CN113795620A - 具有不连续中间层的多轴织物 - Google Patents

具有不连续中间层的多轴织物 Download PDF

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CN113795620A
CN113795620A CN202080033409.7A CN202080033409A CN113795620A CN 113795620 A CN113795620 A CN 113795620A CN 202080033409 A CN202080033409 A CN 202080033409A CN 113795620 A CN113795620 A CN 113795620A
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layer
nonwoven layer
multiaxial
polymer component
polyamide
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J·雷拜因
V·里希特
R·沃卡茨
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Imperial Carbon Fiber Europe Ltd
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Imperial Carbon Fiber Europe Ltd
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
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  • Manufacturing Of Multi-Layer Textile Fabrics (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种具有至少两个线层和至少一个非织造层的多轴织物。每个线层由彼此平行布置并且在线层内彼此相邻地布置的复丝增强纱制成，其中至少一个线层至少部分地与非织造层直接接触，并且切口部分在非织造层内提供，所述切口部分的尺寸为至少4mm2。本发明还涉及一种具有多轴织物的纤维增强复合材料。

Description

具有不连续中间层的多轴织物
本发明涉及一种具有至少两个线层的多轴无卷曲织物，其中线层由相互平行排列且相互邻接的复丝增强纱形成。至少一个线层与非织造层物理接触。
与增强纤维纱接触的非织造层通常是已知的。例如，文献US8246882描述了可以放置在增强纤维层之间的连续纤维的中间层。
文献EP2636783公开了一种具有至少两个不同层的复合材料。第一层可以是碳纤维层，其中碳纤维可以具有20至100mm的长度并且源自例如回收过程。第二层是无规纤维层，例如热塑性纤维的无规纤维层。两层针刺在一起。
文献DE202004007601描述了一种具有至少一个线系统的多轴无卷曲织物。纤维非织造物可以是多轴无卷曲织物的一部分，并且提到碳纤维作为用于增强纱的纤维。
在文献WO2011/113752中，使用了所谓的混合非织造层。
已知中间层的缺点是中间层通常会增加引入它们的结构的刚度。例如，这使得在成型工具内悬垂增强纤维层和中间层的组件变得更加困难。此外，不利的是，在由多轴无卷曲织物制造组件期间，由于组件厚度方向(Z方向)上的中间层，导电性经常受到阻碍。
本发明的目的是克服现有技术迄今已知的缺点。
该目的通过如上所述的多轴非卷曲织物解决，该织物具有作为中间层的非织造层，其中非织造层具有切口(cutouts)，其中切口的面积至少为4mm2，并且由于切口，非织造层是不连续的层。
在多轴非卷曲织物中使用具有切口的非织造层——如权利要求1所述——具有多种优点。例如，如果线层由导电纤维形成，则非织造层中的切口可提供与连续线层的直接接触，在非织造层的其他实施方案中，由于非织造层的原因，这些线层将被分离。因此，出现了Z方向(平行于厚度延伸)的导电性，这对于后面的组件(由多轴无卷曲织物制成)也很重要。例如，这种导电性与飞机结构相关，以防止雷击造成的损坏。此外，具有切口的非织造层可以促进随后的基质浸渍，因为基质材料可以特别好地流过切口并分布。此外，通过选择切口的数量或切口在非织造层内的定位，可以调节基质材料的流速以及基质材料的分布。
例如，可以在组件中在正常过程中基质浸渍期间渗透不良的位置处提供具有许多(也更大)切口的非织造材料。在不改变浸渍过程的情况下，可以有利地适应困难的组件配置。
纤维层中的至少一个与非织造层直接接触，其中纤维层至少部分地直接接触非织造层。直接接触也可以由非织造层的粘合剂引起，该粘合剂至少部分地粘附或悬挂到和/或在至少一个纤维层上。
在一个实施方案中，至少一个非织造层具有超过70％的不连续纤维。即，非织造层的所有纤维中少于30％是连续纤维。在一个实施方案中，至少一个非织造层的几乎所有纤维都是不连续纤维。在另一个实施方案中，至少一个非织造层具有超过70％的连续纤维。即，非织造层的所有纤维中少于30％是不连续纤维。在特定实施方案中，至少一个非织造层的几乎所有纤维都是连续纤维。在任何一种情况下，术语“几乎”是指超过95％的纤维。如果纤维的长度超过500mm，则应认为纤维是连续的。优选地，不连续纤维的平均纤维长度在8至500mm的范围内，更优选至多300mm。平均纤维长度在此是指不连续纤维的长度在指定范围内，其偏离指定范围小于15％。不连续纤维可以作为不连续纤维铺设并由此形成非织造层，或者可以作为连续纤维铺设并且由于非织造层内的切口而仅成为具有相应长度的不连续纤维。
如果非织造层不形成为近似封闭的表面，则根据本发明的不连续表面由非织造层形成。不连续的非织造层因此是非封闭层，其中根据本发明，非封闭性至少由于面积至少为4mm2的切口而实现。由于其他原因，非织造层也可以形成不连续的表面，并且由于切口仍然另外是不连续的。
由于非织造层具有狭缝，因此也可以形成不连续的非织造层。狭缝应理解为非织造层中的切口，在该非织造层中非织造层被切割或非织造层通过切割工具分开。在对非织造层进行这样的切割时，没有材料从非织造层移除或以这样的方式移位，即在非织造层内出现面积大于4mm2的自由区域。因此，不要将具有狭缝的非织造层与带有切口的非织造层混淆。在具有切口的非织造层的情况下，非织造层的材料从非织造层去除或移位，由此在非织造层内形成自由区域(切口、孔)，根据本发明其具有至少4mm2的面积。在这种情况下，形成不同于狭缝的切口。狭缝非织造层不是本发明的一部分，因此不要求保护。
在一个实施方案中，非织造层内的切口具有相同或不同的形状和/或尺寸。例如，切口可以具有圆形、椭圆形、角形或随机轮廓。切口的大小和面积可以在非织造层内随机或有选择地变化。
切口的4mm2最小尺寸是由切口的连续区域产生的。
优选地，非织造层具有约70μm、更优选地约40μm、进一步优选地约50μm且最优选地约25μm的垂直于非织造层的纵向延伸的厚度。由于非织造层的厚度小，多轴无卷曲织物中的纤维体积分数以及因此随后的组件中的纤维体积分数可以被调节到高水平。借此，可提高随后由多轴无卷曲织物制成的组件的机械性能，例如断裂强度。此外，带有切口的薄非织造层进一步提高了后续组件的导电性，因为纤维层可以更容易地相互接触。
由于不连续的非织造层，可以有利地实现——如已经描述的——多轴无卷曲织物的线层至少部分地彼此直接接触，因此彼此接触，即使非织造层设置在它们之间。以这种方式，可以实现或改善多轴无卷曲织物的导电性，例如在厚度方向上，条件是多轴无卷曲织物的线层是导电的。如果非织造层既不连续又非常薄(小于40μm的厚度延伸)，则在多轴无卷曲织物的厚度方向上改进导电性具有特别积极的效果。
优选地，非织造层由丝直径为3至50μm，更优选至多35μm的纤维形成。由于足够薄的中间层(非织造层)，可以在多轴产品中有利地实现高纤维体积含量。
优选地，非织造层的宽度对应于线层的宽度。优选地，非织造层的宽度因此等于多轴无卷曲织物的宽度。优选地，非织造层的宽度为1.3m，更优选地为3.3m并且最优选地为5m并且进一步最优选地为10m。
优选地，复丝增强纱是碳纤维、玻璃纤维或芳族聚酰胺纱线，或高度拉伸的UHMW聚乙烯纱线。所述纤维的混合物也可用作复丝增强纱。
特别优选地，复丝增强纱是强度至少为5000MPa(根据JIS-R-7608测量)和拉伸模量至少为260GPa(根据JIS-R-7608测量)的碳纤维纱线，和/或根据JIS-R-7608测量的强度至少为4500MPa，并且根据JIS-R-7608测量的拉伸模量至少为240GPa的碳纤维纱线。
在一个实施方案中，非织造层另外具有所述碳纤维纱线。优选地，非织造层完全或部分地由所述碳纤维(例如，呈碳纤维纸的形式)组成。
优选地，非织造层中的切口规则地分布。通过规则分布，应当理解非织造层内每单位面积的切口数量近似恒定。近似恒定包括大约5％范围内的偏差。特别优选地，非织造层内的切口被布置成排(切口排)。排可以优选地垂直于、特别优选地近似横向于纤维的铺设方向延伸——该纤维将形成非织造层。在优选实施方案中，非织造层具有多个切口排，其中切口排垂直于纤维的铺设方向延伸并且切口本身具有垂直于纤维铺设方向的纵向延伸。此外，如果所有相邻的切口排彼此之间具有相同的距离，则是优选的。此外优选的是，直接相邻的切口排的切口彼此偏移。在这种偏移的情况下，紧随其后的切口排的切口在垂直于切口排的纵向延伸的高度不同，而是具有不同的高度(偏移)。优选地，由于偏移，在相邻切口排的切口之间出现自由部分。在自由部分内，由于非织造层中的切口而没有中断。优选地，偏移在切口排内交替，这意味着，例如，第一和第三切口排的切口不再相互偏移，但第二切口排的切口与第一切口排的切口和第三个切口排的切口具有相同的偏移。交替可导致每个第二切口排的切口具有相同的切口位置——如所提及的示例。然而，其他交替也是可能的，例如每第三或第四个切口排的切口的相同切口位置。
非织造层内切口的规则布置是有利的，因为这使得非织造层(以及因此多轴无卷曲织物的)的特性特别好地可预测并且适用于后面的组件。例如，非织造层的悬垂性在非织造层的所有点都大致相同。此外，非织造层的渗透性在非织造层内的各处也大致相同。
在另一个优选实施方案中，切口不规则地分布在非织造层内。在本上下文中，不规则意味着每个面积单位的切口数量不同。在本上下文中的不规则也意味着，例如，在非织造层内存在至少两个区域，其中切口在各自的区域内均匀地分布，但是在该至少两个区域中的分布相对于彼此以不同的方式发生。例如，相比于第二区域，不同的切口排(更多的切口、更大/更长的切口面积、在切口排内彼此变化的切口距离、切口的偏移、切口形状和/或切口排之间的距离)可以存在于第一区域中。带有不规则切口的非织造层可以特别好地适应后面的组件。例如，非织造层在后面组件的强轮廓的区域中可以比在后面组件的具有很少轮廓的区域中具有更多数量的相同切口。以此方式，可以积极地影响多轴无卷曲织物的悬垂性，而不会由于非织造层过于不稳定而损害多轴无卷曲织物的可处理性。
规则和不规则排列的切口都可以是纵向切口(相对于非织造层的线的铺设方向)，横向切口(相对于非织造层的线的铺设方向)，星形切口和/或十字切口。
在一个实施方案中，非织造层中的切口通过冲压和/或切割非织造材料产生。在另一个实施方案中，非织造层内的切口通过在非织造层内移动非织造层的纤维从而出现切口来产生。因此，在后一种情况下，没有材料从非织造层移除，而是来自非织造层的材料在非织造层内移动。在这种情况下，纤维材料比例增加的区域也在非织造层内出现。然而，在任何情况下，切口(自由区域、孔洞)都必须在非织造层内以至少4mm2的面积出现。否则，它不是根据本发明的切口。切口的可能面积范围为4至300mm2，例如10至100mm2、80至150mm2和/或120至250mm2。
例如，切口可以是圆形或椭圆形(图3B)。优选地，这些切口的面积为至多200mm2，更优选至多100mm2，特别优选至多10mm2。切口之间的距离优选地大约为100mm，更优选地至多50mm并且甚至更优选地至多15mm。
在一个实施方案中，非织造层具有导电材料。导电材料可以作为非织造层上的额外层定位，或者可以通过粉末、颗粒、纤维或液滴结合到或施加到非织造层上。优选地，非织造层具有大致均匀分布在非织造层内的碳纤维。在另一实施方案中，非织造层具有在非织造层上(例如作为额外层)和/或在非织造层内发现的经涂覆的导电纤维。适合作为涂层材料的是例如铜、银、镍或其他金属，以及所述涂层材料的混合物。在一个实施方案中，切口也可以存在于额外层中。例如，在非织造层上定位额外层之后，可以将切口(同时或时间交错)引入非织造层和额外层，从而在非织造层内和额外层内的相同位置处形成切口。
在一个实施方案中，非织造层具有粘合剂材料。通过粘合剂材料，非织造层的纤维在非织造层内稳定并保持在一起。例如，苯乙烯丙烯酸树脂和/或双酚-A和/或类似物可用作粘合剂材料。要使用的粘合剂的优选粒度在50-160μm的范围内，特别优选在80-140μm之间。
在另一个实施方案中，非织造层具有聚酯。优选地，形成非织造层的纤维由聚酯组成。特别优选地，非织造层由聚酯短纤维构成。
优选地，非织造层通过湿法成网工艺制造。这在引入切口之前实现了封闭且均匀的表面质量。通过在非织造制造过程中直接混合粘合剂或通过涂覆工艺单独随后将粘合剂施加到表面上，进行额外的粘合剂施加。在其他实施方案中，非织造层也可以通过水刺、纺丝成网法和/或针刺工艺制造。通过刚才提到的制造工艺，可以制造出更多具有改进悬垂性和渗透性的开放结构。
在所有提到的非织造层制造过程中，可以优选地添加粘合剂，其中通过非织造层纤维的浸渍浴，通过最终非织造层的浸渍浴和/或通过用优选粒度在50-160μm范围内的粘合剂粉末喷洒形成的非织造层，然后稍微熔化粘合剂粉末以与非织造层的纤维粘合，将粘合剂引入制造过程中。
不管制造过程如何，切口都可以在制造非织造之后引入到非织造层中，或者可以在非织造层的制造过程中在非织造层内产生。例如，在加固非织造层之前，可以将没有切口的非织造层拉到脊柱网格上，以便通过在非织造层内移动纤维材料来形成至少4mm2的连续面积的切口。在通过非织造层材料的位移形成切口的情况下，该区域必须具有至少4mm2的连续尺寸。在另一个实施方案中，例如，在湿法成网工艺中，可以在铺设过程中改变筛网的孔尺寸，使得非织造层中的切口出现。
在本发明的一个实施方案中，非织造层具有热塑性聚合物材料，其中热塑性聚合物材料包括熔融温度低于复丝增强纱的熔融或分解温度的第一聚合物组分和第二聚合物组分，其中第一聚合物组分具有比第二聚合物组分低的熔融温度，并且第一聚合物组分可溶于环氧树脂、氰酸酯或苯并恶嗪基质树脂，或这些基质树脂的混合物中，并且第二聚合物组分不溶于环氧树脂，氰酸酯或苯并恶嗪基质树脂，或这些基质树脂的混合物。
优选地，第一聚合物组分具有在80和135℃之间范围内的熔融温度并且第二聚合物组分具有在140和250℃之间范围内的熔融温度。
由于其特殊的结构，多轴无卷曲织物的特点是预成型件中的线层具有良好的悬垂性和固定性，在与基质树脂渗透过程中具有良好的渗透性，以及具有高机械强度和高抗冲击性的组件可以用它们制造。在组件制造期间，具有至少一个所述聚合物组合的非织造层的多轴无卷曲织物被制成所需形状并加热至高于第一聚合物组分的熔融温度。在预成型件的冷却过程中，第一聚合物组分然后充当熔融粘合剂并将线层固定到位。
在多轴无卷曲织物的后续渗透期间，其中优选多个多轴无卷曲织物与基质树脂形成无卷曲结构(层结构)，这通常在高于第一组分的熔融温度但低于第二组分的熔融温度的温度下发生，非织造层的较高熔点的第二聚合物组分也确保基质树脂的良好渗透性。另一方面，第一聚合物组分溶解在基质树脂中并因此失去其作为与基质树脂相关的独立相的特性。因此，第一聚合物组分的分数因此可归因于基质材料并且待渗透的基质树脂的分数可通过第一聚合物组分的分数减少。结果，可以在所得组件中调节复丝增强纱的高纤维体积分数，因此可以将机械强度特性值的水平保持在高水平。
多轴无卷曲织物中使用的非织造层可以由具有不同熔融温度的单组分纤维的混合物组成，因此它可以是混合非织造层。然而，非织造层也可以由双组分纤维构成，例如芯鞘纤维，其中纤维的芯由较高熔点的聚合物构成，而鞘由较低熔点的聚合物构成。优选地，非织造层是混合非织造层。已经发现，如果非织造层包含20至40重量％的第一聚合物组分和60至80重量％的第二聚合物组分是有利的。
在基质树脂，即环氧树脂、氰酸酯或苯并恶嗪树脂的固化温度下，在一个优选实施方案中，第一聚合物组分通过交联反应与固化基质树脂发生化学反应，从而成为均匀基质的组成部分。因此，第一聚合物组分优选是通过化学交联反应与环氧树脂、氰酸酯或苯并恶嗪基质树脂反应的聚合物。特别优选地，第一聚合物组分是聚羟基醚。此类聚羟基醚描述于例如EP1705269中，在这方面明确参考其公开内容。
优选地，第二聚合物组分具有比第一聚合物组分更高的熔融温度。优选地，第二聚合物组分在所用基质树脂的固化温度下或在第一聚合物组分的熔融温度和基质树脂的固化温度之间的范围内的温度下熔化。以此方式，第二聚合物组分也被结合到基质材料中，但与第一聚合物组分不同，它在固化的基质树脂中形成其自身的相。由第二聚合物组分形成的这一相有助于在固化过程中和在后面的组分中限制裂纹的扩展，因此决定性地有助于例如提高冲击强度。
作为非织造层的第二聚合物组分，可以使用可加工成热塑性长丝的普通聚合物，只要它们满足根据权利要求的条件，例如聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚酯、聚丁二烯、聚氨酯、聚丙烯、聚醚酰亚胺、聚砜、聚醚砜、聚苯砜、聚苯硫醚、聚醚酮、聚醚醚酮、聚芳酰胺、聚酮、聚邻苯二甲酰胺、聚苯醚、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或这些聚合物的共聚物或混合物。
对于上述基质树脂，优选第二聚合物组分是聚酰胺均聚物或聚酰胺共聚物或聚酰胺均聚物和/或聚酰胺共聚物的混合物。特别优选地，聚酰胺均聚物或共聚物是聚酰胺6、聚酰胺6.6、聚酰胺6.12、聚酰胺4.6、聚酰胺11、聚酰胺12或聚酰胺6/12。
关于在多轴无卷曲织物的厚度上产生材料特性的均匀性，如果在多轴无卷曲织物中的复丝增强纱的每个线层之间布置非织造层是有利的。关于用多轴无卷曲织物制造的组件的特性和机械特性的尽可能高的特征值水平，还优选非织造层的单位面积重量为3至25g/m2的范围。特别优选地，单位面积重量在4至10g/m2的范围内。
本发明的另一主题是用于制造具有至少一个多轴无卷曲织物的纤维增强复合材料的层结构，如前所述。如果附加的基质材料已经被引入到层结构中，那么具有至少一个多轴层的层结构可以是预成型件或纤维增强组件。
基于附图更详细地解释本发明。
图1示意性地显示了非根据本发明的具有狭缝的非织造层的实施方案。
图2示意性地显示了也不是根据本发明的各种狭缝形式。
图3A和B示意性地显示了具有切口的非织造层的实施方案。
图4示意性地显示了具有切口排的非织造层。
图5示意性地显示了由于材料位移而出现的具有切口的非织造层。
图1示出了非根据本发明的实施方案，在非织造层1中具有狭缝。图1示意性地示出了非织造层1的狭缝图案的一部分。非织造层1具有狭缝排2，其具有大致垂直于纤维的铺设方向A的狭缝3。在图中，狭缝3形成为纵向狭缝，其中它们的纵向延伸平行于狭缝排2的纵向延伸。在狭缝排2内，狭缝3彼此具有距离AS。狭缝排2彼此之间具有距离ASR。相邻的狭缝排2”、2'可以具有彼此具有偏移V的狭缝3'、3”。在图1中，为每第二排狭缝2交替提供偏移V，使得一个狭缝排2的狭缝3和下一个但一个狭缝排2”'的位置处于垂直于狭缝排2的纵向延伸的相同高度。在图1中，狭缝3具有长度L。由于狭缝3、3'和3”的偏移V，产生自由部分VF。如果首先由于非织造层1中的狭缝3而形成不连续的纤维，则非织造层1的纤维在由于狭缝3而分离之前最多可以在截面VF上运行。可以理解非织造层1的不连续纤维的长度可以比VF长，因为非织造层内的纤维可以呈波纹状/弯曲状。
图2也示出了非根据本发明的实施方案。图2示意性地示出了狭缝3的不同形状。在图2A中，狭缝3是横向狭缝，其纵向延伸基本上垂直于狭缝排2的纵向延伸。在图2B中，狭缝2具有十字形状4，其具有两个切割口5、5'，其中一个切割口5'平行于狭缝排2的纵向延伸行进。在图2C中，狭缝3被构造成星形6，星形6具有至少两个切割口5、5'。在星形6的两个切割口5、5'的情况下，切割口5、5'中没有一个被布置为平行或垂直于狭缝排2的纵向延伸。通常，星形6因此不同于十字形状4的不同之处在于它具有至少一个与狭缝排2的纵向延伸成一角度布置的切割口5。
不同形状的狭缝3可存在于非织造层1内。不同形状的狭缝也可存在于狭缝排2内。
在图3A中，示意性地描绘了具有与星形狭缝组合的切口7的非织造层。切口7例如通过从非织造层1冲压出的材料而出现。
在图3B中，描绘了用于非织造层1的两种可能类型的切口7。切口7可以是椭圆形7.1或圆形7.2，其中在非织造层1内可以存在单一类型的切口7或不同类型的切口7的混合物。然而，这种类型的所有切口7的共同点是材料已从非织造层1上去除。
图4示意性地示出了带有切口7的切口排8。在切口排8内，切口7彼此之间具有距离AS。切口排8彼此之间具有距离ASR。相邻的切口排8'、8”可以具有彼此具有偏移V的切口7'、7。在图4的实施方案示例中，偏移V对于每个第二切口排2交替提供，使得切口排8的切口7和下一个但一个切口排8”'处于垂直于切口排8的纵向延伸的相同高度。在图4中，切口7具有长度L。由于切口7'、7”和7”'的偏移V，产生了自由部分VF。如果由于非织造层1中的切口7首先形成不连续的纤维，则非织造层1的纤维在它们由于切口7分离之前最多可以在VF部分上运行。可以理解非织造层1的不连续纤维的长度可以比VF长，因为非织造层内的纤维可以是波纹/弯曲的。
图5示意性地示出了具有切口7的非织造层1的详细部分，其中切口7通过在非织造层1内的纤维材料的位移而形成。在实施方案示例中，非织造层1内的纤维9被偏转(移动)，使得在非织造层1内出现开口或孔，从而形成切口7。切口7的尺寸至少为4mm2，这意味着孔或开口的连续面积至少为4mm2。如果切口7没有被非织造材料——例如多根纤维——中断，则给出连续区域。

Claims (17)

1.一种具有至少两个线层和至少一个非织造层(1)的多轴无卷曲织物，其中每个线层由相互平行且相邻排列的复丝增强纱在线层内相互邻接形成，其中至少一个线层至少部分地与非织造层(1)直接接触，其特征在于在非织造层(1)内设置有切口(7)，其中切口具有至少4mm2的面积，并且非织造层(1)是至少由于切口(7)而不连续的层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述切口(7)在所述非织造层(1)中规则地或随机不规则地排列。
3.根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述切口(7)具有相同或不同的形状和/或尺寸。
4.根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述非织造层(1)具有导电材料，其中所述导电材料借助粉末和/或颗粒被施加并引入到所述非织造层(1)中和/或所述非织造层(1)具有导电纤维。
5.根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述非织造层(1)具有优选粒度为50-160μm的粘合剂和/或所述非织造层(1)具有小于40μm的厚度。
6.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述非织造层(1)具有70％的纤维长度大于20m的连续纤维和/或所述非织造层(1)具有70％的纤维长度为8-15mm的短纤维。
7.根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述复丝增强纱是根据JIS-R-7608测量的强度为至少5000MPa且根据JIS-R-7608测量的拉伸模量为至少260GPa的碳纱线，和/或根据JIS-R-7608测量的强度为至少4500MPa且根据JIS-R-7608测量的拉伸模量为至少240GPa的碳纤维纱线。
8.根据前述权利要求中至少一项所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述非织造层(1)具有聚酯。
9.根据前述权利要求1至7中任一项所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述非织造层(1)具有热塑性聚合物材料，其中所述热塑性聚合物材料包括第一聚合物组分和第二聚合物组分，它们的熔融温度低于复丝增强纱的熔融或分解温度，其中第一聚合物组分的熔融温度低于第二聚合物组分，并且第一聚合物组分可溶于环氧树脂、氰酸酯或苯并恶嗪基质树脂，或这些基质树脂的混合物中，并且第二聚合物组分不溶于环氧树脂、氰酸酯或苯并恶嗪基质树脂，或这些基质树脂的混合物。
10.根据权利要求9所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述第一聚合物组分具有在80至135℃的范围内的熔融温度，并且所述第二聚合物组分具有在140至250℃的范围内的熔融温度。
11.根据权利要求9所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述第二聚合物组分是聚酰胺均聚物或聚酰胺共聚物或聚酰胺均聚物和/或聚酰胺共聚物的混合物。
12.根据权利要求11所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述聚酰胺均聚物或共聚物是聚酰胺6、聚酰胺6.6、聚酰胺6.12、聚酰胺4.6、聚酰胺11、聚酰胺12或聚酰胺6/12。
13.根据权利要求9所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述第一聚合物组分是在环氧树脂、氰酸酯或苯并恶嗪基质树脂交联时与这些基质树脂发生化学反应的聚合物。
14.根据权利要求9所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中第一聚合物组分是聚羟基醚。
15.根据权利要求9所述的多轴无卷曲织物，其中所述非织造层(1)包含20至40重量％的第一聚合物组分和60至80重量％的第二聚合物组分。
16.一种层结构，其中所述层结构具有至少一个根据权利要求1的多轴无卷曲织物。
17.一种纤维增强复合材料，其中所述复合材料由至少一个根据权利要求16的层结构和另外的基质材料形成。
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