CN113730552A - Composition for improving physiological functions of livestock and poultry and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Composition for improving physiological functions of livestock and poultry and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113730552A
CN113730552A CN202111096924.2A CN202111096924A CN113730552A CN 113730552 A CN113730552 A CN 113730552A CN 202111096924 A CN202111096924 A CN 202111096924A CN 113730552 A CN113730552 A CN 113730552A
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composition
parts
livestock
improving
transfer factor
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CN113730552B (en
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张英杰
张雍禾
张本然
白怡霖
赵霞
张玉杰
徐超
陈龙
张琦杰
谭旭信
靳坤霞
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Henan Debang Biotechnology Co ltd
Zhengzhou Debang Bioengineering Co ltd
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Henan Debang Biotechnology Co ltd
Zhengzhou Debang Bioengineering Co ltd
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    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
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    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
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Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of livestock breeding, in particular to a composition for improving the physiological function of livestock and a preparation method thereof. The composition is prepared by compounding sheep placenta transfer factor, compound vitamin, selenium yeast, calcium gluconate, zinc gluconate, gamma-polyglutamic acid and D-mannitol serving as active ingredients according to a certain mass ratio, can be used as a feed additive, and is added into drinking water or directly injected for use. The components have synergistic effect, so that the growth performance of young birds and young animals is improved, the death rate of the young birds and the young animals is reduced, the growth rate is improved, the immunity of the organism is improved, the immune response reaction of the organism to common vaccines such as newcastle disease, avian influenza and the like is improved, the capacity of the organism to generate effective antibodies after the vaccine is injected into the organism is improved, and the antiviral capacity of the organism is improved; meanwhile, the composition can also effectively improve the production performance of laying fowls in the egg laying period, the milk yield of dairy cows, the milk production period and the like.

Description

Composition for improving physiological functions of livestock and poultry and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of livestock breeding, in particular to a composition for improving the physiological function of livestock and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Livestock and poultry breeding occupies an important proportion in agricultural economy in China and is a dominant industry in traditional agriculture in China. Livestock and poultry breeding is an economic source of farmers and is related to the healthy development of the society in China. The livestock and poultry breeding industry in China is gradually developing towards scale and standardization. Under the traditional industrialized breeding mode, livestock and poultry receive the invasion of various pathogenic microorganisms, the organism immunity of the livestock and poultry can resist the invasion of the pathogenic microorganisms under the normal condition, the possibility that pathogens invade the organism of the livestock and poultry is increased along with the reduction of the immunity, and meanwhile, the immune system can not generate normal immune response, so that the morbidity of the livestock and poultry is increased, and serious economic loss is generated.
Therefore, people realize that the production performances of reducing the casualty rate of young birds and young livestock, improving the physiological functions of the young birds and the young livestock, reducing the risks of diseases, improving the growth and development rate, improving the egg laying period of laying birds, the milk yield of dairy cows, the milk producing period and the like are important directions for increasing the income in the breeding process. A plurality of vaccine products or feed additive products exist in the market, and are used for reducing the infection of viruses or bacteria, improving the physiological function of livestock and poultry, increasing the growth and development rate and increasing the egg and milk yield. However, with the development of economy and the improvement of the living standard of people, people particularly favor green, safe and pollution-free pure natural food, and especially have stricter requirements on the quality of meat, eggs and dairy products. In order to simultaneously meet the improvement of economic benefits of livestock and poultry breeding and ensure the quality of green, healthy, pollution-free and drug residue-free meat, eggs and dairy products, people begin to develop products which can be repeatedly added and used in the whole growth cycle of livestock and poultry breeding and can improve the comprehensive physiological functions of livestock and poultry, thereby achieving the purposes of safety, greenness, decomposition and no drug resistance and drug residue.
The transfer factor is a substance which is released by lymphocytes and can transfer sensitization information, does not contain protein, is small molecular polypeptide, contains more than 6 amino acids, has molecular weights of different animals and different antigen-specific transfer factors, and has certain difference between a large number of peptide molecules and the types of the amino acids. The transfer factor has no heat source, the activity of the transfer factor is not destroyed by pancreatin, but the transfer factor is unstable to heat, and the transfer factor can specifically transfer the cellular immune information of a donor to a receptor, thereby enhancing the immune function of the receptor. In addition to being widely applied to human medicine, transfer factors are also widely used in products such as additives for enhancing immunity of livestock and poultry in recent years. How to select a transfer factor with a proper source according to a specific product function requirement, how to improve the effective utilization rate of an organism to the transfer factor and improve the comprehensive performance of a product becomes a technical problem to be solved urgently at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the composition for improving the physiological function of the livestock and poultry, the transfer factor is compounded with compound vitamin, multiple trace elements, polyglutamic acid and the like, and the growth performance of young birds and young animals, the production performance of laying birds, the milk yield of dairy cows, the milk producing period and the like are improved.
Meanwhile, the invention also provides a preparation method of the composition for improving the physiological function of the livestock and poultry.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry is prepared from the following effective components in parts by mass: 35-45 parts of sheep placenta transfer factor, 6-12 parts of vitamin complex, 0.8-1.2 parts of yeast selenium, 8-12 parts of calcium gluconate, 8-12 parts of zinc gluconate, 15-25 parts of gamma-polyglutamic acid and 8-12 parts of D-mannitol.
Further preferably, the composition for improving the physiological functions of the livestock and poultry is prepared from the following effective components in parts by mass: 40 parts of placenta caprae seu ovis transfer factor, 9 parts of vitamin complex, 1 part of selenium yeast, 10 parts of calcium gluconate, 10 parts of zinc gluconate, 20 parts of gamma-polyglutamic acid and 10 parts of D-mannitol.
Preferably, in a particular embodiment of the invention, the multivitamins are formed from vitamin a, vitamin D and vitamin E in a ratio of 1: 1: 1, and the components are compounded according to the mass ratio.
Optionally, the composition is freeze-dried powder, and the composition can be microcapsule granules or other formulations according to the requirements of practical application scenes.
The preparation method of the composition for improving the physiological functions of the livestock and the poultry comprises the following operation steps:
1) size mixing: taking the effective components according to the mass part, adding sterile normal saline, and uniformly mixing to obtain composition slurry;
2) molding: is prepared by molding according to the dosage form of the composition.
Preferably, in the step 1), the ratio of the materials to the liquid is 1: adding physiological saline in a ratio of 0.8-1.2.
Optionally, the preparation of the sheep placenta transfer factor before the plasma mixing comprises the steps of taking fresh sheep placenta to remove fat and envelope, mashing, grinding, crushing by ultrasonic cells, repeatedly freezing and thawing after crushing the cells, centrifuging to take supernatant, filtering, performing molecular interception to obtain a transfer factor solution of less than 1000 daltons, measuring the concentration of the transfer factor contained in the transfer factor solution, and taking the transfer factor solution according to the mass parts of the sheep placenta transfer factor in the composition. Preferably, the cells are disrupted and then freeze-thawed 3 times repeatedly.
Preferably, after the physiological saline is added in the step 1), the mixture is uniformly mixed at the temperature of 2-8 ℃, and the pH = 6.5-7.5 is adjusted to obtain the composition slurry.
Preferably, the step 2) of forming comprises the step of freeze-drying the composition slurry prepared in the step 1) to prepare the composition freeze-dried powder for improving the physiological function of the livestock.
The composition for improving the physiological functions of the livestock and poultry is prepared by compounding sheep placenta transfer factor, compound vitamin, selenium yeast, calcium gluconate, zinc gluconate, gamma-polyglutamic acid and D-mannitol which serve as active ingredients according to a certain mass ratio, and can be used as a feed additive, or added into drinking water, or used by injection. The components have synergistic effect, so that the growth performance of young birds and young animals is improved, the death rate of the young birds and the young animals is reduced, the growth rate is improved, the immunity of the organism is improved, the immune response reaction of the organism to common vaccines such as newcastle disease, avian influenza and the like is improved, the capacity of the organism to generate effective antibodies after the vaccine is injected into the organism is improved, and the antiviral capacity of the organism is improved; meanwhile, the composition can also effectively improve the production performance of laying fowls in the egg laying period, the milk yield of dairy cows, the milk production period and the like.
The preparation method of the composition is simple and convenient to operate, easy to control and suitable for industrial production.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail by specific examples.
The placenta transfer factor used in the following examples and comparative examples was prepared by the following method:
removing fat and envelope from fresh placenta caprae seu ovis, mashing, grinding, ultrasonic cell disruption, repeatedly freezing and thawing for 3 times after cell disruption, centrifuging to obtain supernatant, filtering, performing molecular interception to obtain transfer factor solution below 1000 daltons, and determining the concentration of transfer factor contained therein.
Vitamins, selenium yeast, calcium gluconate, zinc gluconate, gamma-polyglutamic acid, D-mannitol used in the following examples and comparative examples are all commercially available products; wherein the gamma-polyglutamic acid is prepared by fermenting bacillus subtilis.
Example 1
A composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry is prepared from the following effective components in parts by mass: 40 parts of placenta caprae seu ovis transfer factor, 3 parts of vitamin A, 3 parts of vitamin D, 3 parts of vitamin E, 1 part of yeast selenium, 10 parts of calcium gluconate, 10 parts of zinc gluconate, 20 parts of gamma-polyglutamic acid and 10 parts of D-mannitol.
The preparation method of the composition of this example comprises the following specific steps:
1) size mixing: taking the effective component components according to the mass portion, wherein the material-liquid ratio is 1: 1, supplementing sterile normal saline, uniformly mixing at the temperature of 2-8 ℃, and adjusting the pH =7.0 to obtain composition slurry;
2) molding: freeze-drying the composition slurry prepared in the step 1) to prepare the composition freeze-dried powder for improving the physiological function of the livestock.
Example 2
A composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry is prepared from the following effective components in parts by mass: 35 parts of placenta caprae seu ovis transfer factor, 4 parts of vitamin A, 4 parts of vitamin D, 4 parts of vitamin E, 1.2 parts of yeast selenium, 8 parts of calcium gluconate, 12 parts of zinc gluconate, 15 parts of gamma-polyglutamic acid and 8 parts of D-mannitol.
The preparation method of the composition of this example comprises the following specific steps:
1) size mixing: taking the effective component components according to the mass portion, wherein the material-liquid ratio is 1: 0.8 adding sterile normal saline, uniformly mixing at 28 ℃, and adjusting the pH =6.5 to obtain composition slurry;
2) molding: freeze-drying the composition slurry prepared in the step 1) to prepare the composition freeze-dried powder for improving the physiological function of the livestock.
Example 3
A composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry is prepared from the following effective components in parts by mass: 45 parts of placenta caprae seu ovis transfer factor, 2 parts of vitamin A, 2 parts of vitamin D, 2 parts of vitamin E, 0.8 part of yeast selenium, 12 parts of calcium gluconate, 8 parts of zinc gluconate, 25 parts of gamma-polyglutamic acid and 12 parts of D-mannitol.
The preparation method of the composition of this example comprises the following specific steps:
1) size mixing: taking the effective component components according to the mass portion, wherein the material-liquid ratio is 1: 1.2 supplementing sterile normal saline, uniformly mixing at the temperature of 2-8 ℃, and adjusting the pH =7.5 to obtain composition slurry;
2) molding: freeze-drying the composition slurry prepared in the step 1) to prepare the composition freeze-dried powder for improving the physiological function of the livestock.
Comparative example 1
The composition provided in this comparative example is different from example 1 in that gamma-polyglutamic acid is omitted and the amount of placenta transfer factor is increased by 60 parts, and the other steps are the same as example 1.
Comparative example 2
The composition provided by the comparative example is different from the composition provided by the example 1 in that the selenium yeast is saved, the dosage of the sheep placenta transfer factor is increased to 50 parts, and the rest is the same as the composition provided by the example 1.
Comparative example 3
The composition provided by the comparative example is different from that of example 1 in that the amounts of the yeast selenium, the zinc gluconate and the calcium gluconate are adjusted to 11 parts of the yeast selenium, 5 parts of the zinc gluconate and 5 parts of the calcium gluconate, and the rest is the same as that of example 1.
Test example 1
(1) Freeze-dried powder of the test composition:
composition freeze-dried powder prepared in example 1 and comparative examples 1-3
(2) Test animals and groups
6000 broiler chickens just hatched are randomly and averagely divided into five groups, each group comprises 1200 broiler chickens, and each group comprises A, B, C, D, E groups, wherein group A corresponds to composition freeze-dried powder of example 1, group B corresponds to composition freeze-dried powder of proportion 1, group C corresponds to composition freeze-dried powder of proportion 2, group D corresponds to composition freeze-dried powder of proportion 3, and group E corresponds to blank control group
(3) Test method
(3.1) test site: jincheng Jinyuan agriculture and animal husbandry development limited company cooperative pasture
(3.2) feeding method: normally breeding each group of tested broilers, immunizing newcastle disease and avian influenza, feeding corresponding composition freeze-dried powder for two times every day by concentrated drinking water on the 7 th day, the 21 st day and the 28 th day respectively, wherein the blank control group is fed with the same amount of physiological saline, and the feeding amount of the composition freeze-dried powder is 0.5 mg/kg;
(3.3) data statistics:
randomly weighing the initial average weight of 100 tested broilers in each group, marking, weighing the same 100 average weights after feeding for 30 days (if death occurs, randomly supplementing the tested broilers with the same weight as a supplementary sample), and calculating the average daily gain;
counting the survival rate = survival number/original number of each group of tested broilers after feeding for 40 days;
after feeding the tested broilers for 7 days, 21 days and 28 days, immunizing newcastle disease and avian influenza H7N9 vaccines respectively, randomly extracting blood samples of 100 surviving tested broilers, and after feeding the tested broilers for 30 days, performing newcastle disease antibody titer detection on the collected blood samples by adopting an ELISA method; monitoring the level of avian influenza H7N9 antibody in blood by indirect hemagglutination; (3.4) test results:
the statistical results of the body weight and survival rate data of each test group are shown in the following table 1:
TABLE 1
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
The number of the tested broilers corresponding to different antibody titers of newcastle disease in each test group is shown in the following table 2:
TABLE 2
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
The results of monitoring the avian influenza H7N9 antibody titers for each test group are shown in table 3 below:
TABLE 3
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
It is to be noted that the composition freeze-dried powder provided in examples 2 and 3 of the present invention was verified to have substantially the same improvement in physiological function of chicks as in example 1 according to the same test method as described above.
And (4) conclusion: the data described in tables 1 and 2 indicate that the effective components in the composition freeze-dried powder provided by the invention exert synergistic effect, so that the growth rate of the chicks is increased, the survival rate is increased, and the immune response effect to vaccines and the like is improved.
Test example 2
(1) Test composition freeze-dried powder:
composition freeze-dried powder prepared in example 1 and comparative examples 1-3
(2) Test animals and groups
400 piglets at the beginning of birth are randomly and averagely divided into five groups, wherein 80 piglets in each group are respectively A1, B1, C1, D1 and E1 groups, wherein A1 group corresponds to the composition freeze-dried powder in the example 1, B1 group corresponds to the composition freeze-dried powder in the proportion 1, C1 group corresponds to the composition freeze-dried powder in the proportion 2, D1 group corresponds to the composition freeze-dried powder in the proportion 3, and E1 group is a blank control group
(3) Test method
(3.1) test site: jincheng Jinyuan agriculture and animal husbandry development limited company cooperative pasture
(3.2) feeding method: normally breeding each group of tested piglets, injecting classical swine fever vaccine for epidemic prevention at the age of 25-30 days, injecting corresponding composition freeze-dried powder into each test group at the 1 st day, the 10 th day, weaning and turning, wherein the blank control group is injected with physiological saline with the same amount, and the injection dosage of the composition freeze-dried powder is 0.5 mg/kg;
(3.3) data statistics:
weighing the initial average weight of each tested piglet and the average weight after feeding for 50 days, and calculating the average daily gain;
counting survival = survival/primary number for each group of tested piglets;
respectively injecting the hog cholera vaccine for 15 days and 30 days, randomly selecting 20 tested piglets in each group, and monitoring the antibody level in blood by adopting an indirect hemagglutination method;
(3.4) test results:
the statistical results of the body weight and survival rate data for each test group are shown in table 4 below:
TABLE 4
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
The results of monitoring antibody levels 15 days after injection of swine fever vaccine are shown in table 5 below, and the results of monitoring antibody levels 30 days are shown in table 6 below: wherein the qualification rate of the antibody titer is the number/total number of piglets with the antibody titer achieving the effective protection effect
TABLE 5
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
TABLE 6
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
It should be noted that, according to the same test method as described above, it is verified that the composition freeze-dried powder provided in examples 2 and 3 of the present invention has substantially the same improvement on the physiological function of piglets as in example 1.
And (4) conclusion: the data recorded in tables 3, 4 and 5 indicate that the effective components in the composition freeze-dried powder provided by the invention exert synergistic effect, so that the growth rate of piglets is increased, the survival rate is increased, and the immune response effect to vaccines and the like is improved.
Test example 3
(1) Freeze-dried powder of the test composition:
composition freeze-dried powder prepared in example 1 and comparative examples 1-3
(2) Test animals and groups
500 laying hens entering an egg producing period are randomly divided into five groups of A2, B2, C2, D2 and E2, and each group comprises 100 laying hens, wherein the group A2 corresponds to the composition freeze-dried powder in the embodiment 1, the group B2 corresponds to the composition freeze-dried powder in the proportion 1, the group C2 corresponds to the composition freeze-dried powder in the proportion 2, the group D2 corresponds to the composition freeze-dried powder in the proportion 3, and the group E2 is a blank control group
(3) Test method
(3.1) test site: jincheng Jinyuan agriculture and animal husbandry development limited company cooperative pasture
(3.2) test process and statistical result:
feeding the tested laying hens of each test group with the corresponding composition freeze-dried powder by drinking water every 10 days, wherein the dosage of the composition freeze-dried powder is 0.5mg/kg, and counting the time for improving the laying period of each composition freeze-dried powder test group averagely compared with a control group, wherein the result is 25 days for A2 group; group B2 for 10 days; c2 group 10 days; d2 group 5 days.
Test example 4
(1) Freeze-dried powder of the test composition:
composition freeze-dried powder prepared in example 1 and comparative examples 1-3
(2) Test animals and groups
Selecting 500 cows, randomly dividing into five groups of A3, B3, C3, D3 and E3, and 100 cows in each group, wherein A3 group corresponds to the freeze-dried powder of the composition in example 1, B3 group corresponds to the freeze-dried powder of the composition in proportion 1, C3 group corresponds to the freeze-dried powder of the composition in proportion 2, D3 group corresponds to the freeze-dried powder of the composition in proportion 3, and E3 group is a blank control group
3. Test method
3.1 test field: jincheng Jinyuan agriculture and animal husbandry development limited company cooperative pasture
3.2 test process and statistical results:
the tested dairy cows of each test group are injected with the corresponding composition freeze-dried powder every 10 days, the dosage of the composition freeze-dried powder is 0.5mg/kg, compared with the control group, statistics shows that the milk yield of each composition freeze-dried powder test group is averagely improved, and the result is 7 percent of that of the A3 group; b3 group 5%; c3 group 4%; d3 group 2%;
counting the time for averagely increasing the milk production peak period of each composition freeze-dried powder test group compared with a control group, wherein the result is 15 days for A3 group; group B3 for 12 days; c3 group 10 days; d3 group 5 days.
The test results of the test example 3 and the test example 4 show that the effective components in the composition freeze-dried powder provided by the invention exert a synergistic effect, the egg laying period of the laying fowl and the milk producing period of the milk cow are prolonged, and the milk producing amount of the milk cow is increased.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. The composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry is characterized by being prepared from the following effective components in parts by mass: 35-45 parts of sheep placenta transfer factor, 6-12 parts of vitamin complex, 0.8-1.2 parts of yeast selenium, 8-12 parts of calcium gluconate, 8-12 parts of zinc gluconate, 15-25 parts of gamma-polyglutamic acid and 8-12 parts of D-mannitol.
2. The composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry according to claim 1, which is prepared from the following active ingredients in parts by mass: 40 parts of placenta caprae seu ovis transfer factor, 9 parts of vitamin complex, 1 part of selenium yeast, 10 parts of calcium gluconate, 10 parts of zinc gluconate, 20 parts of gamma-polyglutamic acid and 10 parts of D-mannitol.
3. The composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the sheep placenta transfer factor is prepared by the following method: removing fat and envelope from fresh placenta caprae seu ovis, mashing, grinding, ultrasonic cell disruption, repeatedly freezing and thawing after cell disruption, centrifuging to obtain supernatant, filtering, and molecular interception to obtain transfer factor solution below 1000 daltons.
4. The composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said multivitamins are prepared from vitamin a, vitamin D and vitamin E in a ratio of 1: 1: 1, and the components are compounded according to the mass ratio.
5. The composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the dosage form of the composition is freeze-dried powder.
6. The preparation method of the composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry according to any one of claims 1 to 5, which is characterized by comprising the following operation steps:
1) size mixing: taking the effective components according to the mass part, adding sterile normal saline, and uniformly mixing to obtain composition slurry;
2) molding: is prepared by molding according to the dosage form of the composition.
7. The method for preparing the composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry according to claim 6, wherein the ratio of the feed to the liquid in the step 1) is 1: sterile normal saline is added in the proportion of 0.8-1.2.
8. The method for preparing the composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry according to claim 6, wherein the preparation of the sheep placenta transfer factor before the plasma mixing comprises the steps of taking fresh sheep placenta to remove fat and envelope, mashing and grinding, crushing ultrasonic cells, repeatedly freezing and thawing for 3 times after crushing the cells, centrifuging to take supernatant, filtering, performing molecular interception to obtain a transfer factor solution with the concentration of the transfer factor below 1000 daltons, measuring the concentration of the transfer factor contained in the transfer factor solution, and taking the transfer factor solution according to the mass parts of the sheep placenta transfer factor in the composition.
9. The method for preparing the composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry according to claim 6, wherein the sterile physiological saline is added in the step 1), and then the mixture is uniformly mixed at the temperature of 2-8 ℃, and the pH = 6.5-7.5, so as to obtain the composition slurry.
10. The method for preparing the composition for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry according to claim 6, wherein the step 2) of forming comprises the step of freeze-drying the composition slurry prepared in the step 1) to prepare the composition freeze-dried powder for improving the physiological functions of livestock and poultry.
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CN111388505A (en) * 2020-04-02 2020-07-10 李小波 Preparation method of animal placenta transfer factor
CN112690379A (en) * 2020-12-30 2021-04-23 仲恺农业工程学院 Preparation of zinc gluconate and application thereof in growth performance, tissue mineralization, antioxidation and immune response of freshwater fish
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EP1591018A1 (en) * 2004-04-28 2005-11-02 Cybelia Feed for laying hens, method of feeding and eggs enriched with essential elements
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