CN113749144B - 一种用于防治梨炭疽病和梨轮纹病的保鲜剂及其应用 - Google Patents
一种用于防治梨炭疽病和梨轮纹病的保鲜剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于防治梨炭疽病和梨轮纹病的保鲜剂,保鲜剂中活性成分是由药剂A、B和竹醋液组成,药剂A和B组合为甲基硫菌灵和戊唑醇组合。可有效控制炭疽病、轮纹病对梨储藏期的危害,有效减少药剂的使用量,延缓炭疽病、轮纹病对抗药剂的抗药性,提高保鲜效果,降低贮藏损失,具有显著的经济和社会效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于植物保鲜剂领域,具体涉及一种用于防治梨炭疽病和梨轮纹病的保鲜剂及其应用。
背景技术
梨炭疽病又称苦腐病,是由盘长孢状刺盘孢侵染所引起的、发生在梨上的病害。病原为盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletrichum gloeosporioidesPenz.)。病原菌以菌丝体在僵果或病枝上越冬,第二年条件适宜时对梨树产生侵染。采摘后随梨子生活力降低而逐渐发病,往往在贮藏期间继续扩大甚至造成大量果实腐烂,造成一定的经济损失。梨炭疽病发生普遍,在世界各地梨产区均有发生。
梨轮纹病又称粗皮病,轮纹病菌是一种真菌,有性阶段属于子囊菌亚门,无性阶段属于半知菌亚门Physalospora piricola Nose、(Macrophoma kuwatsukai Hara),梨轮纹病菌和苹果轮纹病菌是同一种可以互相侵染。果实染病后,于果面以皮孔为中心发生水渍状、褐色、近圆形的小斑点,迅速向四周扩展,形成深褐与浅褐色相间的轮纹型病斑,病斑不凹陷,呈软腐状,后期于病部散生小黑点,此为病菌的分生孢子器。病果很快腐烂,可流出茶色汁液,但仍保持果形不变,失水干缩后变僵果。病菌潜育期较长,从幼果期侵染,到近成熟期和贮藏期才表现出症状。是一种较为严重的贮藏期病害。
目前,梨贮藏保鲜方法有化学保鲜剂、天然保鲜剂、生物保鲜剂、气调贮藏等。使用化学保鲜剂具有低成本、高防效等优势,目前仍是一种重要的保鲜防腐手段。化学保鲜剂虽然能起到防腐保鲜作用,但大多具有不同程度的毒性和残留,对人体具有潜在的危害。
竹醋液属于天然保鲜剂,是竹材碳化、热解过程中产生的副产品,由有机酸、酚类、酮类、醇类及脂类等多种组分组成,对多种细菌和真菌具有较强的抑制作用,是一种良好的天然源防腐保鲜剂的开发材料。因此通过竹醋液与化学保鲜剂的复配,开发研制防治梨炭疽病的保鲜剂,对化学保鲜剂使用量的降低,增强保鲜效果起到积极的作用。
发明内容
本发明提供一种可用于防治梨炭疽病和梨轮纹病的保鲜剂及其应用。本发明提供如下技术方案:
一种用于防治梨炭疽病和梨轮纹病的保鲜剂,保鲜剂中活性成分是由药剂A、B和竹醋液组成,药剂A和B组合为甲基硫菌灵和戊唑醇组合。本发明所述的保鲜剂中药剂A和药剂B的质量配比为25∶1~1∶10,化学农药质量百分含量为1~5%,竹醋液质量百分含量在60~80%。优选的药剂A和药剂B的质量配比为10∶1-1∶10、5∶1-1∶5。
本发明所述剂型为水悬浮剂,各组分的重量百分含量为:
本药剂组合物水悬浮剂的加工步骤为:先将助剂及水混合,经高速剪切混合均匀,加入药剂A和药剂B原药,在砂磨机中磨0.5~2小时,使微粒粒径全部在5μm以下,制得本发明所述的组合物水悬浮剂。
本发明所述的溶剂是环己烷、二氯乙烷、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷、环己烷、丙酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲苯、四氯化碳、乙二醇中的一种或几种。
本发明所述的增稠剂是硅酸镁铝、黄原胶、羟甲基纤维素、阿拉伯树胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、黄原胶中的一种或是几种。
本发明所述的乳化剂是烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸盐、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚甲醛缩合物、二苯基酚聚氧乙烯聚甲醛缩合物、二苯基酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚、吐温-60、NNO、MOA-7、601、A-110、TX-10、宁乳700#、5202中的一种或几种。
本发明有益技术效果:
本发明制备得到的保鲜剂可有效控制炭疽病、轮纹病对梨储藏期的危害,有效减少药剂的使用量,延缓炭疽病、轮纹病对抗药剂的抗药性,提高保鲜效果,降低贮藏损失,具有显著的经济和社会效益。
附图说明
图1:复配组合2对梨炭疽病的保鲜效果图
图2:复配组合4对梨轮纹病的保鲜效果图
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例来具体说明本发明的内容。在本发明中,以下实施例是为了更好地阐述本发明,并不是用来限制本发明的范围。下述实施例中所用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。
实施例1竹醋液及杀菌剂对供试植物病原菌的毒力
供试作物病菌:梨炭疽病、轮纹病
测定方法:采用菌丝生长速率法测定竹醋液及杀菌剂对供试植物病原菌的毒力。
将供试竹醋液用无菌水稀释到适当浓度。取稀释后的竹醋液1mL,加入24mL PDA培养基中混合均匀,倒入培养皿中制成含竹醋的培养平板。以加入同量无菌水的PDA培养基平板作为空白对照(CK)。
供试杀菌剂以乙腈溶解并稀释至适当浓度,分别取杀菌剂溶液1mL,与24mLPDA培养基混合均匀,倒入培养皿中制成不同浓度的含药培养基。以加入同量乙腈的PDA培养基平板作为空白对照(CK)。
无菌环境下,用打孔器将固体PDA培养基培养的供试菌种制成直径为5.0mm的菌饼。接种供试病原菌菌饼(菌丝面朝下)。将接种后的PDA培养基平板倒置,放于28℃恒温箱中培养。培养至CK菌丝长至培养皿85%左右,用抗游标卡尺测量菌落直径。计算菌丝生长抑制率,求得各单剂毒力回归方程、相关系数和EC50。
表1各单剂与竹醋液对梨炭疽病、轮纹病的毒力
实施例2复配组合联合作用测试
根据各单剂和竹醋液的EC50,通过正交试验,设计各种配比组合,将各配比组合用无菌水稀释到适当浓度。取稀释后的竹醋液1mL,加入24mL PDA培养基中混合均匀,倒入培养皿中制成含竹醋的培养平板。以加入同量无菌水的PDA培养基平板作为空白对照(CK)。
无菌环境下,用打孔器将固体PDA培养基培养的供试菌种制成直径为5.0mm的菌饼。接种供试病原菌菌饼(菌丝面朝下)。将接种后的PDA培养基平板倒置,放于28℃恒温箱中培养。培养至CK菌丝长至培养皿85%左右,用抗游标卡尺测量菌落直径。计算菌丝生长抑制率,求得各单剂毒力回归方程、相关系数、EC 50和共毒系数。
以共毒系数CTC值评判复配剂的联合毒力作用。CTC值小于80为拮抗作用,80-120之间时为相加作用,120-200具有一定增效作用,大于200为明显增效。
表2正交实验设计表
实验号 | 竹醋液 | 药剂A | 药剂B |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
3 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
4 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
5 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
6 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
7 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
8 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
9 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
10 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
11 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
12 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
13 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
14 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
15 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
16 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
注:列表中的1、2、3、4代表EC50的倍数,以1号实验组为例A1B1C1表示实验各组分浓度比=1倍竹醋液EC50∶1倍药剂AEC50∶1倍药剂B EC50;A、B为甲基硫菌灵或戊唑醇。
表3复配组合(甲基硫菌灵·戊唑醇·竹醋液)对梨炭疽病的毒力
通过表3可以看出,复配组合(甲基硫菌灵·戊唑醇·竹醋液)联合毒力指数CTC大多大于120,说明复配剂具有明显的增效作用。
表4复配组合(甲基硫菌灵·戊唑醇·竹醋液)对梨轮纹病的毒力
通过表4可以看出,复配联合毒力指数CTC基本都大于120,说明复配剂4具有明显的增效作用。
实施例3活体抑菌活性测定
测试方法:实施例中配方与不同药剂进行浸果处理,晾干后每个果子扎孔(3mm深),每个果子扎孔3个。每个孔中贴上5mm菌饼,每组处理6个梨子。室温培养6天,测定病斑直径,验证了药剂对炭疽病和轮纹病的防治效果。
测试药剂:
表5复配剂成分组成(1L)及防治对象
复配组名称 | 竹醋液 | 甲基硫菌灵 | 戊唑醇 | 吡唑醚菌酯 | 助剂 | 剂型 | 防治对象 |
(复配剂2)甲基硫菌灵戊唑醇竹醋液 | 876.5m1 | 43.8g | 9.7g | / | 70g | 悬浮剂 | 炭疽病 |
(复配剂4)甲基硫菌灵·戊唑醇·竹醋液 | 854.5ml | 74.3g | 2.9g | / | 68.3g | 悬浮剂 | 轮纹病 |
对比药剂:43%戊唑醇乳油、70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂
测试结果
表6:复配剂2及对照组活体实验防治效果分析表
通过表6可以看出,复配剂2按照800稀释时,在防治效果上与70%甲基硫菌灵800倍和43%戊唑醇4000倍相当;按照800倍稀释时,防治效果略高于于43%戊唑醇5000倍。
复配剂2的800倍稀释药液,每升中含0.055g甲基硫菌灵和0.012g戊唑醇,相对于单剂甲基硫菌灵800倍稀释药液,每升含0.875g甲基硫菌灵,化学农药有效成分总量减少了92.4%;相对于单剂戊唑醇4000倍稀释药液,每升含0.107g戊唑醇,化学农药有效成分总量减少了37.8%;
复配剂2的1000倍稀释药液,每升中含0.044g甲基硫菌灵和0.010g戊唑醇,相对于单剂甲基硫菌灵1200倍稀释药液,每升含0.583g甲基硫菌灵,化学农药有效成分总量减少了90.8%;相对于单剂戊唑醇5000倍稀释药液,每升含0.107g戊唑醇,化学农药有效成分总量减少了37.8%;
说明复配剂2对梨炭疽病具有良好的防治效果的同时达到农药减量化的目的。
表7:复配剂4及对照组活体实验防治效果分析表
通过表7可以看出,复配剂4按照100稀释时,在防治效果上与70%甲基硫菌灵800倍和43%戊唑醇4000倍相当;按照200倍稀释时,防治效果略高于于43%戊唑醇5000倍。
复配剂4的100倍稀释药液,每升中含0.743g甲基硫菌灵和0.029g戊唑醇,相对于单剂甲基硫菌灵800倍稀释药液,每升含0.875g甲基硫菌灵,化学农药有效成分总量减少了11.8%;
复配剂4的200倍稀释药液,每升中含0.372g甲基硫菌灵和0.015g戊唑醇,相对于单剂甲基硫菌灵1200倍稀释药液,每升含0.583g甲基硫菌灵,化学农药有效成分总量减少了33.8%;说明复配剂4对梨轮纹病具有良好的防治效果。
实施例4竹醋液对杀菌组合联合作用测试
表8:复配2中加竹醋液与不加竹醋液对梨炭疽病的毒力对比
实验组 | 回归方程 | 相关系数 | 共毒系数 |
加竹醋液 | Y=2.15X-2.0638 | 0.9774 | 295.40 |
不加竹醋液 | Y=1.5582x-0.3274 | 0.97993 | 217.25 |
竹醋液EC50∶甲基硫菌灵EC50∶戊唑醇EC50=4∶3∶1
本研究发明首次以竹醋液为主体配置的农药,通过表8可以看出,在复配2中竹醋液的使用明显提高了农药的共毒系数。
表9:复配4中加竹醋液与不加竹醋液对梨炭疽病的毒力对比
实验组 | 回归方程 | 相关系数 | 共毒系数 |
加竹醋液 | Y=2.644X-3.5886 | 0.9929 | 226.47 |
不加竹醋液 | Y=1.4893x-0.1461 | 0.9681 | 140.59 |
竹醋液EC50∶甲基硫菌灵EC50∶戊唑醇EC50=1∶1∶3
本研究发明首次以竹醋液为主体配置的农药,通过表9可以看出,在复配4中竹醋液的使用明显提高了农药的共毒系数。
Claims (3)
1.一种用于防治梨炭疽病的保鲜剂,其特征在于,保鲜剂中活性成分是由药剂A、B和竹醋液组成,药剂A和B组合为甲基硫菌灵和戊唑醇组合;
竹醋液EC50∶甲基硫菌灵EC50∶戊唑醇EC50=1:1:1、1:3:4、2:3:3、2:4:1、3:1:3、4:1:4、4:3:1、4:4:3;
其中竹醋液EC50为11437mg/L,甲基硫菌灵EC50为0.747mg/L,戊唑醇EC50为0.497mg/L;
保鲜剂的剂型为水乳剂和水悬浮剂。
2.一种用于防治梨轮纹病的保鲜剂,其特征在于,保鲜剂中活性成分是由药剂A、B和竹醋液组成,药剂A和B组合为甲基硫菌灵和戊唑醇组合;
竹醋液EC50∶甲基硫菌灵EC50∶戊唑醇EC50=1:1:1、1:3:4、2:3:3、2:4:1、3:1:3、3:3:2、3:4:4、4:1:4、4:2:2、4:4:3;
其中竹醋液EC50为16046mg/L,甲基硫菌灵EC50为0.900mg/L,戊唑醇EC50为0.037mg/L;
保鲜剂的剂型为水乳剂和水悬浮剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的防治梨炭疽病的保鲜剂或权利要求2所述的防治梨轮纹病的保鲜剂,其特征在于,使用方法为喷雾或浸果。
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