring sensor
109: out-of-pile pressure measuring sensor
110: controller
1,2, …, n: numbering of the electric heaters
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
The following non-limiting examples are presented to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to more fully understand the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
In the following embodiments, when the temperature control system is in the thermal compensation mode, a heat generation and dissipation power demand curve of the temperature control system is shown in fig. 3, a thermal power required to be compensated (compensation power) is the minimum dissipation power — the current thermal power output by the fuel cell stack (stack heat generation power), and a corresponding heat compensation curve is shown in fig. 4.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a thermal compensation temperature control system of a fuel cell cooling water loop, as shown in fig. 5, comprising a fuel cell stack 101, a water pump 102, a water tank 103, a heat exchanger 104, an electric heating module 105 consisting of only one electric heater with heat generation power of 5kw, a stack inlet temperature measuring sensor 106, a stack inlet pressure measuring sensor 107, a stack outlet temperature measuring sensor 108, a stack outlet pressure measuring sensor 109, a controller 110, a pipeline and a cooling liquid flowing in the pipeline; the illustrated pipelines are used for sequentially connecting the fuel cell stack 101, the water pump 102, the water tank 103, the heat exchanger 104 and the electric heater, the stack inlet temperature measuring sensor 106 and the stack inlet pressure measuring sensor 107 are arranged at a stack inlet of the fuel cell stack 101, and the stack outlet temperature measuring sensor 108 and the stack outlet pressure measuring sensor 109 are arranged at a stack outlet of the fuel cell stack 101.
The maximum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 is greater than the maximum output thermal power of the fuel cell stack 101.
The controller 110 is connected to the stack inlet temperature measuring sensor 106, the stack inlet pressure measuring sensor 107, the stack outlet temperature measuring sensor 108, the stack outlet pressure measuring sensor 109, the fuel cell stack 101, the water pump 102, the heat exchanger 104 and the electric heater, and controls the working states of the heat exchanger 104 and the electric heater according to the stack inlet temperature of the fuel cell stack 101, the current output thermal power of the fuel cell stack 101, the pre-stored minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104, the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack 101, which are acquired by the stack inlet temperature measuring sensor 106, and specifically includes the following steps:
when the stacking temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 is lower than the optimal working temperature when starting, the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode at the moment, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to be closed, and the electric heater is in a state of being opened all the time until the current stacking temperature reaches the optimal working temperature; then judging whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is greater than the minimum system heat dissipation power, if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is greater than the minimum system heat dissipation power, and at the moment, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, controlling the electric heater to be closed, controlling the heat exchanger 104 to be opened, and adjusting the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is less than or equal to the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, and the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode at the moment, the ratio of the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system to the heat generation power of the electric heater is taken as a control signal, the starting state of the electric heater is periodically controlled, the nonlinear control of the electric heater on the compensation power under different compensation requirements of the system is realized, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to be started, and the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 is adjusted by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack entering temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 so as to control the stack entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; wherein, the minimum heat dissipation power of the system is the sum of the minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 and the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop.
Wherein the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003269185320000071
wherein Q is the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack; epsilon0Represents a voltage constant equal to 1.47V; epsiloncellThe average voltage of the single battery is; i is the current of the fuel cell stack; and N is the number of single batteries.
The schematic diagram of the heat generation power of the electric heater used in this embodiment is shown in fig. 6, where a thermal power equal to 5kw indicates that the electric heater is in an on state, and a thermal power of 0 indicates that the electric heater is in an off state, so that a heat generation curve of the electric heater with a control signal of 50% in a control period of 4s is shown in fig. 7.
In this embodiment, control periods of 6s, 4s and 2s are respectively adopted to perform thermal compensation on the temperature control system in the thermal compensation mode, comparison curves of compensation heat quantity required by the system and actual compensation heat quantity are respectively shown in fig. 8, 10 and 12, and curves of corresponding actual compensation power (i.e. the starting state of the electric heater) of the electric heater are respectively shown in fig. 9, 11 and 13.
The present embodiment further proposes a control method based on the above-mentioned thermal compensation temperature control system of the fuel cell cooling water loop, and the flow chart is shown in fig. 14, and includes the following steps:
step 1: starting the control of the temperature control system, and starting the fuel cell stack 101 and the water pump 102;
step 2: the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the controller 110 controls the heat exchanger 104 to be closed, and the electric heater is started until the current stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 reaches the optimal working temperature;
and step 3: the controller 110 judges whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is greater than the minimum system heat dissipation power, if so, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, the controller 110 controls the electric heater to be closed, the heat exchanger 104 is opened, and the step 5 is carried out; otherwise, go to step 4;
and 4, step 4: the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller 110 takes the ratio of the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system to the heat production power of the electric heater as a control signal, periodically controls the starting state of the electric heater, performs thermal compensation on the temperature control system, controls the heat exchanger 104 to be started, and goes to step 5;
and 5: the controller 110 adjusts the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack-entering temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 so as to control the stack-entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; then, go to step 6;
step 6: the controller 110 judges whether a shutdown instruction is received, if so, the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 is set to room temperature, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to work at the maximum heat dissipation power so as to rapidly cool down, and the control of the temperature control system is finished; otherwise, go back to step 3.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a thermal compensation temperature control system of a fuel cell cooling water loop, as shown in fig. 15, which includes a fuel cell stack 101, a water pump 102, a water tank 103, a heat exchanger 104, an electric heating module 105 formed by connecting n electric heaters (numbered 1,2, …, n, n is greater than or equal to 2) whose heat generating powers are all 1kw in series, a stack entering temperature measuring sensor 106, a stack entering pressure measuring sensor 107, a stack exiting temperature measuring sensor 108, a stack exiting pressure measuring sensor 109, a controller 110, a pipeline, and cooling liquid flowing in the pipeline; the pipelines are used for sequentially connecting a fuel cell stack 101, a water pump 102, a water tank 103, a heat exchanger 104 and an electric heater, a stack inlet temperature measuring sensor 106 and a stack inlet pressure measuring sensor 107 are arranged at a stack inlet of the fuel cell stack 101, and a stack outlet temperature measuring sensor 108 and a stack outlet pressure measuring sensor 109 are arranged at a stack outlet of the fuel cell stack 101;
the maximum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 is greater than the maximum output thermal power of the fuel cell stack 101.
The controller 110 is connected to the stack inlet temperature measuring sensor 106, the stack inlet pressure measuring sensor 107, the stack outlet temperature measuring sensor 108, the stack outlet pressure measuring sensor 109, the fuel cell stack 101, the water pump 102, the heat exchanger 104 and each electric heater, and controls the working states of the heat exchanger 104 and each electric heater according to the stack inlet temperature of the fuel cell stack 101, the current output thermal power of the fuel cell stack 101, the pre-stored minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104, the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack 101, which are acquired by the stack inlet temperature measuring sensor 106, and the specific control method is as follows:
when the stacking temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 is lower than the optimal working temperature when starting, the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode at the moment, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to be closed, and each electric heater is in a state of being opened all the time until the current stacking temperature reaches the optimal working temperature; then judging whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is greater than the minimum system heat dissipation power, if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is greater than the minimum system heat dissipation power, and at the moment, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, controlling each electric heater to be closed, controlling the heat exchanger 104 to be opened, and adjusting the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 and the optimal working temperature so as to control the stack entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; if the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is less than or equal to the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, and the temperature control system is in the thermal compensation mode at this time, determining the number m of the electric heaters which need to work according to the thermal power which needs to be compensated by the temperature control system, wherein the number m should satisfy: m is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, the sum of the heat generating powers of m electric heaters is more than or equal to the thermal power required to be compensated, and the sum of the heat generating powers of m-1 electric heaters is less than the thermal power required to be compensated; the controller 110 controls the heat exchanger 104 to be opened, the m electric heaters are in a constantly opened state, and the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 is adjusted by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack-entering temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 so as to control the stack-entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; wherein the minimum heat dissipation power of the system is the sum of the minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 and the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop; the thermal power required to be compensated is the difference between the minimum heat dissipation power of the system and the current thermal power output by the fuel cell stack 101.
Wherein the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003269185320000091
wherein Q is the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack; epsilon0Represents a voltage constant equal to 1.47V; epsiloncellThe average voltage of the single battery is; i is the current of the fuel cell stack; and N is the number of single batteries.
A comparison curve of the compensation heat quantity required by the system in the embodiment is shown in fig. 16, and a curve corresponding to the actual compensation power (i.e., the on state of each electric heater) of the electric heating module 105 is shown in fig. 17, which shows that the actual compensation power of the electric heating module 105 is more suitable for the compensation requirement, and each electric heater does not need to be frequently turned on like in the period control, and is more suitable for the actual situation.
The present embodiment further proposes a control method based on the above-mentioned thermal compensation temperature control system of the fuel cell cooling water loop, and the flow chart is shown in fig. 18, and includes the following steps:
step 1: starting the control of the temperature control system, and starting the fuel cell stack 101 and the water pump 102;
step 2: the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the controller 110 controls the heat exchanger 104 to be closed, and each electric heater is started until the current stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 reaches the optimal working temperature;
and step 3: the controller 110 judges whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack 101 is greater than the minimum system heat dissipation power, if so, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, the controller 110 controls each electric heater to be closed, the heat exchanger 104 is opened, and the step 5 is carried out; otherwise, go to step 4;
and 4, step 4: the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller 110 calculates the number m of the electric heaters to be operated according to the thermal power to be compensated by the current temperature control system, keeps the m electric heaters on, performs thermal compensation on the temperature control system, controls the heat exchanger 104 to be on, and goes to step 5;
and 5: the controller 110 adjusts the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger 104 by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack-entering temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 so as to control the stack-entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; then, go to step 6;
step 6: the controller 110 judges whether a shutdown instruction is received, if so, the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack 101 is set to room temperature, the heat exchanger 104 is controlled to work at the maximum heat dissipation power so as to rapidly cool down, and the control of the temperature control system is finished; otherwise, go back to step 3.
Example 3
The present embodiment provides a thermal compensation temperature control system for a cooling water loop of a fuel cell, as shown in fig. 19, compared with embodiment 2, the only difference is that an electric heating module 105, which is composed of n electric heaters (numbered 1,2, …, n, n ≧ 2, respectively) with heat generation powers of 1kw connected in series, is adjusted to an electric heating module 105, which is composed of n electric heaters (numbered 1,2, …, n, n ≧ 2, respectively) with heat generation powers of 1kw connected in parallel; the other structures are unchanged.
The flow of the corresponding control method is the same as in example 2.
Fig. 20 is a temperature simulation diagram of a temperature control system according to embodiments 1,2, and 3 of the present invention, and compared with the temperature simulation diagram of the conventional fuel cell thermal management system shown in fig. 1 and 2, after the fuel cell stack 101 is started for a certain time, the stack-entering temperature is stabilized at the set optimal operating temperature of 65 ℃, so as to completely avoid the problem that the temperature cannot be stabilized at the set optimal operating temperature point due to the low heat generation power of the system itself under some conditions.
Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described above to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and various changes may be made apparent to those skilled in the art as long as they are within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and defined by the appended claims, and all matters of the invention which utilize the inventive concepts are protected.
Also, while for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the various method embodiments described above are shown as a series of acts or combination, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by the illustrated ordering of acts, as some steps may occur in other orders or concurrently in accordance with the invention.

Claims (6)

1. A fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system comprises a temperature measuring sensor, a pressure measuring sensor, cooling liquid, a fuel cell stack, a water pump and a water tank which are sequentially connected through a pipeline, wherein the temperature measuring sensor and the pressure measuring sensor are positioned at a stack inlet and a stack outlet of the fuel cell stack, and the cooling liquid flows in the pipeline; the fuel cell stack temperature control system is characterized by further comprising a heat exchanger, an electric heating module and a controller, wherein an outlet of the water tank is connected to a stack inlet of the fuel cell stack through the heat exchanger and the electric heating module;
the maximum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger is greater than the maximum output thermal power of the fuel cell stack;
the electric heating module consists of n electric heaters with the same power, wherein n is a positive integer;
the controller is connected with the temperature measuring sensor, the fuel cell stack, the water pump, the heat exchanger and the electric heating module, and controls the working states of the heat exchanger and the electric heating module according to the stack entering temperature collected by the temperature measuring sensor, the current output thermal power of the fuel cell stack, the pre-stored minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger, the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack, wherein the specific control method comprises the following steps:
when the fuel cell stack is started, the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the heat exchanger is controlled to be closed, all electric heaters of the electric heating module are started until the current stack entering temperature reaches the optimal working temperature; then judging whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is greater than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if so, controlling the electric heating module to be closed and the heat exchanger to be opened when the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, and adjusting the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack-entering temperature and the optimum working temperature of the fuel cell stack so as to control the stack-entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimum working temperature; if not, the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the number m of the electric heaters needing to work is determined according to the thermal power needed to be compensated by the temperature control system, the m electric heaters and the heat exchanger are controlled to be started, and the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger is adjusted by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack entering temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack so as to control the stack entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; the system minimum heat dissipation power is the sum of the minimum heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger and the natural heat dissipation power of the circulating water loop; the thermal power required to be compensated is the difference between the minimum heat dissipation power of the system and the current output thermal power of the fuel cell stack; the number m should satisfy: m is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, the sum of the heat generating powers of m electric heaters is more than or equal to the thermal power required to be compensated, and the sum of the heat generating powers of m-1 electric heaters is less than the thermal power required to be compensated.
2. The fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system of claim 1, wherein when n is 1 and the temperature control system is in the thermal compensation mode, the controller controls the on state of the electric heater periodically by using the ratio of the thermal power required to be compensated by the temperature control system to the heat generating power of the electric heater as a control signal.
3. The fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system of claim 1, wherein when n is larger than or equal to 2 and the temperature control system is in the thermal compensation mode, the controller determines the number m of the electric heaters to be operated and keeps the m electric heaters in a constantly on state.
4. The fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system of claim 1, wherein the electrical heating module is composed of n electrical heaters of the same power connected in series or in parallel.
5. The fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system of claim 1, wherein the current fuel cell stack output thermal power is calculated by the following formula:
Figure FDA0003269185310000021
wherein Q is the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack; epsilon0Is a voltage constant, equal to 1.47V; epsiloncellThe average voltage of the single battery is; i is the current of the fuel cell stack; and N is the number of single batteries.
6. A control method based on the fuel cell cooling water loop thermal compensation temperature control system according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the steps of:
step 1: starting the control of the temperature control system, and starting the fuel cell stack and the water pump;
step 2: the temperature control system is in a rapid heating mode, the controller controls the heat exchanger to be closed, and all electric heaters of the electric heating module are started until the current stacking temperature of the fuel cell stack reaches the optimal working temperature;
and step 3: the controller judges whether the output thermal power of the current fuel cell stack is larger than the minimum heat dissipation power of the system, if so, the temperature control system is in a normal heat dissipation mode, the controller controls the electric heating module to be closed, the heat exchanger to be opened, and the step 5 is carried out; otherwise, go to step 4;
and 4, step 4: the temperature control system is in a thermal compensation mode, the controller determines the number m of the electric heaters needing to work according to the thermal power needed to be compensated by the temperature control system, controls the m electric heaters and the heat exchanger to be started, and goes to the step 5;
and 5: the controller adjusts the heat dissipation power of the heat exchanger by adopting a PID control algorithm according to the difference value between the stack-entering temperature and the optimal working temperature of the fuel cell stack so as to control the stack-entering temperature to be stabilized at the optimal working temperature; then, go to step 6;
step 6: the controller judges whether a shutdown instruction is received, if so, the stack entering temperature of the fuel cell stack is set to be room temperature, the heat exchanger is controlled to work at the maximum heat dissipation power so as to rapidly cool, and the control of the temperature control system is finished; otherwise, go back to step 3.
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