CN113718864B - Karst sloping field and stony desertification side slope earth surface and underground water and soil loss integrated test model - Google Patents
Karst sloping field and stony desertification side slope earth surface and underground water and soil loss integrated test model Download PDFInfo
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- CN113718864B CN113718864B CN202111100714.6A CN202111100714A CN113718864B CN 113718864 B CN113718864 B CN 113718864B CN 202111100714 A CN202111100714 A CN 202111100714A CN 113718864 B CN113718864 B CN 113718864B
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Abstract
The invention discloses an integrated test model for water and soil loss of karst sloping fields, stony desertification side slope earth surfaces and underground water and soil, which comprises a test groove body, a waterproof membrane, a filler, a soil body, tracer particles, plants, a rainfall simulation device, a water and soil loss collecting groove, a suction force and water content sensor, a temperature measuring probe and a supporting structure. The filler comprises gravels simulating a slope body and brickworks with regular shapes, and karst sloping fields and stony desertification side slopes under different conditions and corresponding water and soil loss tests are simulated by changing the filler. And through the arrangement of the planting plate grooves, the water and soil surface and underground loss conditions of the plate grooves, the karst sloping fields and the stony desertification side slopes are simulated in the vegetation recovery process of planting plants by arranging the plate grooves on the karst sloping fields and the stony desertification side slopes. The invention can reveal the surface loss and the underground leakage mechanism of karst slope and stony desertification side slope.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the fields of water and soil loss control, ecological environment reconstruction and the like of karst sloping fields and stony desertification side slopes, and particularly relates to a test model for testing water and soil loss of earth surfaces and underground water and soil of the karst sloping fields and the stony desertification side slopes.
Background
Karst sloping fields and stony desertification side slopes have double-layer structures of landings and underground, a series of special and complex water and soil surface losses, underground leakage and other serious problems can be caused, particularly, the underground leakage is often the main soil loss mode in carbonate rock sloping fields with serious karst, karst and depression development and stoning. These all lead to the formation of stony desertification and ecological environment degradation, and seriously restrict the sustainable development of the industries of agriculture, rural areas, traffic, water conservancy and the like in the regions. In order to inhibit the serious water and soil surface loss and underground leakage of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope and promote the vegetation recovery of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope, the mode and the mechanism of the serious water and soil surface loss and underground leakage of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope must be proved.
A series of methods such as field observation, indoor simulation, isotope tracing and the like can be generally adopted for the research on the water and soil loss of the surface of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope, but the research means and the method for the underground leakage mechanism of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope are less. Karst fracture channels can develop continuously along with the action time of water, the distribution rule and the leakage mode of the karst channels are difficult to be known, and the karst fracture channels are only in qualitative description and indoor simulation exploration stages at present. The underground leakage mechanism of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope cannot be fully disclosed, and particularly the method and the simulation system for the integrated test of the surface loss and the underground leakage of the water and the soil of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope are blank. Therefore, the invention discloses a rapid, simple and practical integrated test method and a simulation system, which fully disclose the surface loss and the underground leakage mechanism of the karst slope and the stony desertification side slope water and soil, and are the keys for controlling the surface loss and the underground leakage of the karst slope and the stony desertification side slope water and soil and promoting the vegetation recovery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an integrated test model for water and soil loss of karst sloping fields, stony desertification side slopes and earth surface and underground, and fully reveals the surface loss and the underground loss of the water and soil of the karst sloping fields and the stony desertification side slopes in a quick and convenient mode, thereby providing support for controlling the surface loss and the underground loss of the water and soil of the karst sloping fields and the stony desertification side slopes and promoting vegetation restoration.
The first model provided by the invention is as follows: the karst sloping field, the earth surface of the stony desertification side slope and the underground water and soil loss integrated test model comprises a test groove body, a waterproof membrane, a filler, a rainfall simulation device, a water and soil loss collecting tank and a supporting structure; the testing tank body is a cuboid formed by connecting grid plates and organic glass plates through clamps, the testing tank body keeps inclining according to the gradient of a required test through a supporting structure, the upper end face and the lower end face of the cuboid tank body and the bottom plate are grid plates, the left side face and the right side face are organic glass plates, and the waterproof film is completely attached to the three grid plates; the filler comprises broken stones simulating a slope body and brickwork with a regular shape: when simulating strong development fracture of a slope rock mass, the filler is broken stone; when the simulated slope rock weak development fracture contains a karst channel, the filler is masonry which is piled on the lower layer of the test groove body, and a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved; when the simulated sloping rock mass is a karst channel with strong surface development and weak bottom development, the filler is broken stones and masonry, the masonry is piled on the lower layer of the test groove body, a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved, and the broken stones are uniformly laid on the upper layer of the masonry; the water and soil loss collecting tank comprises a side wall water and soil loss collecting tank arranged on a grid plate on the lower end surface of the test tank body and a bottom water and soil loss collecting tank arranged below a bottom plate of the test tank body, and an opening is reserved in a position corresponding to a waterproof membrane provided with the water and soil loss collecting tank; the rainfall simulation device is arranged above the test tank body.
The second model provided by the invention is as follows: the model simulates the water and soil loss condition of the plate groove in the vegetation recovery process (without considering the slope runoff) by arranging the plate groove to plant plants on the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope. The plate groove is a planting unit of karst sloping fields and stony desertification side slopes, and the soil retaining plate is arranged on the slope surface, and planting soil is filled in the space of the included angle between the soil retaining plate and the slope surface to plant plants so as to recover the vegetation.
The model comprises a test tank body, a waterproof membrane, a filler, a rainfall simulation device, a water and soil loss collecting tank, a suction and water content sensor, a temperature measuring probe, a supporting structure and plants; the test tank body is a cuboid formed by connecting grid plates and organic glass plates through clamps, the test tank body keeps inclining through a supporting structure according to the gradient of a required test, the upper end face, the lower end face and the bottom plate of the cuboid tank body are the grid plates, the left side face and the right side face of the cuboid tank body are the organic glass plates, and the waterproof film is completely attached to the three grid plates; the filler comprises broken stones simulating a slope body, a masonry body with a regular shape and planting soil simulating a plate groove: when strong development cracks of a simulated slope rock mass are generated, the filler is broken stone; when the simulated slope rock weak development fracture contains a karst channel, the filler is a masonry which is piled on the lower layer of the test groove body, and a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved; when the simulated sloping rock mass is a karst-containing channel with strong development on the surface layer and weak development on the bottom layer, the filler is broken stones and masonry, the masonry is piled on the lower layer of the test groove body, a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved, and the broken stones are laid on the upper layer of the masonry; the gravel and the masonry are filled with equal thickness at all positions along the slope; the planting soil is filled in an included angle between the grid plate on the lower end face of the test groove body and the slope body to simulate a planting plate groove; the ratio of the length of the test groove body in the slope direction to the extension length of the planting plate groove in the slope direction is about 1-1.5; the plants are planted in planting soil and comprise arbors or shrubs with developed long root systems and herbaceous or lianas with developed short root systems, so that root plugs and root pockets are formed respectively to inhibit water and soil loss; the water and soil loss collecting tank comprises a side wall water and soil loss collecting tank arranged on a grid plate on the lower end surface of the test tank body and a bottom water and soil loss collecting tank arranged below a bottom plate of the test tank body, and an opening is reserved in a position corresponding to a waterproof membrane provided with the water and soil loss collecting tank; the suction and moisture content sensor and the temperature probe are embedded in planting soil, and the soil body contains tracer particles; the rainfall simulation device is arranged above the test tank body.
The third model provided by the invention is as follows: an underground water and soil loss test model of karst sloping fields, stony desertification side slopes and planting plate grooves is used for simulating and testing the water and soil underground loss condition after the planting plate grooves are arranged on the karst sloping fields and the stony desertification side slopes (considering slope runoff). The model is obtained by arranging a plate groove on a slope surface, filling planting soil and planting plants in the plate groove on the basis of a first model, wherein the plants comprise trees or shrubs with developed long root systems (main root systems) and herbs or lianas with developed short root systems, so that root plugs and root pockets are formed respectively to inhibit water and soil loss. The long root system of the plant is put into the karst passage so as to plug the karst passage, and the short root system is spread in the planting soil to form a root pocket.
The model comprises a test tank body, a waterproof membrane, a filler, a rainfall simulation device, a water and soil loss collecting tank, a suction and water content sensor, a temperature measuring probe and a supporting structure; the test tank body is a cuboid formed by connecting grid plates and organic glass plates through clamps, the test tank body keeps inclining through a supporting structure according to the gradient of a required test, the upper end face, the lower end face and the bottom plate of the cuboid tank body are the grid plates, the left side face and the right side face of the cuboid tank body are the organic glass plates, and the waterproof film is completely attached to the three grid plates; the filler comprises broken stones simulating a slope body, a masonry body with a regular shape and planting soil simulating a plate groove: when strong development cracks of a simulated slope rock mass are generated, the filler is broken stone; when a weak development crack of a slope rock body is simulated, the filler is masonry which is piled at the middle lower part of the test groove body, and a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved; when the simulated sloping rock mass is a karst-containing channel with strong development on the surface layer and weak development on the bottom layer, the filler is broken stones and masonry, the masonry is piled on the lower layer of the test groove body, a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved, and the broken stones are laid on the upper layer of the masonry; the planting soil is filled in an included angle between the grid plate on the lower end face of the test groove body and the slope body to simulate a planting plate groove; the ratio of the length of the test groove body in the slope direction to the extension length of the planting plate groove in the slope direction is about 4-6; arbor or shrub with developed long root system and herbaceous or vine with developed short root system are planted in the plate groove, so that root plugs and root pockets are formed respectively to inhibit water and soil loss; the water and soil loss collecting tank comprises a side wall water and soil loss collecting tank arranged on a grid plate on the lower end surface of the test tank body and a bottom water and soil loss collecting tank arranged below a bottom plate of the test tank body, and an opening is reserved in a position corresponding to a waterproof membrane provided with the water and soil loss collecting tank; the suction and moisture content sensor and the temperature probe are embedded in planting soil, and the soil body contains tracer particles; the rainfall simulation device is arranged above the test tank body.
In the second and third test models, the developed plants with long roots are shrubs such as bougainvillea spectabilis and vetiver grass which can be drilled into karst tunnels to form root plugs, and the developed plants with short roots can wrap soil to form root soil cushions (root pockets), such as parthenocissus tricuspidata, crabapple flowers, alfalfa, and red phoenix-gum-tree plants which help to inhibit water and soil loss.
In the three test models, a layer of slope soil is laid on the surface of a simulated slope in the test groove body, natural soil on the surfaces of a simulated karst slope and a stony desertification side slope is simulated, and tracer particles are contained in soil; under the condition that the hydraulic characteristics of the slope soil material need to be tested, a suction force and water content sensor and a temperature probe are buried in the slope soil material.
According to the three test models, further, when strong development cracks of a rock body are simulated, part of gravel filler is filled in the test groove body after being filled in the gabion. The arrangement of the gabion can be used to set up a gabion after testing for further testing.
In the three test models, furthermore, the slope surface of the model is provided with an artificial rain collecting surface material or a vegetation carpet underlying surface of the climbing plants; the artificial rain collecting surface material is one of concrete, cement soil, organic silicon sprayed soil, and mixed sprayed soil of microbial liquid and cementing liquid.
The three test models are characterized in that the side wall water and soil loss collecting tanks are transversely arranged on the grid plate along the elevation in a layered mode, and the bottom water and soil loss collecting tanks are uniformly arranged on the bottom plate.
Above-mentioned three kinds of test models, bottom soil erosion and water loss collecting vat are provided with the bottom opening, are provided with the soil erosion and water loss collecting box that capacity is bigger under the bottom soil erosion and water loss collecting pipe groove.
According to the three test models, when the simulated slope body contains the karst passage, the bottom water and soil loss collecting tank is arranged corresponding to the outlet of the karst passage.
The three test models further comprise a plurality of uniformly arranged spray pipes, and the rainfall simulation device can adjust the water outlet flow so as to control the rainfall intensity.
In the three test models, the grating plate can be a stainless steel grating plate or a plastic grating plate, or a bamboo raft brushed with anticorrosive paint or asphalt, and the like.
The three test models are characterized in that the masonry is a building brick, a wood block or a concrete block.
In the three test models, the slope soil material and/or the planting soil further contain tracer particles.
In the three test models, further, under the condition that temperature measurement is needed, a temperature measuring probe is buried in slope soil and/or planting soil.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the models are used for researching the mechanism of serious water and soil surface loss and underground leakage of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope, and the operation of rapidness, simplicity, practicability and integration (the surface loss and the underground leakage are monitored simultaneously) improves the layered collection efficiency of the three-dimensional water and soil leakage, so that the generation and the migration mechanism of the water and soil surface loss and the underground leakage of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope can be fully revealed.
2. The method is simple and easy to implement, low in cost and good in using effect, can be directly used for guiding the research and application of the prevention measures of serious water and soil surface loss and underground leakage of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope, and promotes the water and soil co-storage, water and soil conservation, ecological slope protection and environment reconstruction of the karst sloping field and the stony desertification side slope.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a working condition of a first test model according to the present invention: (a) a side view, (b) a plan view, and (c) an elevation view of the lower end portion.
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of another condition of the first test model according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a second test model according to the present invention: (a) strong development fractures, (b) weak development karst-containing channels.
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a third experimental model according to the present invention.
In the figure: 1-grating plate, 2-waterproof membrane, 3-organic glass plate, 4-rainfall simulation device, 5-broken stone, 6-masonry, 7-gabion, 8-slope soil (mixed with tracer particles), 9-1-side wall water and soil loss collecting tank, 9-2-bottom water and soil loss collecting tank, 10-1-plant with developed long root system, 10-2-plant with developed short root system, 11-artificial rain collecting surface material or climbing tiger vegetation blanket underlying surface, 12-simulated karst channel, 13-main root system plug (root plug) of karst channel, 14-root pocket, 15-1-suction sensor, 15-2-moisture content sensor, 15-3 temperature measuring probe, 16-water and soil loss bottom collecting box, 17-planting soil (mixed with tracer particles), 18-supporting structure.
Detailed Description
The various test models of the present invention are further described below in the detailed description. It should be noted that the following examples are only intended to illustrate the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention, and that those skilled in the art can make modifications and variations of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The invention provides an integrated test model of water and soil loss of karst slope, stony desertification side slope surface and underground, which is used for simulating and testing the water and soil loss conditions of the karst slope, the stony desertification side slope surface and the underground with strong development cracks as shown in figure 1.
The model comprises a test tank body, a waterproof membrane 2, a filler, a rainfall simulation device 4, a water and soil loss collecting tank, a suction sensor 15-1, a water content sensor-15-2, a temperature measuring probe 15-3 and a supporting structure 18.
The test tank body is a cuboid body formed by enclosing of grid plates and organic glass plates, the test tank body keeps inclining according to the gradient of a required test through a supporting structure, according to the down-slope direction, the upper end face, the lower end face and the bottom plate of the cuboid tank body are stainless steel grid plates 1, and the left side face and the right side face of the cuboid tank body are organic glass plates 3; the waterproof film 2 is completely attached to three grating plates; the filler is gravel 5 and slope soil 8 which are different in size, and the slope soil is laid on the upper layer of the gravel to simulate slope surface soil; wherein, part of the gravel filler is filled in the test groove body after being contained in the gabion 7. The arrangement of the gabion can be used to set up a gabion after testing for further testing.
The water and soil loss collecting tank comprises a side wall water and soil loss collecting tank 9-1 arranged on a grid plate on the lower end surface of the test tank body and a bottom water and soil loss collecting tank 9-2 arranged below a bottom plate of the test tank body; the side wall soil erosion and water loss collecting grooves are transversely arranged on the grid plates along the elevation in a layered mode, and the bottom soil erosion and water loss collecting grooves are evenly arranged on the bottom plate in a multiple mode. The bottom soil erosion and water loss collecting tank is provided with a bottom opening, and a soil erosion and water loss bottom collecting box 16 with larger capacity is arranged right below the bottom soil erosion and water loss collecting pipe tank. Wherein, the waterproof membrane provided with the soil erosion collecting tank is reserved with an opening at the corresponding position.
A suction sensor 15-1, a water content sensor 15-2 and a temperature measuring probe 15-3 are embedded in the surface soil of the slope, and tracer particles are mixed in the surface soil of the slope; the rainfall simulation device is arranged above the test tank body and is a plurality of uniformly arranged spray pipes.
The slope surface of the model is provided with an artificial rain collecting surface material or a climbing tiger vegetation blanket underlying surface 11; the artificial rain collecting surface material is one of concrete, cement soil, organic silicon sprayed soil, microbial liquid and cementing liquid mixed sprayed soil so as to detect the water and soil loss condition of the surface protection of different materials under the action of rainfall.
Example 2
The invention provides an integrated test model of water and soil loss of karst sloping fields, stony desertification side slope earth surfaces and underground water and soil, which is used for simulating and testing the conditions of water and soil loss of the karst sloping fields containing karst channels with strong development cracks on the surface and weak development cracks on the bottom layer, the stony desertification side slope earth surfaces and the underground water and soil, as shown in figure 2.
The model is different from the model of the embodiment in that the fillers comprise broken stones 5, masonry 6 and slope soil 8, wherein the masonry is piled up at the middle lower part of the test groove body, a channel simulation karst channel 12 vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved, the broken stones are uniformly laid on the upper layer of the masonry, and the soil is laid on the upper layer of the broken stones to simulate the surface soil of the slope; the bottom soil erosion collecting tank is arranged corresponding to an outlet of the karst passage.
Example 3
In the model for testing the soil and water loss of the planting plate groove in the karst slope and the stony desertification side slope, as shown in fig. 3 (a), the model simulates the condition that the plate groove is arranged on the karst slope and the stony desertification side slope to plant plants under the conditions of strong development cracks and complete surface soil loss, and the soil and water loss of the plate groove is carried out in the vegetation recovery process. The plate groove is a planting unit of karst sloping fields and stony desertification side slopes, and the soil retaining plate is arranged on the slope surface, and planting soil is filled in the space of the included angle between the soil retaining plate and the slope surface to plant plants so as to recover the vegetation.
The model comprises a test tank body, a waterproof membrane 2, a filler, a rainfall simulation device 4, a water and soil loss collecting tank, a suction sensor 15-1, a water content sensor-15-2, a temperature measuring probe 15-3, a supporting structure 18 and plants.
The testing tank body is a cuboid formed by connecting stainless steel grating plates and organic glass plates through clamps, the testing tank body keeps inclining according to the gradient of a required test through a supporting structure, the upper end face, the lower end face and the bottom plate of the cuboid tank body are grating plates 1, the left side face and the right side face of the cuboid tank body are organic glass plates 3, and the waterproof film 2 is completely attached to the three grating plates; the filler is gravels 5 and planting soil 17 with different sizes; the broken stones are filled in the test groove body in an equal thickness along the slope direction, and the planting soil is filled in an included angle between the grid plate and the broken stone layer on the lower end face of the test groove body to simulate a planting plate groove; the plants are planted in planting soil, including arbors or shrubs with developed long root systems 10-1 and herbaceous or liana plants with developed short root systems 10-2, so that root plugs 13 and root pockets 14 are formed respectively to inhibit water and soil loss.
The water and soil loss collecting tank comprises a side wall water and soil loss collecting tank 9-1 arranged on a grid plate on the lower end face of the test tank body and a bottom water and soil loss collecting tank 9-2 arranged below a bottom plate of the test tank body, and an opening is reserved in a position corresponding to a waterproof membrane provided with the water and soil loss collecting tank. The side wall soil erosion and water loss collecting grooves are transversely arranged on the grid plates along the elevation in a layered mode, and the bottom soil erosion and water loss collecting grooves are evenly arranged on the bottom plate in a multiple mode. The bottom soil erosion collecting tank is provided with a bottom opening, and a soil erosion bottom collecting box 16 with larger capacity is arranged right below the bottom soil erosion collecting pipe tank.
The suction sensor 15-1, the water content sensor 15-2 and the temperature measuring probe 15-3 are embedded in planting soil 17, and tracer particles are mixed in the planting soil. The rainfall simulation device is arranged above the test tank body and is a plurality of uniformly arranged spray pipes.
The developed plants with long roots can be drilled into shrubs such as bougainvillea spectabilis or vetiver grass in the karst passage to form root plugs 13 which block the karst passage and inhibit water and soil loss. The plants with developed short root systems can wrap soil to form root soil cushions (root pockets 14) so as to help inhibit water and soil loss, such as parthenocissus tricuspidata, crabapple flowers, alfalfa, red phoenix-like vegetables and the like.
Example 4
In the model for testing the soil and water loss of the underground water in the planting plate groove of the karst slope land and the stony desertification side slope, as shown in fig. 3 (b), the model simulates the condition that the plate groove is used for planting plants on the karst slope land containing karst channels in weak development cracks and the stony desertification side slope, and the soil and water loss of the underground water in the plate groove is carried out in the vegetation recovery process.
The model differs from example 3 in that: the filler is masonry 6 and planting soil 17, wherein the masonry is piled on the middle lower part of the test groove body, and a channel simulation karst channel perpendicular to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved. The bottom soil erosion collecting tank 9-2 is arranged corresponding to an outlet of the karst passage.
Example 5
The model for testing soil and underground water loss of karst slope, stony desertification side slope and planting plate groove in this embodiment is used for simulating soil and underground water loss after planting plate groove is arranged on karst slope and stony desertification side slope under the condition of karst-containing channel with strong development on the surface layer and weak development on the bottom layer of the slope body, as shown in fig. 4. The model is obtained by filling planting soil on a slope surface to form a plate groove on the basis of a first model, and planting plants in the plate groove, wherein the plants comprise trees or shrubs with developed long root systems (main root systems) and herbs or lianas with developed short root systems, so that root plugs and root pockets are formed respectively to inhibit water and soil loss. The long root system of the plant is put into the karst passage so as to plug the karst passage, and the short root system is spread in the planting soil to form a root pocket.
The test model comprises a test tank body, a waterproof membrane 2, a filler, a rainfall simulation device 4, a water and soil loss collecting tank, a suction sensor 15-1, a water content sensor-15-2, a temperature measuring probe 15-3 and a supporting structure 18; the test tank body is a cuboid formed by connecting a stainless steel grating plate 1 and an organic glass plate 3 through a fixture, the test tank body is kept to incline according to the gradient of a required test through a supporting structure, the upper end face, the lower end face, the bottom plate and the left side face and the right side face of the cuboid tank body are grating plates, the left side face and the right side face are organic glass plates, and the waterproof film 2 is completely attached to the three grating plates; the filler is broken stone 5, masonry 6 and planting soil 17, wherein the masonry is piled up at the middle lower part of the test groove body, a channel simulation karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved, and the broken stone is uniformly laid on the upper layer of the masonry; the planting soil is filled in an included angle between the grid plate on the lower end face of the test groove body and the slope body to simulate a planting plate groove; plants are planted in the plate groove, and the plants comprise 10-1 parts of trees or shrubs with developed long root systems and 10-2 parts of herbaceous or liana plants with developed short root systems, so that root plugs and root pockets are formed respectively, and water and soil loss is inhibited.
The water and soil loss collecting tank comprises a side wall water and soil loss collecting tank 9-1 arranged on a grid plate on the lower end face of the test tank body and a bottom water and soil loss collecting tank 9-2 arranged below a bottom plate of the test tank body, and an opening is reserved in a position corresponding to a waterproof membrane provided with the water and soil loss collecting tank. Lateral wall soil erosion and water loss collecting vat is transversely set up a plurality ofly along the elevation layering on the grid board that rubble layer and brickwork layer correspond, bottom soil erosion and water loss collecting vat evenly sets up a plurality ofly and corresponds karst passageway's export setting on the bottom plate. The bottom soil erosion collecting tank is provided with a bottom opening, and a soil erosion bottom collecting box 16 with larger capacity is arranged right below the bottom soil erosion collecting pipe tank.
The suction sensor 15-1, the water content sensor 15-2 and the temperature measuring probe 15-3 are embedded in planting soil, and tracer particles are mixed in the planting soil; the rainfall simulation device is arranged above the test tank body and is a plurality of uniformly arranged spray pipes.
The plants with developed long roots are shrubs such as bougainvillea spectabilis and the like or vetiver grass which can be drilled into karst passages to form root plugs, and the plants with developed short roots can wrap soil to form root soil cushions (root pockets), such as parthenocissus tricuspidata, crabapple flowers, alfalfa, red phoenix-gum-tree and the like which help to inhibit water and soil loss.
Claims (8)
1. The karst sloping field, the rock desertification side slope earth surface and the underground water and soil loss integrated test model is characterized by comprising a test groove body, a waterproof membrane, a filler, a rainfall simulation device, a water and soil loss collecting tank and a supporting structure; the test tank body is a cuboid formed by connecting grid plates and organic glass plates through clamps, the test tank body keeps inclining through a supporting structure according to the gradient of a required test, the upper end face, the lower end face and the bottom plate of the cuboid tank body are the grid plates, the left side face and the right side face of the cuboid tank body are the organic glass plates, and the waterproof film is completely attached to the three grid plates; the filler comprises broken stones simulating a slope body and brickwork with a regular shape: when strong development cracks of the simulated slope rock mass, the filler is broken stone; when the simulated slope rock weak development fracture contains a karst channel, the filler is masonry which is piled in the test groove body, and a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved; when the simulated sloping rock mass is a karst channel with strong surface development and weak bottom development, the filler is broken stones and masonry, the masonry is piled on the lower layer of the test groove body, a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved, and the broken stones are uniformly laid on the upper layer of the masonry; the water and soil loss collecting tank comprises a side wall water and soil loss collecting tank arranged on a grid plate on the lower end surface of the test tank body and a bottom water and soil loss collecting tank arranged below a bottom plate of the test tank body, and an opening is reserved in a position corresponding to a waterproof membrane provided with the water and soil loss collecting tank; a layer of slope soil is laid on the surface of the simulated slope in the test tank body, natural soil on the surfaces of the simulated karst sloping field and the rock desertification side slope is simulated, and tracer particles are contained in soil; the rainfall simulation device is arranged above the test tank body;
the side wall water and soil loss collecting tanks are arranged on the grid plate in a layered and transverse manner along the elevation, and the bottom water and soil loss collecting tanks are uniformly arranged on the bottom plate; the bottom soil erosion collecting tank is provided with a bottom opening, and a soil erosion collecting box with larger capacity is arranged right below the bottom soil erosion collecting tank; when the simulated slope body contains a karst channel, the bottom water and soil loss collecting tank is arranged corresponding to an outlet of the karst channel;
the slope surface of the model is provided with an artificial rain collecting surface material or a vegetation blanket underlying surface for climbing plants.
2. The model is characterized by comprising a test tank body, a waterproof membrane, a filler, a rainfall simulation device, a water and soil loss collecting tank, a suction and moisture content sensor, a temperature measuring probe, a supporting structure and plants; the testing tank body is a cuboid formed by connecting grid plates and organic glass plates through clamps, the testing tank body keeps inclining according to the gradient of a required test through a supporting structure, the upper end face and the lower end face of the cuboid tank body and the bottom plate are grid plates, the left side face and the right side face are organic glass plates, and the waterproof film is completely attached to the three grid plates; the filler comprises broken stones simulating a slope body, a masonry body with a regular shape and planting soil simulating a plate groove: when strong development cracks of a simulated slope rock mass are generated, the filler is broken stone; when the simulated slope rock mass weak development fracture contains a karst channel, the filler is masonry which is piled on the lower layer of the test groove body, and a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved; when the simulated slope rock mass is a karst channel with strong development on the surface layer and weak development on the bottom layer, the filler is broken stone and masonry, the masonry is piled on the lower layer of the test groove body, a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved, and the broken stone is paved on the upper layer of the masonry; the gravel and the masonry are filled with equal thickness at all positions along the slope; a layer of slope soil is paved on the surface of the simulated slope in the test groove body to simulate the natural soil on the surfaces of karst sloping fields and stony desertification side slopes; the planting soil is filled in an included angle between the grid plate on the lower end face of the test groove body and the slope body to simulate a planting plate groove; the ratio of the length of the test groove body in the slope direction to the extension length of the planting plate groove in the slope direction is 1-1.5; the plants are planted in planting soil and comprise arbors or shrubs with developed long root systems and herbaceous or liana plants with developed short root systems; the water and soil loss collecting tank comprises a side wall water and soil loss collecting tank arranged on a grid plate on the lower end surface of the test tank body and a bottom water and soil loss collecting tank arranged below a bottom plate of the test tank body, and an opening is reserved in a position corresponding to a waterproof membrane provided with the water and soil loss collecting tank; the suction and moisture content sensor and the temperature probe are embedded in planting soil, and the soil body contains tracer particles; the rainfall simulation device is arranged above the test tank body;
the side wall water and soil loss collecting tanks are arranged on the grid plate in a layered and transverse manner along the elevation, and the bottom water and soil loss collecting tanks are uniformly arranged on the bottom plate; the bottom soil erosion collecting tank is provided with a bottom opening, and a soil erosion collecting box with larger capacity is arranged right below the bottom soil erosion collecting tank; when the simulated slope body contains a karst passage, the bottom water and soil loss collecting tank is arranged corresponding to the outlet of the karst passage.
3. The model is characterized by comprising a test tank body, a waterproof membrane, a filler, a rainfall simulation device, a water and soil loss collecting tank, a suction and moisture content sensor, a temperature measuring probe and a supporting structure; the test tank body is a cuboid formed by enclosing of grid plates and organic glass plates, the test tank body is kept to be inclined according to the gradient of a required test through a supporting structure, the upper end face, the lower end face and the bottom plate of the cuboid tank body are the grid plates, the left side face and the right side face of the cuboid tank body are the organic glass plates, and the waterproof film is completely attached to the three grid plates; the filler comprises broken stones simulating a slope body, a masonry body with a regular shape and planting soil simulating a plate groove: when strong development cracks of a simulated slope rock mass are generated, the filler is broken stone; when a slope rock weak development crack is simulated, the filler is masonry which is piled at the middle lower part of the test groove body, and a channel simulated karst channel vertical to a bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved; when the simulated sloping rock mass is a karst-containing channel with strong development on the surface layer and weak development on the bottom layer, the filler is broken stones and masonry, the masonry is piled on the lower layer of the test groove body, a channel simulated karst channel vertical to the bottom plate of the test groove body is reserved, and the broken stones are laid on the upper layer of the masonry; a layer of slope soil is paved on the surface of the simulated slope in the test groove body to simulate the natural soil on the surfaces of karst sloping fields and stony desertification side slopes; the planting soil is filled in an included angle between the grid plate on the lower end face of the test groove body and the slope body to simulate a planting plate groove; the ratio of the length of the test groove body in the slope direction to the extension length of the planting plate groove in the slope direction is 4-6; arbors or shrubs with developed long root systems and herbaceous plants or lianas with developed short root systems are planted in the plate groove, so that root plugs and root pockets are formed respectively, and water and soil loss is inhibited; the water and soil loss collecting tank comprises a side wall water and soil loss collecting tank arranged on a grid plate on the lower end surface of the test tank body and a bottom water and soil loss collecting tank arranged below a bottom plate of the test tank body, and an opening is reserved in a position corresponding to a waterproof membrane provided with the water and soil loss collecting tank; the suction and moisture content sensor and the temperature probe are embedded in planting soil, and the soil body contains tracer particles; the rainfall simulation device is arranged above the test tank body;
the side wall water and soil loss collecting tanks are arranged on the grid plate in a layered and transverse manner along the elevation, and the bottom water and soil loss collecting tanks are uniformly arranged on the bottom plate; the bottom soil erosion collecting tank is provided with a bottom opening, and a soil erosion collecting box with larger capacity is arranged right below the bottom soil erosion collecting tank; when the simulated slope body contains a karst passage, the bottom water and soil loss collecting tank is arranged corresponding to an outlet of the karst passage;
the slope surface of the model is provided with an artificial rain collecting surface material or a vegetation blanket underlying surface for climbing plants.
4. The test model according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the slope soil is embedded with a suction and water content sensor and a temperature probe under the condition that the hydraulic characteristics of the slope soil need to be tested.
5. A test model according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein when simulating a strong development fracture of a rock mass, part of the gravel filler is filled in the test groove body after being filled in the gabion.
6. The test model of claim 1 or 3, wherein the artificial rain collecting surface material is one of concrete, cement soil, organic silicon sprayed soil, microbial liquid and cementing liquid mixed sprayed soil.
7. The test model of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the rainfall simulation device is a plurality of evenly arranged showers; the grating plate is a stainless steel grating plate, or a plastic grating plate, or a bamboo raft brushed with anti-corrosion paint or asphalt.
8. The test model according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the plant with developed long root system is bougainvillea spectabilis or vetiver, and the plant with developed short root system is parthenocissus tricuspidata, crabapple flower, alfalfa or red phoenix-leaved sweetgum.
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