CN113732467B - Composite intermediate layer for tungsten/steel connecting piece and diffusion welding method - Google Patents
Composite intermediate layer for tungsten/steel connecting piece and diffusion welding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN113732467B CN113732467B CN202110995697.0A CN202110995697A CN113732467B CN 113732467 B CN113732467 B CN 113732467B CN 202110995697 A CN202110995697 A CN 202110995697A CN 113732467 B CN113732467 B CN 113732467B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K10/00—Welding or cutting by means of a plasma
- B23K10/02—Plasma welding
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Abstract
The invention discloses a composite intermediate layer for a tungsten/steel connecting piece and a diffusion welding method, wherein the composite intermediate layer is formed by sequentially arranging a metal I, a medium-entropy alloy and a metal II; the metal I and the metal II are selected from nickel or niobium, and the thickness of the metal I and the metal II is 5-50 mu m; the medium entropy alloy consists of three elements of Co, cr and Ni; diffusion welding methods of the composite interlayers for tungsten/steel connectors are also disclosed. The composite interlayer in the invention can not only utilize good plastic deformation capability of the medium entropy alloy and the metal simple substance to reduce residual stress of the tungsten/steel connecting piece and improve joint strength, but also reduce diffusion welding temperature and shorten heat preservation time in the process of manufacturing the tungsten/steel connecting piece.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of metal welding parts, in particular to a composite interlayer for a tungsten/steel connecting piece and a diffusion welding method.
Background
Tungsten and its alloys have the advantages of high melting point, high strength, high thermal conductivity, low sputter etch rate, etc., and are considered ideal materials for high temperature applications. However, tungsten has a high density, a high ductile-brittle transition temperature, and difficult machining. The steel is a common metal structure material and has the characteristics of good high-temperature mechanical property, high heat conductivity, easy processing and the like. Thus, reliable connection of the two is one of the key technologies for preparing high performance facing high Wen Fuyi parts; however, the difference of the thermal physical properties such as melting point, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity and the like between tungsten and steel is large, so that the reliable connection of the tungsten and the steel is difficult to realize by the traditional fusion welding.
At present, the connecting method of tungsten and steel mainly comprises vacuum diffusion welding and brazing. The brazing connector often has the problems that the use temperature of the brazing connector is low due to the low melting point of the brazing filler metal, or the brazing filler metal is added with more elements such as Si, B and the like to form brittle intermetallic compounds with metals, so that the performance of the connector is poor. Vacuum diffusion welding is considered to be one of the most effective methods for connecting tungsten and steel because of its relatively low connection temperature and high temperature workability of the connection. When tungsten and steel are diffusion weldedDue to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between tungsten and steel (tungsten 4.5X10 -6 K -1 12-14X 10 steel -6 K -1 ) The large residual stress is easy to generate at the connecting interface in the postweld cooling process, and in addition, brittle intermetallic compounds are easy to generate at the tungsten/steel direct diffusion interface, and all the factors lead to the reduction of the performance of the connecting piece and even lead to the connection failure.
Therefore, in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the stress state at the interface is often relieved by adding an intermediate layer, and the generation of brittle intermetallic compounds at the interface is reduced, so as to improve the performance of the connecting piece. Materials with high melting points and low yield strength are commonly used as interlayers for welding tungsten and steel. In the research of the present stage, a single metal or a bimetal such as Ni, nb, V, ti, fe has been used as an intermediate layer for diffusion welding of tungsten/steel, and a connecting piece having a certain strength has been obtained; however, according to the results of the study, it is known that brittle phases still form in the reaction of the intermediate layer with the base material during diffusion welding, such as V and Ti reacting with elements in the steel to form brittle intermetallic compounds, and bi-metallic intermediate layers such as Ni at Ni/V interface 3 V、Ni 2 V、Ni 2 V 3 These brittle phases result in a decrease in the strength of the joint of the connection. In addition, the thickness of the reaction layer is further increased during the post-welding heat treatment and high-temperature service process of the connecting piece, and the performance of the connecting piece is further reduced.
In recent years, medium-entropy (high-entropy) alloys have received increasing attention for their excellent properties. Unlike conventional one or two principal element-based alloy materials, mid-entropy (high-entropy) alloy refers to an alloy containing a plurality of principal constituent elements, which generally form a single solid solution structure. Due to its unique composition and structure, medium entropy (high entropy) alloys exhibit thermodynamic high entropy effects, structural lattice distortion effects, kinetic delayed diffusion effects, and performance "cocktail effects". The four effects endow the medium-entropy (high-entropy) alloy with excellent performances such as high plasticity and fracture toughness, high-temperature oxidation resistance, good corrosion resistance, thermal stability and the like. The CoCrNi medium entropy alloy is a single-phase face-centered cubic solid solution, has high melting point, good plasticity and cold-hot processing performance, and can be used as an intermediate layer material for diffusion welding of tungsten and steel, and the characteristic of low yield strength and elastic modulus can be utilized to effectively release the interface stress of the dissimilar materials so as to realize the connection of tungsten and steel. However, compared to pure metals, the high entropy and slow diffusion effects of medium entropy (high entropy) alloys make their interface diffusion with the base material slower, requiring higher welding temperatures or longer holding times to achieve high strength interface bonding.
Therefore, in order to obtain a high-strength tungsten/steel connection member at a low welding temperature or a short heat-retaining time, further improving welding efficiency, it is a problem to be solved by those skilled in the art to provide a diffusion welding method for a composite intermediate layer of a tungsten/steel connection member and a tungsten/steel connection member.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a composite interlayer and diffusion welding method capable of obtaining high strength tungsten/steel connectors at a lower welding temperature or a shorter holding time.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme: the composite intermediate layer for the tungsten/steel connecting piece is formed by sequentially arranging a metal I, a medium entropy alloy and a metal II;
the metal I and the metal II are selected from nickel or niobium, and the thickness of the metal I and the metal II is 5-50 mu m;
the medium entropy alloy consists of three elements of Co, cr and Ni.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the composite interlayer in the invention can not only utilize good plastic deformation capability of the medium entropy alloy and the metal simple substance to reduce residual stress of the tungsten/steel connecting piece and improve joint strength, but also reduce diffusion welding temperature and shorten heat preservation time in the process of manufacturing the tungsten/steel connecting piece.
Preferably, the atomic percentage of the Co, cr and Ni is (0.9-1.1): (0.9-1.1), and the crystal structure of the medium entropy alloy is a face-centered cubic structure.
Preferably, the thickness of the medium entropy alloy is 0.3-0.8 mm.
The beneficial effect of adopting above-mentioned technical scheme: the entropy alloy in CoCrNi has lower yield strength and elastic modulus, and can fully release the connection interface stress through the plastic deformation or the viscoplastic deformation of the middle layer, thereby solving the problem of high residual stress of the tungsten/steel connecting piece.
Preferably, the tungsten may be replaced by a tungsten alloy and the steel is selected from ferritic, martensitic or austenitic steels.
The invention also provides a diffusion welding method of the tungsten/steel connecting piece, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Polishing the surfaces to be welded of tungsten, metal I, metal II, medium entropy alloy and steel for later use;
(2) Carrying out ultrasonic cleaning and blow-drying on the product obtained in the step (1);
(3) And (3) sequentially combining the tungsten, the metal I, the medium entropy alloy, the metal II and the steel obtained in the step (2), and then placing the combined materials in a graphite die for discharge plasma diffusion welding to obtain the tungsten/steel connecting piece.
Preferably, in the step (1), the lapping and polishing is required to have a surface roughness Ra of 5 μm or less.
Preferably, in the step (2), the solvent used for ultrasonic cleaning is acetone or alcohol, and the ultrasonic cleaning time is 10-30 min.
Preferably, the technological parameters of the discharge plasma diffusion welding are as follows: vacuum degree is less than or equal to 50Pa, discharge plasma diffusion welding temperature is 800-950 ℃, heat preservation time is 5-20 min, welding pressure is 20-50 MPa, heating rate is 50-100 ℃/min, cooling rate is 5-10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and furnace cooling is carried out to room temperature.
Compared with the prior art, the invention discloses a composite interlayer for a tungsten/steel connecting piece and a diffusion welding method, which have the following beneficial effects: in the invention, the foil of pure nickel (or pure niobium) is inserted between the entropy alloy in CoCrNi and tungsten and between the entropy alloy in CoCrNi and steel, so that interface diffusion can be promoted, good interface metallurgical bonding is formed, the connection strength is improved, the welding temperature is reduced or the heat preservation time is shortened. The invention can improve the welding efficiency due to the reduction of the temperature of diffusion welding or the shortening of the heat preservation time, thereby reducing the production cost of diffusion welding.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
A diffusion welding method for tungsten/steel connectors comprising the steps of:
(1) The pure tungsten, the ferrite steel, the CoCrNi medium entropy alloy (Co: cr: ni=1:1:1) and the pure nickel foil are respectively processed into the sizes of 8mm×8mm, 8mm×8mm×0.6mm and 8mm×8mm×0.005 mm;
(2) Polishing the surfaces to be welded of pure tungsten, ferrite steel, coCrNi medium entropy alloy and pure nickel until the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially placing pure tungsten, ferritic steel, coCrNi medium entropy alloy and pure nickel into absolute ethyl alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and drying for later use;
(4) Combining materials according to the sequence of tungsten, pure nickel foil, coCrN, pure nickel foil and steel, and then placing the combination in a graphite die; and (3) putting the graphite mold filled with the sample to be welded into a discharge plasma sintering furnace for diffusion welding, heating to a diffusion welding temperature of 900 ℃ at a heating rate of 80 ℃/min, a vacuum degree of less than or equal to 50Pa and a welding pressure of 50MPa, preserving heat for 15min, and cooling to room temperature along with furnace cooling at a cooling rate of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃ to obtain the tungsten/Ni/CoCrNi/Ni/steel connecting piece.
Example 2
The diffusion welding method of the tungsten/steel connection is different from example 1 in that the diffusion welding temperature is 850 ℃.
Example 3
The diffusion welding method of the tungsten/steel connection is different from example 1 in that the holding time is 5min and the thickness of pure nickel is 0.01mm.
Example 4
A diffusion welding method for tungsten/steel connectors comprising the steps of:
(1) The tungsten, martensitic steel, coCrNi medium entropy alloy (Co: cr: ni=1:1:1), pure niobium foil were processed to dimensions of 8mm x 8mm, 8mm x 0.6mm, 8mm x 0.05mm, respectively;
(2) Polishing the surfaces to be welded of tungsten, martensitic steel, coCrNi entropy alloy and pure niobium until the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially placing tungsten, martensitic steel, coCrNi medium entropy alloy and pure niobium into absolute ethyl alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and blow-drying for later use;
(4) Combining materials according to the sequence of tungsten, pure niobium foil, coCrNi, pure niobium foil and steel, and then placing the combination in a graphite die; and (3) putting the graphite mold filled with the sample to be welded into a discharge plasma sintering furnace for diffusion welding, heating to a diffusion welding temperature of 900 ℃ at a heating rate of 80 ℃/min, a vacuum degree of less than or equal to 50Pa and a welding pressure of 50MPa, preserving heat for 15min, and cooling to room temperature along with furnace cooling at a cooling rate of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃ to obtain the tungsten/Nb/CoCrNi/Nb/steel connecting piece.
Example 5
A diffusion welding method for tungsten/steel connectors comprising the steps of:
(1) Machining tungsten, martensitic steel, coCrNi entropy alloy (Co: cr: ni=1:1:1), pure niobium foil, and pure nickel foil into dimensions of 8mm×8mm, 8mm×8mm×0.6mm, 8mm×8mm×0.05mm, 8mm×8mm×0.005mm, respectively;
(2) Polishing the surfaces to be welded of tungsten, martensitic steel, coCrNi medium entropy alloy and pure niobium, wherein the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially placing tungsten, martensitic steel, coCrNi medium entropy alloy and pure niobium into absolute ethyl alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and blow-drying for later use;
(4) Combining materials according to the sequence of tungsten, pure niobium foil, coCrNi, pure nickel foil and steel, and then placing the combination in a graphite die; and (3) putting the graphite mold filled with the sample to be welded into a discharge plasma sintering furnace for diffusion welding, heating to a diffusion welding temperature of 900 ℃ at a heating rate of 80 ℃/min, a vacuum degree of less than or equal to 50Pa and a welding pressure of 50MPa, preserving heat for 15min, and cooling to room temperature along with furnace cooling at a cooling rate of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃ to obtain the tungsten/Ni/CoCrNi/Ni/steel connecting piece.
Comparative example 1
A diffusion welding method for tungsten/steel connectors comprising the steps of:
(1) The pure tungsten, the ferrite steel and the CoCrNi entropy alloy (Co: cr: ni=1:1:1) with equal atomic ratio are respectively processed into the sizes of 8mm×8mm, 8mm×8mm×0.6 mm;
(2) Polishing the surface to be welded of the tungsten, the ferrite steel and the CoCrNi medium entropy alloy until the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 5 mu m;
(3) Sequentially placing tungsten, ferrite steel and CoCrNi medium entropy alloy into absolute ethyl alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20min, and drying for later use;
(4) Combining materials in the order of tungsten, coCrNi and steel, and then placing the combination in a graphite mold; and (3) putting the graphite mold filled with the sample to be welded into a discharge plasma sintering furnace for diffusion welding, heating to a diffusion welding temperature of 900 ℃ at a heating rate of 80 ℃/min, a vacuum degree of less than or equal to 50Pa and a welding pressure of 50MPa, preserving heat for 15min, and cooling to room temperature along with furnace cooling at a cooling rate of 10 ℃/min to 500 ℃ to obtain the tungsten/CoCrNi/steel/connecting piece.
Comparative example 2
The diffusion welding method of the tungsten/steel joint was different from comparative example 1 in that the diffusion welding temperature was 1000 c and the steel was martensitic.
Performance testing
In order to comparatively analyze the strength of the tungsten/steel joint under different processes, a mechanical experiment machine is adopted to carry out a tensile experiment on the tungsten/steel diffusion welding head to test the room-temperature tensile strength of the sample, 3 samples are selected for each group to carry out a tensile experiment, and the tensile strength is the average value of the tensile strength of the 3 samples; tensile strength data of the welded joints obtained in examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 2 are shown in Table 1 below:
TABLE 1 tensile Strength test results for tungsten/Steel diffusion welded connections
As is clear from the data in the above table, the tensile strength of the connectors obtained using the scheme of the present invention is higher than that of the connectors obtained using the scheme of the comparative example.
The invention adopts the nickel or (niobium)/medium entropy alloy/nickel (or niobium) composite intermediate layer, and the intermediate layer material can effectively release the interface residual stress of the connecting piece by utilizing the characteristic of lower yield strength and elastic modulus of the medium entropy alloy in the face-centered cubic structure; in addition, a pure nickel (or pure niobium) foil is inserted between the entropy alloy in CoCrNi and tungsten as well as between the entropy alloy in CoCrNi and steel, so that interface diffusion can be promoted, welding temperature can be reduced or heat preservation time can be shortened, and good interface metallurgical bonding can be formed; compared with a single intermediate layer of the entropy alloy in CoCrNi, the adoption of the composite intermediate layer can reduce the welding temperature and shorten the heat preservation time on the basis of ensuring the connection strength.
In the present specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment is mainly described in a different point from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to refer to each other. For the device disclosed in the embodiment, since it corresponds to the method disclosed in the embodiment, the description is relatively simple, and the relevant points refer to the description of the method section.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (5)
1. A diffusion welding method for tungsten/steel connecting pieces by adopting a composite intermediate layer is characterized in that the composite intermediate layer is formed by sequentially arranging a metal I, a medium-entropy alloy and a metal II;
the metal I and the metal II are selected from nickel or niobium, and the thickness of the metal I and the metal II is 5-50 mu m;
the medium-entropy alloy consists of three elements of Co, cr and Ni;
the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Polishing the surfaces to be welded of tungsten, metal I, metal II, medium entropy alloy and steel for later use;
(2) Carrying out ultrasonic cleaning and blow-drying on the product obtained in the step (1);
(3) Sequentially combining the tungsten, the metal I, the medium entropy alloy, the metal II and the steel obtained in the step (2), and then placing the combined materials in a graphite die for discharge plasma diffusion welding to obtain a tungsten/steel connecting piece;
the technological parameters of the discharge plasma diffusion welding are as follows: the vacuum degree is less than or equal to 50Pa, the discharge plasma diffusion welding temperature is 800-950 ℃, the heat preservation time is 5-20 min, the welding pressure is 20-50 MPa, the heating rate is 50-100 ℃/min, the cooling rate is 5-10 ℃/min to 500 ℃, and the furnace cooling is carried out to the room temperature.
2. The diffusion welding method for tungsten/steel joint using a composite interlayer according to claim 1, wherein the atomic percentage of the three elements of Co, cr and Ni is (0.9-1.1): (0.9-1.1), and the crystal structure of the medium entropy alloy is a face-centered cubic structure.
3. The diffusion welding process for tungsten/steel joints employing a composite interlayer according to claim 2, wherein the thickness of the medium entropy alloy is 0.3-0.8 mm.
4. The diffusion welding method for tungsten/steel joint according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the lapping and polishing is required to have a surface roughness Ra of 5 μm or less.
5. The diffusion welding method for tungsten/steel connecting pieces using a composite interlayer according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the solvent used for ultrasonic cleaning is acetone or alcohol, and the ultrasonic cleaning time is 10 to 30 minutes.
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CN114473145B (en) * | 2021-12-20 | 2024-04-16 | 上海工程技术大学 | Control method for forming welding seam of aluminum steel heterogeneous metal arc welding |
CN114951946B (en) * | 2022-05-05 | 2023-06-23 | 湖南大学 | Method for connecting tungsten-cobalt hard alloy and 42CrMo steel by adopting high-entropy alloy |
CN114939753B (en) * | 2022-05-18 | 2023-11-24 | 上海工程技术大学 | Composite brazing filler metal for brazing sapphire and kovar alloy and brazing process thereof |
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