CN113751482B - Ecological recovery method for metal mine extremely-acidified refuse dump - Google Patents
Ecological recovery method for metal mine extremely-acidified refuse dump Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
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Abstract
The invention provides an ecological recovery method of a metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump, which comprises the following steps: trimming the side slope, and determining a planting area of a metal mine extremely-acidified refuse dump; pollution regulation and control are carried out by scattering a pre-prepared mineral functional agent into a planting area; fertilizing and regulating soil in the pollution-regulated planting area by spreading a pre-prepared biological bacterium organic fertilizer in the pollution-regulated planting area; according to a preset arbor and shrub plant community planting scheme, planting seedlings of shrubs and arbors to the specified positions of the planting areas after nutrition regulation and control respectively, and sowing seeds of herbaceous plants at the vacant positions of the planting areas where the shrubs and the arbors are planted in an inter-row sowing mode to obtain a primary ecological area. The invention can solve the practical engineering problems of slow vegetation establishment, unreasonable plant variety selection, poor stability, easy degradation, soil acid return, long time consumption for improving and curing and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of mine ecological restoration, in particular to an ecological restoration method for a metal mine extremely-acidified dumping site.
Background
At present, about 80 ten thousand mines exist in China, and about 40 ten thousand mines need to be repaired or restored due to ecological environment damage. Mining Wastelands (Mine Wastelands) are lands which are contaminated with heavy metals and lose economic value in the course of mining, such as open-pit mines, tailing areas, refuse dumps, collapse areas, and the like. The extremely acidic metal mine dumping field represents a main heavy metal mining area waste land, particularly, the annual rainfall capacity in the south of China is large, the possibility of disastrous wind and rain attacks is high, and certain geological disasters such as water and soil loss, landslide and the like are easily caused when a rainy season comes. Ecological restoration is an effective means for treating the ecological environmental problems of the waste dump. The extremely acidic metal mine waste dump is influenced by various factors, has greater difficulty in the actual ecological restoration process, and is characterized in that: the high slope and the steep slope of the dump are serious in water and soil loss; the soil is extremely acidic and produces acid, and plants are difficult to grow; high heavy metal toxicity of the soil; the soil is seriously barren and lacks effective nutrition; the proportion of acid-producing microorganisms is too high; the rainfall of the waste dump is concentrated, and the rainwater is not smoothly discharged; limited seed source, lack of native seed.
At present, many researches are made on the ecological restoration related technology of a refuse dump in a metal mining area, and surface soil restoration is a common technology, but the technology is only suitable for newly exploited mines, and numerous historical abandoned mines in China have certain limitations. The method is characterized in that the method comprises the steps of carrying out ecological restoration treatment on a refuse dump in a metal mining area by using a foreign soil vegetation method, a spray seeding vegetation method and the like. Some isolation layers adopted by the foreign soil vegetation method and the spray-seeding vegetation method have certain advantages: both technologies can meet the requirements of plant growth; the soil dressing measures can replace natural soil; the purpose of controlling acid return is realized in a short time. However, the two methods often have some problems in the actual operation process, which results in poor recovery effect and frequent acid return degradation after recovery: the material of the isolation layer can change at any time, the concentration of acid produced is increased after certain properties are invalid, and the acid return control is not thorough; soil buffering capacity is limited.
At present, the following defects are found in the field construction process of the metal mine ecological restoration project: the method has the advantages of slow vegetation establishment, unreasonable plant variety selection, poor stability, easy degradation and soil acid return, and particularly has the practical engineering problems of long consumption time of extremely-acidified soil improvement and curing in construction during the southern rainstorm season, large labor and material cost loss and the like. For example, in a mining area soil composite improver and a mining area soil improvement method disclosed in chinese patent document (publication No. CN110885689 a), the mining area soil composite improver and the mining area soil improvement method include the following components: the method for improving the soil in the mining area comprises the following steps of improving the soil in the mining area for 20-40 days by using a composite modifying agent, and practically consuming overlong curing time, particularly easily causing the problems of large-area damage, water and soil loss and the like in the soil improvement process in site construction in the rainstorm season in the south of China; some plant species are unreasonable in selection and poor in effect, such as the winter thatch and the like, the roots and stems of the plants are particularly developed, the vitality is very strong, and as for the plant species of the miscanthus floridulus in the vegetation recovery method of the acid mining dump disclosed by Chinese patent document (publication number: CN 108541522B), the tillering speed is high, the root system is developed, and other plants cannot grow easily due to interspecific competition.
In conclusion, the current ecological restoration method aiming at the refuse dump of the metal mining area has the practical engineering problems of slow vegetation establishment, unreasonable plant variety selection, poor stability, easy degradation, long time consumption for soil acid return and improvement and curing, easy loss of a large amount of manpower and material resources cost and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention aims to provide an ecological restoration method for a metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump, so as to solve the problems of slow vegetation establishment, unreasonable plant variety selection, poor stability, easy degradation, long time consumption for soil acid return and improvement and aging, easy loss of a large amount of manpower and material resources costs, and the like in the current ecological restoration method for the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump.
The invention provides an ecological recovery method of a metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump, which comprises the following steps:
trimming a side slope of the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump, building a water intercepting and draining facility on the trimmed side slope, and determining the planting area according to the target area of ecological restoration of the extremely-acidified waste dump;
the method comprises the following steps of (1) carrying out pollution regulation and control on extremely acidified soil in a planting area by scattering a pre-prepared mineral functional agent into the planting area; wherein, the mineral functional agent comprises the following raw materials in proportion: 2-10 kg/m 2 10-20 kg/m of slaked lime powder 2 12-20 kg/m of modified attapulgite clay 2 10-15 kg/m of sepiolite powder 2 The active montmorillonite powder of (1);
the method comprises the steps of scattering a pre-prepared biological bacterium organic fertilizer to a planting area after pollution regulation and control, and performing nutrition regulation and control on soil of the planting area after pollution regulation and control;
according to a preset arbor and shrub plant community planting scheme, respectively planting a nursery stock of a shrub plant and a nursery stock of a arbor plant to a specified position of a planting area after nutrition regulation, and sowing seeds of herbaceous plants at vacant positions of the planting area where the shrub plant and the arbor plant are planted according to an inter-row sowing mode to obtain a primary ecological area;
ploughing the primary ecological area, and covering the ploughed soil with a heat insulation material in a heat insulation manner to obtain an ecological restoration area;
and (3) replanting and nurturing shrubs, arbors and herbaceous plants on the ecological restoration area according to preset time, so that the metal mine extremely-acidified refuse dump forms an ecological plant community.
In addition, it is preferable that the step of finishing a side slope of the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump, building a water interception and drainage facility on the finished side slope, and determining the planting area according to a target area of ecological restoration of the extremely-acidified waste dump includes:
building a water intercepting and draining facility on the slope surface of the side slope of the metal mine extremely-acidified refuse dump, and taking the slope surface as a planting area;
ditching the planting area to form at least two strip-shaped ditches, taking the strip-shaped ditches as planting areas of the shrub plants and the arbor plants, and taking the residual area of the planting area after the planting area is removed as a herbaceous plant planting area; wherein the interval width between adjacent strip-shaped grooves is 100-150 cm.
In addition, it is preferable that the adjusting and controlling of the pollution of the extremely acidified soil in the planting area by scattering a mineral function agent prepared in advance into the planting area includes:
collecting soil of the planting area, and analyzing acidity and heavy metal elements of a soil sample of the planting area to obtain an acidity value of the soil and a heavy metal pollution degree;
determining the spraying amount of the pre-prepared mineral functional agent according to the soil acidity value and the heavy metal pollution degree;
and uniformly spreading the mineral functional agent to the planting area according to the preset spreading amount of the mineral functional agent so as to regulate and control the pollution of the extremely acidified soil in the planting area.
In addition, it is preferable that the pollution control of the extremely acidified soil in the planting area by scattering a pre-configured mineral function agent into the planting area further includes:
when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 4.5, the spraying amount of the mineral substance functional agent is 0.25-0.50 kg/m 2 。
In addition, the preferable scheme is that the preparation method of the biological bacterium organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
uniformly mixing 40-60 parts of animal wastes, 20-50 parts of rice hulls and 10-15 parts of active probiotic microorganisms, and fermenting and decomposing to prepare the biological bacteria organic fertilizer; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the application amount of the biological bacteria organic fertilizer is 5.0-7.5 kg/m 2 。
In addition, it is preferable that the method further includes: carrying out regulation and control treatment on serious overproof heavy metal lead in soil of the planting area; the method for regulating and controlling the pollution of the heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area comprises the following steps:
detecting the content of heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area;
when the heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area exceeds the standard seriously, the pollution regulation and control treatment is carried out on the heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area by spreading potassium dihydrogen phosphate or calcium dihydrogen phosphate in the soil of the planting area; wherein the application amount of the monopotassium phosphate or the monocalcium phosphate is 30-60 kg/mu.
In addition, the preferable scheme is that the seedling specification of the shrub plant is a two-year-old seedling; and/or the seedling specification of the arbor plant is a two-year seedling.
In addition, the preferable scheme is that the seedlings of the shrub plants are planted in a hole planting mode, hole planting parameters are that the diameter is 20-40 cm, the depth is 20-30 cm, and the plant distance between adjacent seedlings of the shrub plants is 60-100 m; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the seedlings of the arbor plants are planted in a hole planting mode, hole planting parameters are that the diameter is 20-40 cm, the depth is 20-30 cm, and the planting distance between the seedlings of the adjacent arbor plants is 1.5-2.5 m.
In addition, preferably, the shrub plant species includes at least three resistant shrub plants selected from the group consisting of photinia fraseri, amorpha fruticosa, ligustrum quihoui, ramie, lespedeza bicolor, and vitex negundo; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the varieties of the arbor plants comprise at least two resistant arbor plants in masson pine, robinia pseudoacacia, paulownia, camphor trees and ligustrum lucidum ait.
In addition, preferably, the herbaceous plant seeds are mixed herbaceous plant seeds, and the mixed herbaceous plant seeds comprise: 60-70% of seeds of gramineous plants, 20-30% of seeds of leguminous plants, 5-10% of seeds of compositae plants and 2-5% of seeds of other herbaceous plants; the spreading amount of the mixed herbaceous plant seeds is 40-80 g/m 2 (ii) a And/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the variety of the herbaceous plant comprises: paspalum latifolium, ryegrass, bermuda grass, pennisetum alopecuroides, festuca arundinacea, cajanus cajan, sesbania, rape flower, zinnia, coreopsis and tanacetum vulgare.
According to the technical scheme, the ecological restoration method of the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump provided by the invention has the advantages that the soil of the extremely-acidified waste dump is improved in situ through the pre-prepared high-efficiency mineral substance functional agent, slaked lime and the like contained in the high-efficiency mineral substance functional agent can quickly slake acid, alkaline materials such as sepiolite powder and active montmorillonite powder and the like slowly adjust the pH of the soil, the quick effect and the slow effect are combined, organic matters and quick-acting nutrients are quickly supplemented through biological (bacterial) organic fertilizers, the overlong curing time is not required to be consumed, the mixed grass seeds can be planted after the high-efficiency mineral substance functional agent is spread on site, the planting is quick, the survival rate is high, the mixed grass seeds can germinate in about 7 days, the restoration cost loss caused by soil curing period construction can be reduced, and geological disasters such as water and soil loss can be prevented; based on near-natural restoration, the adaptability of the plant to the environment is realized through reasonable plant variety collocation, the requirements of ecology, interspecific symbiosis, tolerance and water and soil conservation are met, and the biodiversity is met; by three-dimensional matching of arbor and shrub plant species, combination of transplanting and broadcasting, a plant community system for replacing plant landscape in spring, summer and autumn can be quickly established, the stability is good, maintenance is not needed after survival, and degradation is avoided; the invention has the advantages of convenient field construction operation, good ecological restoration effect, obvious improvement on the extreme acidification environment and water and soil loss of the soil in the waste dump, obvious reduction of the content of the effective state of heavy metal, low restoration cost, suitability for large-area popularization and application and the like.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, one or more aspects of the invention comprise the features hereinafter fully described. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the invention. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed. Further, the present invention is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.
Drawings
Other objects and results of the present invention will become more apparent and readily appreciated by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and as the invention becomes more fully understood. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of an ecological restoration method for a metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump according to an embodiment of the present invention.
In the drawings, the same reference numerals indicate similar or corresponding features or functions.
Detailed Description
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It may be evident, however, that such embodiment(s) may be practiced without these specific details.
Aiming at the problems of long construction period, high construction cost and the like of the conventional ecological restoration construction method for the extremely-acidified waste dump, the ecological restoration method for the extremely-acidified waste dump of the metal mine is provided.
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In order to explain the ecological restoration method of the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump provided by the invention, fig. 1 shows the flow of the ecological restoration method of the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump according to the embodiment of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the ecological restoration method for the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
s1, trimming a side slope of a metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump, building a water intercepting and draining facility on the trimmed side slope, and determining a planting area according to a target area of ecological restoration of the extremely-acidified waste dump;
s2, spraying a pre-prepared mineral functional agent into the planting area to regulate and control the pollution of the extremely acidified soil in the planting area; wherein, the mineral functional agent comprises the following raw materials in proportion: 2-10 kg/m 2 10-20 kg/m of slaked lime powder 2 12-20 kg/m of modified attapulgite clay 2 10-15 kg/m of sepiolite powder 2 The active montmorillonite powder of (1);
s3, spreading a pre-prepared biological bacterium organic fertilizer to the planting area after pollution regulation and control, and performing nutrition regulation and control on soil in the planting area after pollution regulation and control;
s4, according to a preset arbor and shrub plant community planting scheme, respectively planting the nursery stocks of shrubs and arbors to the specified positions of the planting areas after nutrition regulation, and sowing seeds of herbaceous plants at the vacant positions of the planting areas where the shrubs and arbors are planted in an inter-row sowing manner to obtain a primary ecological area;
s5, ploughing the primary ecological area, and covering the ploughed soil with a heat insulation material in a heat insulation manner to obtain an ecological restoration area;
s6, replanting and nurturing shrub plants, arbor plants and herbaceous plants on the ecological restoration area according to preset time, so that the metal mine extremely-acidified refuse dumps form ecological plant communities. Among them, the preset time is preferably half to one year.
The soil in-situ improvement of the polar acidification waste dump is carried out through the pre-prepared mineral substance functional agent, slaked lime and the like contained in the mineral substance functional agent can rapidly eliminate acid, alkaline materials such as sepiolite powder, active montmorillonite powder and the like slowly and effectively regulate the pH of the soil, the quick and slow effects are combined, organic matters and quick-acting nutrients are rapidly supplemented through the biological bacterium organic fertilizer, overlong curing time is not consumed, the trees and shrubs can be planted after the mineral substance functional agent is applied on site, the construction is rapid, the survival rate is high, the mixed grass seeds can germinate for about 7 days, the repair cost loss caused by the construction of the soil curing period in the rainstorm period can be reduced, and geological disasters such as water and soil loss can be prevented; based on near-natural restoration, the plant species are reasonably matched, so that the adaptability of the plant to the environment is realized, the requirements of ecology, interspecific symbiosis, tolerance and water and soil conservation are met, and the biodiversity is met; by three-dimensional matching of arbor and shrub plant species, combination of transplanting and broadcasting, a plant community system for replacing plant landscape in spring, summer and autumn can be quickly established, the stability is good, maintenance is not needed after survival, and degradation is avoided; the invention has the advantages of convenient field construction operation, good ecological restoration effect, obvious improvement on the extreme acidification environment and water and soil loss of the soil in the waste dump, obvious reduction of the content of the effective state of heavy metal, low restoration cost, suitability for large-area popularization and application and the like.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method for repairing a side slope of a metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump, building a water interception and drainage facility on the repaired side slope, and determining a planting area according to a target area of ecological restoration of the extremely-acidified waste dump comprises:
building a water intercepting and draining facility on the slope surface of the side slope of the metal mine extremely-acidified refuse dump, and taking the slope surface as a planting area;
ditching the planting area to form at least two strip-shaped ditches, taking the strip-shaped ditches as the planting area of shrub plants and arbor plants, and taking the residual area in the planting area after removing the planting area as the herbaceous plant planting area; wherein the interval width between adjacent strip-shaped grooves is 100-150 cm.
Particularly, the slope surface is manually ditched, so that the slope surface rainwater can be conveniently cut and drained. The water interception and drainage facility is one of important measures for acid isolation and acid control of the extremely acidified waste dump, and prevents strong acid water around the stormwater from destroying the artificial vegetation restored at the initial stage again; the slope is mainly subjected to 'flexible' ecological trimming and is assisted by 'rigid', a pick and a shovel are used for manually ditching the slope, and the interval width of adjacent strip ditches is 100-150 cm, preferably 120cm.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method for controlling the pollution of the extremely acidified soil in the planting area by spraying a pre-prepared mineral functional agent into the planting area comprises:
collecting soil in a planting area, and analyzing acidity and heavy metal elements of a soil sample in the planting area to obtain an acidity value of the soil and a heavy metal pollution degree;
determining the pre-prepared mineral functional agent scattering amount according to the soil acidity value and the heavy metal pollution degree;
and uniformly spreading the mineral functional agent to the planting area according to the preset spreading amount of the mineral functional agent so as to regulate and control the pollution of the extremely acidified soil in the planting area.
Specifically, firstly, a soil sample is collected, the acidity of the soil sample is detected, so that the acidity value of the soil in the planting area is obtained, the preset mineral functional agent scattering amount is determined according to the soil acidity value, and the soil pH value can be adjusted, the content of heavy metal effective states is reduced, medium and trace elements are supplemented, and the growth of acid-producing microorganisms is inhibited by scattering the preset mineral functional agent.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method for regulating and controlling the pollution of the extremely acidified soil in the planting area by sprinkling a pre-prepared mineral functional agent into the planting area further comprises:
when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 4.5, the spraying amount of the mineral functional agent is 0.25-0.50 kg/m 2 。
As a preferable scheme of the invention, the preparation method of the biological bacterial organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
uniformly mixing 40-60 parts of animal wastes, 20-50 parts of rice hulls and 10-15 parts of active probiotic microorganisms, and fermenting and decomposing to prepare a biological bacteria organic fertilizer; and/or the application amount of the biological organic fertilizer is 5.0-7.5 kg/m 2 。
Specifically, the animal manure may be selected from poultry manure, such as chicken manure, duck manure, etc., and livestock manure, such as cow manure, horse manure, etc. The mixed biological bacteria organic materials are fermented and decomposed to obtain the biological bacteria organic fertilizer, and the nutrient content of the soil can be increased by spreading the biological bacteria organic fertilizer, so that the microbial community structure is improved.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method of the present invention further comprises: carrying out regulation and control treatment on serious overproof heavy metal lead in soil of a planting area; the method for regulating and controlling the pollution of heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area comprises the following steps:
detecting the content of heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area;
when the heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area exceeds the standard seriously, the pollution regulation and control treatment is carried out on the heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area by spreading potassium dihydrogen phosphate or calcium dihydrogen phosphate in the soil of the planting area; wherein the application amount of the monopotassium phosphate or the monocalcium phosphate is 30-60 kg/mu.
Specifically, in order to reduce the pollution of heavy metal elements such as lead in soil, the content of heavy metals such as heavy metal lead in the soil of a planting area can be detected, when the content of heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area exceeds the standard seriously, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or calcium dihydrogen phosphate is scattered into the soil of the planting area, so that the pollution regulation and control treatment of the heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area is carried out, and of course, in the step, particularly, in an extremely-acidified soil discharge field with the content of heavy metal lead exceeding the standard seriously, the method can be not adopted if the lead pollution in the soil is light or pollution-free.
As a preferred scheme of the invention, the nursery stock specification of the shrub plant is a two-year-old nursery stock; and/or the specification of the nursery stock of the arbor plant is a two-year-old nursery stock.
Specifically, the method mainly comprises the steps of taking near-natural restoration as a main part, reasonably selecting plant varieties, matching the plants to meet the requirements of ecology, tolerance and water and soil conservation, and conforming to the principle of biodiversity, wherein the community structure mainly comprises grass shrubs and arbors, and is three-dimensionally configured. .
As a preferred scheme of the invention, the seedlings of shrub plants are planted in a hole planting mode, the hole planting parameters are that the diameter is 20-40 cm, the depth is 20-30 cm, and the distance between adjacent seedlings of shrub plants is 60-100 m; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the seedlings of the arbor plants are planted in a hole planting mode, the hole planting parameters are that the diameter is 20-40 cm, the depth is 20-30 cm, and the plant distance between the seedlings of adjacent arbor plants is 1.5-2.5 m.
Specifically, hole planting is adopted for arbor and shrub plant planting, wherein hole planting parameters are that the diameter is 20-40 cm, and the depth is 20-30 cm; the distance between the trees is 1.5 to 2.5m, and the distance between the shrubs is 60 to 100m.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the species of the shrub plant includes at least three resistant shrub plants among photinia fraseri, amorpha fruticosa, ligustrum quihoui, ramie, lespedeza bicolor, and vitex negundo; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the arbor plant species include at least two tolerant arbor plants selected from Pinus massoniana, robinia pseudoacacia, paulownia tomentosa, cinnamomum camphora, and Ligustrum lucidum.
Specifically, preferred tolerant arbor plant varieties are not less than two of Pinus massoniana (pimus massoniana lamb.), robinia pseudoacacia (Robinia pseudoacacia l.), paulownia fortunei (Paulownia fortunei), cinnamomum camphora (cinmamomicum bodinieri levl.), ligustrum lucidum (wall. Ex g.don) hook.f.) (small arbor), and preferred plants are Pinus massoniana and Robinia pseudoacacia; preferred resistant shrub plant species are not less than three of Photinia fraseri (Photinia x fraseri stress), amorpha fruticosa (Amorphophaliosa Linn.), ligustrum quihoui (Ligustrum quihoui Carr.), ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.), lespedeza bicolor Turcz, and wattle (Vitex negundo L. Var. Heterophylla (Franch.) Rehd.), and preferred plants are Photinia fraseri and Ligustrum quihou.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the seeds of herbaceous plants are mixed herbaceous plant seeds and mixed herbaceous plant seeds include: 60-70% of seeds of gramineous plants, 20-30% of seeds of leguminous plants, 5-10% of seeds of compositae plants and 2-5% of seeds of other herbaceous plants; the spreading amount of the mixed herbaceous plant seeds is 40-80 g/m 2 (ii) a And/or, the variety of herbaceous plants includes: paspalum latifolium, perennial ryegrass, bermuda grass, pennisetum alopecuroides, festuca arundinacea, pigeon pea, sesbania, rape flower, zinnia, coreopsis and thiohuaju, etc.
Specifically, other herbaceous plants such as Rosaceae, etc. Preferred herbaceous plants are mixed in the above-mentioned proportions in the families of Poaceae, leguminosae, compositae and other herbaceous plants and are selected for intercropping, and preferred resistant herbaceous plant species are Paspalum distichum (Paspalum notatum Fluge), lolium perenne (Lolium perenne L.), cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, euphorbia stellera (Indigofera Bunge Bulangana Walp.), imperata Festuca (Festuca elata Keng ex E.Alexev), cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp.), sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Ponn), elaenia canadensis (Blassikakephes), bordetella pertussis (Ziia elegans Jacq), sphaeria chamomilla (Cosmos biopathes) and the above-mentioned proportions are mixed and sown between lines, and preferred resistant herbaceous plant species are Paspalum perennis (Paspalum indicum L.) L.80/80 2 。
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the thermal insulation material is preferably straw; according to the method, shrubs, arbors and herbaceous plants on the ecological restoration area are replanted and nurtured according to preset time, so that the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump forms an ecological plant community, wherein the preset time is preferably half a year to one year, and the method can be specifically carried out according to actual conditions. So that the later stage of the method is gradually replaced to a vegetation community system close to natural soil, the vegetation community system is not degraded, and the soil acidification and heavy metal pollution are effectively controlled.
In order to better embody the effect of the ecological restoration method of the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump provided by the invention, a vegetation rapid reconstruction field experiment is carried out on the extremely-acidic waste dump in the Dabao mountain polymetallic mining area of Guangdong province.
Example 1
The large Baoshan mining area is a large polymetallic ore mountain taking iron and copper as main materials, the upper part of the polymetallic ore deposit is a weathering leaching type limonite deposit, the middle part of the polymetallic ore deposit is a layered siderite deposit, and the lower part of the polymetallic ore deposit is a copper, lead, zinc and pyrite deposit, a porphyry type molybdenum ore deposit and a skarn type molybdenum polymetallic deposit. The new mountain area is mostly covered by no vegetation, is bare soil, has serious water and soil loss, and is a waste land left historically to form a refuse dump, a dew stope and the like which contain pollutants such as sulfur, heavy metals and the like, under the precipitation condition, the sulfur is easily oxidized to generate acid water, so that the heavy metals are continuously dissolved out, the sulfur is a main source of the acid wastewater discharged from the mine area of the big Baoshan, and the water quality of the downstream cross rocky water and the farmland soil are seriously polluted.
The extremely acidic waste dump is located in project areas of two, three and four periods of a Xinshan mountain area of Shaxi town of Shaozhu City, guangdong province, and the current soil state result analysis of the waste dump is as follows: the lead, zinc, copper and cadmium heavy metal elements in the dump site have exceeding standards of different degrees, wherein the exceeding of the lead is the most serious, the average value of the total lead is 6005.7mg/kg, the average value of the total zinc is 941.5mg/kg, the average value of the total copper content is 621.6mg/kg, and the average value of the total cadmium is 1.5mg/kg, wherein the contents of effective lead, effective zinc, effective copper and effective cadmium are respectively 19.3mg/kg, 8.6mg/kg, 14.0mg/kg and 0.1mg/kg; the pH value of the soil acidification index is 3.04, the soil is strong acid soil, the lowest pH value reaches 2.48, the net acid production NAG-pH value is 2.45, and the NAG value is 12.25 (H) 2 SO 4 ，kg/t)。
Firstly, carrying out slope trimming, cutting and draining on a refuse dump; secondly, according to contour lines during manual ditching, the interval width of adjacent strip-shaped ditches is 120cm; first, theThree steps, controlling and improving the extremely acidic soil pollution, manually and uniformly spreading the mineral functional agent prepared in advance in the invention on the surface layer of the soil of a waste dump, and analyzing the application amount according to the acidification degree, wherein the application amount is about 0.30kg/m 2 On the basis, the biological organic fertilizer prepared in advance is uniformly and manually spread on the soil surface layer of the refuse dump, and the spreading amount is 6kg/m 2 Further, manually spreading monopotassium phosphate on the surface layer of the soil in the refuse dump, wherein the application amount is about 60 kg/mu; fourthly, constructing a pioneer-rural arbor and shrub plant community, wherein the community structure is mainly composed of grass and shrubs, and is in three-dimensional configuration, 2-year-old nursery stocks are selectively transplanted by arbor and shrub, and the varieties of arbor are preferred: the masson pine and the locust tree are selected, and the shrub variety is preferably selected: photinia fraseri, amorpha fruticosa, ligustrum quihoui and ramie, and the herb varieties are preferably selected: paspalum latifolium + bermudagrass + Gao Yangmao + pigeon pea + sesbania + sunflower + zinnia, boswellia + thiochrysanthemum, the plant spacing of the trees is 1.5m, the plant spacing of the shrubs is 90m, the herbaceous plants are sowed in a mixed manner, and the sowing amount is 30g/m 2 . After the cultivation is finished, the rice straw is simply ploughed and covered, and reasonable replanting and tending are carried out for about 3-6 months.
Ecological environment index sampling and analysis evaluation are carried out in the later stage of vegetation recovery, (1) acidification control condition monitoring: the net acid production potential (NAG) is reduced by 70 percent, and the pH value of the soil is increased by 4 to 6 units; (2) heavy metal loss control effect: the solidification rate of lead, copper, zinc and cadmium reaches more than 85%, and the content of main heavy metals in front of and behind surface water is reduced by more than 80%; (3) the proportion of acid-producing microorganisms is reduced by 75 percent; (4) change of soil fertility: organic matter and quick-acting NPK are remarkably and greatly improved; (5) the biological diversity is improved, the number of the plant species is more than or equal to 15, the vegetation coverage is more than 95 percent, and the ecological reconstruction achieves remarkable effect.
According to the ecological restoration method for the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump, soil of the extremely-acidified waste dump is improved in situ through the pre-prepared mineral functional agent, slaked lime and the like contained in the mineral functional agent can rapidly slake acid, and alkaline materials such as sepiolite powder, active montmorillonite powder and the like can slowly and effectively regulate the pH value of the soil, so that the soil is quick and slow to act, organic matters and quick-acting nutrients are quickly supplemented through the bio-organic fertilizer, too long curing time does not need to be consumed, arbor and shrub grasses can be planted after the mineral functional agent is spread on site, the construction is quick, the survival rate is high, the mixed grass seeds can germinate in about 7 days, the restoration cost loss caused by soil curing period construction during rainstorm can be reduced, and disasters such as water and soil loss can be prevented; based on near-natural restoration, the adaptability of the plant to the environment through reasonable matching of plant varieties meets the requirements of ecology, interspecific symbiosis, tolerance and water and soil conservation, and meets the biological diversity; by three-dimensional matching of arbor and shrub plant species, combination of transplanting and broadcasting, a spring Xia Qiuzhi objective landscape alternate community system is quickly established, the stability is good, maintenance is not needed after survival, and degradation is avoided. Therefore, the invention has the advantages of convenient field construction operation, good ecological restoration effect, obvious improvement on the extreme acidification environment and water and soil loss of the soil in the waste dump, obvious reduction of the content of the effective state of heavy metal, low restoration cost, suitability for large-area popularization and application, and the like.
The ecological restoration method of the metal mine extremely acidified waste dump proposed according to the present invention is described above by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the method for restoring ecology in a metal mine extremely acidified dump provided by the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should be determined by the contents of the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. An ecological restoration method for a metal mine extremely-acidified dumping site is characterized by comprising the following steps:
trimming a side slope of the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump, building a water intercepting and draining facility on the trimmed side slope, and determining a planting area of the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump according to a target area of ecological restoration of the extremely-acidified waste dump; the method comprises the following steps: building a water intercepting and draining facility on the slope surface of the side slope of the metal mine extremely-acidified refuse dump, and taking the slope surface as a planting area; ditching the planting area to form at least two strip-shaped ditches, taking the strip-shaped ditches as planting areas of shrubs and arbors, and taking the residual areas of the planting areas after the planting areas are removed as herbaceous plant planting areas; wherein the interval width between adjacent strip-shaped grooves is 100-150 cm;
the method comprises the following steps of (1) carrying out pollution regulation and control on extremely acidified soil in a planting area by scattering a pre-prepared mineral functional agent into the planting area; wherein, the mineral functional agent comprises the following raw materials in proportion: 2-10 kg/m 2 10-20 kg/m of slaked lime powder 2 12-20 kg/m of modified attapulgite clay 2 10-15 kg/m of sepiolite powder 2 The active montmorillonite powder of (1);
the method comprises the steps of scattering a pre-prepared biological bacterium organic fertilizer to a planting area after pollution regulation and control, and performing nutrition regulation and control on soil of the planting area after pollution regulation and control;
according to a preset arbor and shrub plant community planting scheme, respectively planting a nursery stock of a shrub plant and a nursery stock of a arbor plant to a specified position of a planting area after nutrition regulation, and sowing seeds of herbaceous plants at vacant positions of the planting area where the shrub plant and the arbor plant are planted according to an inter-row sowing mode to obtain a primary ecological area;
ploughing the primary ecological area, and covering the ploughed soil with a heat insulation material in a heat insulation manner to obtain an ecological restoration area;
and (3) replanting and nurturing shrubs, arbors and herbaceous plants on the ecological restoration area according to preset time, so that the metal mine extremely-acidified refuse dump forms an ecological plant community.
2. The ecological restoration method for the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump as set forth in claim 1, wherein the regulation and control of the pollution of the extremely-acidified soil in the planting area by sprinkling a pre-prepared mineral functional agent into the planting area comprises:
collecting soil of the planting area, and analyzing acidity and heavy metal elements of a soil sample of the planting area to obtain an acidity value of the soil and a heavy metal pollution degree;
determining the spraying amount of the pre-prepared mineral functional agent according to the soil acidity value and the heavy metal pollution degree;
and uniformly spreading the mineral functional agent to the planting area according to the preset spreading amount of the mineral functional agent so as to regulate and control the pollution of the extremely acidified soil in the planting area.
3. The method for restoring ecology in a metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump according to claim 2, wherein the regulation of pollution of extremely-acidified soil in the planting area by sprinkling a pre-prepared mineral function agent into the planting area further comprises:
when the pH value of the soil is less than or equal to 4.5, the spraying amount of the mineral substance functional agent is 0.25-0.50 kg/m 2 。
4. The ecological restoration method for the metal mine extremely-acidified waste dump as set forth in claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the biological organic fertilizer comprises:
uniformly mixing 40-60 parts of animal wastes, 20-50 parts of rice hulls and 10-15 parts of active probiotic microorganisms, and fermenting and decomposing to prepare the biological bacteria organic fertilizer; and/or the presence of a gas in the atmosphere,
the application amount of the biological bacteria organic fertilizer is 5.0-7.5 kg/m 2 。
5. The ecological restoration method for the metal mine extremely acidified waste dump as set forth in claim 1, further comprising: carrying out regulation and control treatment on serious overproof heavy metal lead in soil of the planting area; the method for regulating and controlling the pollution of the heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area comprises the following steps:
detecting the content of heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area;
when the heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area exceeds the standard seriously, the pollution regulation and control treatment is carried out on the heavy metal lead in the soil of the planting area by spreading potassium dihydrogen phosphate or calcium dihydrogen phosphate in the soil of the planting area; wherein the application amount of the monopotassium phosphate or the monocalcium phosphate is 30-60 kg/mu.
6. The ecological restoration method for a metal mine extremely acidified waste dump according to claim 1,
the nursery stock specification of the shrub plant is a two-year-old nursery stock; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the nursery stock specification of the arbor plant is a two-year-old nursery stock.
7. The ecological restoration method for a metal mine extremely acidified waste dump according to claim 1,
planting the seedlings of the shrub plants in a hole planting mode, wherein hole planting parameters are that the diameter is 20-40 cm, the depth is 20-30 cm, and the plant distance between adjacent seedlings of the shrub plants is 60-100 m; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the seedlings of the arbor plants are planted in a hole planting mode, hole planting parameters are that the diameter is 20-40 cm, the depth is 20-30 cm, and the planting distance between the seedlings of the adjacent arbor plants is 1.5-2.5 m.
8. The ecological restoration method for a metal mine extremely acidified waste dump according to claim 1,
the shrub plant species comprise at least three resistant shrub plants of photinia fraseri, amorpha fruticosa, ligustrum quihoui, ramie, lespedeza bicolor and vitex negundo; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the varieties of the arbor plants comprise at least two resistant arbor plants in masson pine, robinia pseudoacacia, paulownia, camphor trees and ligustrum lucidum ait.
9. The ecological restoration method for a metal mine extremely acidified waste dump according to claim 1,
the seeds of herbaceous plant are mixed herbaceous plant seeds, mix herbaceous plant seeds and include: 60-70% of seeds of gramineous plants, 20-30% of seeds of leguminous plants, 5-10% of seeds of compositae plants and2-5% of seeds of other herbaceous plant families; the sowing amount of the mixed herbaceous plant seeds is 40-80 g/m 2 (ii) a And/or the presence of a gas in the atmosphere,
the variety of the herbaceous plant comprises: paspalum latifolium, ryegrass, bermuda grass, pennisetum alopecuroides, festuca arundinacea, cajanus cajan, sesbania, rape flower, zinnia, coreopsis and tanacetum vulgare.
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