CN1138375A - 可膨胀塞及控制方法 - Google Patents

可膨胀塞及控制方法 Download PDF

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CN1138375A
CN1138375A CN94194593A CN94194604A CN1138375A CN 1138375 A CN1138375 A CN 1138375A CN 94194593 A CN94194593 A CN 94194593A CN 94194604 A CN94194604 A CN 94194604A CN 1138375 A CN1138375 A CN 1138375A
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plug
expansion
utricule
reinforcing cord
pressure
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CN1041231C (zh
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P·G·查普曼
A·K·沃莱斯
L·H·考林
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Vinidex Pty Ltd
Uponor Innovation AB
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UPONOR BV
Vinidex Tubemakers Pty Ltd
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    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/081Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
    • F28F21/085Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from copper or copper alloys
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23BPRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
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    • A23B7/04Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling
    • A23B7/0425Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling the material not being transported through or in the apparatus, with or without shaping, e.g. in the form of powder, granules or flakes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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    • A23B7/14Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
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    • B22F7/006Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature comprising at least one non-porous part the porous part being obtained by foaming
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Abstract

本发明的第一方面涉及可膨胀塞,用它调整管件内的压力和流体的流动。所述塞子有可膨胀的囊体(12),该囊体(12)在由入口(14)引入的内部流体压力作用下径向膨胀。所述塞子由绳子制成的外套(26)加固。所述绳子在囊体的膨胀过程中横向伸展,为囊体提供径向支撑。在本发明的第二方面,按照等式Pp=ΔP+Pd控制位于内径为d的管件中的可膨胀塞,其中Pd是塞子中的内部压力,ΔP是沿塞子的压力差,Pd是将塞子膨胀到直径为d时的自由膨胀压力。

Description

可膨胀塞及控制方法
                       发明背景
本发明涉及一种可膨胀塞,其适用于调整管件内的压力和流体的流动。本发明还涉及控制方法。
这种普通类型的可膨胀塞常用于因为某些原因不便使用普通阀门截止流体的场合。例如,相对于管件所希望的密封或调整位置不确定,所希望的密封是暂时的,或者不容易接近管件的外部。
通常近似的可膨胀塞的设计方案或结构涉及采用弹性筒状物,或囊体,其直径可以增大。通过多种机械方法,或者施加内部压力可以达到上述目的。
在使用中,这种塞子需要承受径向膨胀和轴向延伸,后者将承受摩檫(在塞子与管件之间产生相对运动的情况下),以及沿该塞子存在的管件流体压力的压力差。
用机械方法使塞子膨胀仅适用于膨胀比相当小和/或轴向延伸小的情况。在有些情况下,需要有大膨胀比例,例如当塞子不膨胀时,管件不能承受过量的流体阻塞,或者放入塞子后,管件可能改变直径或引起膨胀。对于这种应用场合,最好使用内部压力进行膨胀。
                        发明概要
本发明的第一方面涉及可膨胀类型的可膨胀塞。本发明的目的是提供一种塞子的结构,其在膨胀过程中不需要过大的压力,而且可以承受相当大的轴向延伸。
本发明的第一方面是提供一种可膨胀塞,其包括可膨胀囊体,该囊体适于在内部流体压力作用下径向膨胀,流体入口装置,该装置连通囊体的内部,以便连接膨胀流体源,还有加固装置,该加固装置包括柔性加固绳,该柔性加固绳沿膨胀塞轴向进行加固,并且沿径向支撑囊体,所述柔性加固绳在囊体膨胀时沿横向扩展。这些绳子最好由多条未缠绕在一起的线束形成,于是当囊体膨胀时,各绳子的线束沿横向向外伸展。
绳子最好在囊体的相对的轴向端部之间延伸,从而形成围绕囊体外表面的外套,在囊体径向膨胀过程中,绳子仅产生很小的阻力,或者不产生阻力。
本发明的第二方面涉及控制在管件中使可膨胀塞膨胀的方法,以便在管件中控制压力差,或者容许流体从塞子处漏过。按照下列等式控制塞子内部的压力:
Pp=ΔP+Pd
其中:Pp=施加到塞子的压力;
     ΔP=沿塞子的压力差;
      Pd=无限制条件下使塞子膨胀到直径d时的压力(自由膨胀压力);
      d=管件限制的直径。
                       附图简述
下面参照附图描述本发明的最佳实施例。
图1是具有局部剖视的示意图,其表示一个优选的塞子的构造。
图2是囊体部分的透视图,从中拆去部分元件,可以清楚地看到螺旋线形状的加固线的构造。
图3和4是示意图,其表示当塞子膨胀时线延伸的状态。
图5~7是示意图,其表示按照本发明第二方面的控制方法。
                   优选实施例的描述
通常塞子由一对端部元件10和在端部元件之间延伸的圆筒形囊体12构成。上游端盖10a中设有流体入口14,从而为膨胀囊体的液体或气体提供通道。在实际上,端盖可以是相同的,下游端盖可以被堵塞,或者被限制,以便提供回压。至少端盖之一很自然地与外支撑件相连,从而为塞子的轴向延伸的反作用提供支撑。这个支撑件通常由供给膨胀流体的管件提供(未图示)。
囊体12由弹性材料管构成,为了能够承受径向膨胀而不破裂,该弹性材料管具有高应变能力和低硬度。这在高膨胀率的情况下是特别重要的。
弹性囊体由压力密封件16或其他合适的装置固定到端盖上。当压力法兰的轴24上的螺母22被拧紧时,各密封件被压紧在压力法兰18和隔离块20之间。
如图2所示,加固外套26由柔性绳28形成,该柔性绳28围绕囊体的外表面。如图1所示,将绳分别缠绕在一系列成角度安装固定到各端盖上的固定销30上。非弹性材料的绳包围囊体仅对径向膨胀产生较小的阻力,或者不产生阻力。可以清楚地看到,当塞子沿径向膨胀时,柔性绳之间的间隙增加。在柔性绳的这些间隙之内,弹性囊体不受支撑。因此,必须使用大量的、紧密设置的绳子28。如果需要可以在塞子的外侧设置第二弹性外套34,来保护绳子28。
在图2所示的实施例中,以较小的螺旋角安置绳子,例如,相对于塞子的轴线螺旋角小于15度,而且具有两层或多层螺旋角相反的绳子32a,32b。由于有螺旋角的绳子构成周边元件,虽然在囊体膨胀时将产生较小的径向阻力增加,但是这有助于在膨胀过程中,使绳子定位。
市售的加固绳子多数是由大量单独的线束缠绕在一起构成的。缠绕阻止绳子伸展,而且提供较大的弹性。但是,申请人发现,在此特殊应用过程中,不希望使用这种普通的经过缠绕的绳子,因为这些绳子将在弹性体上引起强烈的局部应变,而且可能切割囊体。申请人发现,使用未经缠绕的绳子,线束在囊体膨胀表面横向移动时可以传播负载,并且防止切割囊体。
图3和4表示在塞子膨胀期间线束横向移动的状况。图3表示未膨胀塞子的平行绳子的轮廓。图4表示同一塞子膨胀时的状况。可以清楚地看到,当囊体膨胀时,未经缠绕的绳子的宽度增加。为了描述清楚,图3和4表示的绳子分开较宽。在实际中,最好设置的绳子非常紧密,只有很小的间隙,或者没有间隙。
原则上,绳子可以是具有合适特性的任何材料,即,一般具有高抗拉强度,高弹性模量,高柔韧性,和合适的与流体有关的化学适应性。可以使用棉、金属、或合成纤维制出的绳子。非常成功的膨胀塞采用ARAMID绳子制成,这种绳子由非常大量的特别纤细的线束制成,而且呈非缠绕状态。
在膨胀塞的结构中,绳子具有相同的张力和长度是非常重要的。当一条绳子比另一条稍微松些的时候,在膨胀过程中,这条松的绳子所在区域将对弹性囊体留下非支撑间隙。获得同等张力的方法是将绳子固定到合适的刚性支架上的固定环上。使用配重缠绕绳子,保证绳子张力均匀。
在另一个实施例中,加固外套与囊体或套的弹性材料成型为一体。使用未经缠绕的绳子,在膨胀过程中,使线束横向移动,减小绳子撕开弹性基体的可能性。
按照本发明提供的膨胀塞的构造具有很高的各向异性性能,即:
1.具有相当大的径向膨胀承受能力,而其不破裂、不需要过大的压力,即沿周向具有很高的应变能力和低硬度;
2.具有承受轴向负载的能力,轴向负载由沿膨胀塞存在的压力差产生,即,沿轴向具有非常高的强度和高硬度。
该膨胀塞具有的径向膨胀能力导致相当低的自由膨胀压力,即,使膨胀塞膨胀到管径尺寸所需要的压力不受限制。这样可以很好地控制膨胀塞的膨胀压力,便于控制上游压力,或管件内流体的流动,如下面所述。
令人惊奇的是,申请人发现在施加到膨胀塞内部使其膨胀的压力与在膨胀塞后管件中存在的压力之间存在着精确和可以预料的关系,如下面的等式所述:
Pp=ΔP+Pd
其中:Pp=施加到膨胀塞的压力;
     ΔP=沿膨胀塞的压力差;
      Pd=无限制条件下使膨胀塞膨胀到直径d的压力(自由膨胀压力);
      d=管件限定的直径。
图5~7表示控制方法的参数。图5表示未膨胀的膨胀塞,其中膨胀塞的内侧和外侧均为大气压力。在图6中,膨胀塞膨胀到直径d,膨胀塞不受管件限制,自由膨胀压力Pd施加到膨胀塞的内侧。在图7中,膨胀塞在内径为d的管件36内侧膨胀,而在膨胀塞上游端管件内侧的体积增压ΔP。可以计算出需要保持压力差ΔP的最小膨胀塞的压力Pp′是自由膨胀压力和压力差之和。
申请人发现,基本上按照上述等式控制膨胀塞的内部压力,当压力差超过ΔP时流体开始漏过膨胀塞。可以精确地控制膨胀塞上游端的管件内部压力。基本上按照上述等式控制膨胀塞的压力也可以专门用于膨胀塞和管件之间产生相对移动的情况。在这种情况下,导致存在的流体流过膨胀塞的表面,形成很薄的薄膜层,于是为膨胀塞和管件内壁的相对移动提供润滑,从而减小膨胀外表面的摩檫力。
控制的灵敏性取决于膨胀塞的自由膨胀压力。如果这个压力值非常高,那么对于有效的密封需要非常大的膨胀塞的压力,这阻碍了对该系统的良好控制。因此,希望保持自由膨胀压力尽可能得小。按照本发明的第一方面,通过膨胀塞的构造可以达到上述目的。
对于压力控制的应用情况来说,这种膨胀塞的另一个重要特征涉及它的长度与直径的比例(L/D)。可以看到,当绳子形成球体时产生的膨胀塞的膨胀直径最大。达到这一点后,再增加压力不能使膨胀塞的直径进一步增加。在实际中,沿膨胀塞具有压力差,这一点不可能达到。因此,对膨胀塞的长度设定很小的限制。当压力值接近这个很小的限定值时,膨胀塞的灵敏性降低,即,膨胀塞的自由膨胀压力增加,并且在限定值达到无穷大。因此,希望有非常长的膨胀塞。但是,已经发现,如果膨胀塞过长,其稳定性将产生问题,由此从膨胀塞的上游端至下游端产生塌陷的可能性增加,从而导致被存放的流体释放喷出。L/D临界比例的上限取决于多个因素,包括压力系统的流体惯性,其受到泵和管道系统的容积和弹性能力,以及被存储流体和膨胀流体的性质的支配。对于水,发现成功的膨胀塞的L/D比例小于8∶1。
上面描述了本发明的特殊实施例,本专业的技术人员可以清楚地知道,在不脱离本发明基本特征的条件下,本发明还可以有其他特殊的形式。因此,上述实施例仅仅是对本发明进行描述,而不是进行限制。本发明的范围由权利要求书指出,而不是由上述说明来限定。所有与权利要求书所述范围相等同和包括在该范围内的各种变化都属于本发明的内容。

Claims (14)

1.一种可膨胀塞,其包括可膨胀囊体,该囊体适于在内部流体压力作用下径向膨胀,流体入口装置,该装置连通囊体的内部,以便连接膨胀流体源,还有加固装置,该加固装置包括柔性加固绳,该柔性加固绳沿膨胀塞轴向进行加固,并且沿径向支撑囊体,所述柔性加固绳在囊体膨胀时沿横向伸展。
2.按照权利要求1所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:各柔性加固绳包括多条线束,所述线束未缠绕在一起。
3.按照权利要求2所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:所述柔性加固绳形成围绕囊体外表面的外套。
4.按照权利要求3所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:所述柔性加固绳定位紧密,以致基本上完全支撑囊体的外表面。
5.按照权利要求4所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:所述柔性加固绳在囊体相对的轴向端部之间延伸。
6.按照权利要求5所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:所述柔性加固绳围绕所述囊体的外表面呈螺旋线形状延伸。
7.按照权利要求6所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:所述柔性加固绳相对于膨胀塞的轴线以小于15度的螺旋角延伸。
8.按照权利要求6所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:所述可膨胀塞有两层或多层柔性加固绳,各层柔性加固绳呈相反的螺旋角延伸。
9.按照权利要求3所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:所述柔性加固绳具有基本相等的张力和长度。
10.按照权利要求1或2所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:膨胀塞还包括在上游和下游的端部元件,所述端部元件位于囊体相对的端部,至少端部元件之一设有流体入口,和连接外部支撑件的装置。
11.按照权利要求2所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:所述可膨胀塞的长度与直径的比例小于8∶1。
12.按照权利要求3所述的可膨胀塞,其特征是:可膨胀塞还包括位于柔性加固绳外侧的套。
13.一种控制位于内径为d的管件中的可膨胀塞的方法,在沿膨胀塞有压力差ΔP条件下,使管件内的流体从膨胀塞处漏过,其包括基本上按照下列等式向膨胀塞施加使其膨胀的内部压力Pp:
Pp=ΔP+Pd
其中:Pd是无限制条件下使膨胀塞膨胀到管件直径d所需的内部压力。
14.一种控制位于内径为d的管件中的可膨胀塞的方法,为沿膨胀塞保持压力差ΔP,其包括基本上按照下列等式向膨胀塞施加使其膨胀的内部压力Pp:
Pp=ΔP+Pd
其中:Pd是无限制条件下使膨胀塞膨胀到管件直径d所需的内部压力。
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AUPM307693A0 (en) 1994-01-20
DK0738379T3 (da) 2002-05-13
ES2171528T3 (es) 2002-09-16
NO962623D0 (no) 1996-06-20
WO1995017642A1 (en) 1995-06-29
DK0738379T5 (da) 2003-02-24
NO318499B1 (no) 2005-03-29
RU2141601C1 (ru) 1999-11-20
NO962623L (no) 1996-06-20
EP0738379A1 (en) 1996-10-23
DE69430072D1 (de) 2002-04-11
CN1041231C (zh) 1998-12-16
US6053210A (en) 2000-04-25
EP0738379B9 (en) 2002-10-23
DE69430072T2 (de) 2002-10-31
NZ277734A (en) 1998-04-27
EP0738379A4 (en) 1997-01-22
ATE214137T1 (de) 2002-03-15
PT738379E (pt) 2002-08-30
EP0738379B1 (en) 2002-03-06
JPH09511045A (ja) 1997-11-04
MY137989A (en) 2009-04-30
JP3398153B2 (ja) 2003-04-21
DE69430072T4 (de) 2003-08-07

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