CN113597915A - 一种提高作物果实着色的方法 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N35/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing keto or thioketo groups as part of a ring, e.g. cyclohexanone, quinone; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ketals
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- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种提高作物果实着色的方法，采用70‑90份的γ－氨基丁酸，5‑8份的磷酸二氢钾，5‑10份的维生素，2‑5份的微量元素，适量的水配制的混合药液对果树的叶片和果实进行处理，着色效果优于喷布脱落酸、茉莉酸甲酯等物质，作用效果与喷布合适浓度的乙烯利相当，但副作用明显小于喷布乙烯利，尤其是落果、耐储运两项指标，与自然成熟的果实相差无异；且操作简便，成本低；γ－氨基丁酸已经可以通过现代生物技术合成，原料易采购，且价格相对便宜，果农使用起来不会造成经济负担，投入产出比较为理想，且使用简便易掌握。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种农作方法，具体说是一种提高作物果实着色的方法。
背景技术
γ－氨基丁酸别名4－氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid，简称GABA)，是一个四碳非蛋白质氨基酸，化学式：H2NCH2CH2CH2COOH；分子质量：103.1。GABA自动植物以及微生物中有较多的发现，其中在1949年首先在马铃薯的块茎中发现，在1950年又在哺乳动物的中枢系统中发现其存在，被认为是哺乳动物、昆虫或者某些寄生蠕虫神经系统中的神经抑制剂，对神经元的兴奋程度有着重要的影响。植物组织中GABA的含量极低，通常在0.3～32.5μmol/g之间。已有文献报道，植物中GABA富集与植物所经历胁迫应激反应有关，在受到缺氧、热激、冷激、机械损伤、盐胁迫等胁迫压力时，会导致GABA的迅速积累。研究表明，GABA在植物体内不仅仅作为一种代谢物质，也可以作为一种信号分子，参与植物生长发育的调控以及对逆境的响应。
众所周知，果实的外观和糖分含量是影响许多水果的主要品质指标。自从1994年以来，我国的果树栽培面积和总产量已稳居世界第一。但是，我国的水果品质远不能满足消费市场的需求。主要表现在：一方面每年出口量仅占总产量的1.5％，且出口单价甚至低于国际平均水平，很难参与国际市场竞争；另一方面，我国高档水果市场长期被进口占据，对我国的水果生产造成较大的冲击。进口水果之所以冲击国内市场，其原因与果实品质有较大关系。外形端正，色泽艳丽，风味浓郁的果实总是深受消费者的青睐。
目前，促进果实着色的方法主要有：改善树体光照条件，控制氮肥，增施磷钾肥，采用控制性分根交替灌溉，套袋，铺反光膜等。此外采用乙烯利、脱落酸、茉莉酸甲酯等植物生长物质促进果实着色。但是复杂的管理措施不易被群众掌握，同时高昂的成本也使果农望而却步。喷施乙烯利等调节剂会导致落果、缩短果实的储运期，往往得不偿失。
发明内容
发明目的：为了克服现有技术的不足，本发明提供了一种提高作物果实着色的方法，有效促进果实着色，且不易落果，储运期与自然成熟果实无异，且操作简便，易被掌握，成本低廉，具有良好的推广前景。
技术方案：为了解决上述技术问题，本发明所采用的技术方案为：一种提高作物果实着色的方法，包括如下步骤：
(1)以重量计算配制以下组分：70-90份的γ－氨基丁酸，5-8份的磷酸二氢钾，5-10份的维生素，2-5份的微量元素，适量的水；首先采用有机溶剂溶解维生素得溶液A；其余组分采用水进行溶解得溶液B；将溶液A和溶液B混合后60℃加热至溶解完全；静置4h后备用；
(2)在开花期，采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果树叶片进行喷洒，每周1-2次；
(3)在果实的坐果期以及幼果膨大初期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理；每月1-2次；
(4)在果实的采摘期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理，每月1-2次。
更进一步的，所述有机溶剂为无水乙醇。
更进一步的，所述适量的水以γ－氨基丁酸浓度为100mg/L-400mg/L计算。
更进一步的，在开花期混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为100mg/L-200mg/L。
更进一步的，在坐果期以及幼果膨大混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为200mg/L-300mg/L。
更进一步的，在果实采摘期混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为300mg/L-400mg/L。
更进一步的，所述维生素为维生素B1、维生素C、维生素K1三者质量比为2:1:3的混合物。
所述微量元素为铁、锰、硼、锌质量比为2:1:2:1的混合物。
铁和锰都是形成植物体内叶绿素叶绿体的重要成分，对光合作用的顺利进行不可或缺，硼对作物体内糖的合成和运输有促进作用，锌也能促进作物进行光合作用。
更进一步的，所述果实为套袋栽培或未套袋栽培的着色型水果，具体为草莓，葡萄，苹果，梨，桃中的一种。
所述微量元素为铁、锰、硼、锌质量比为3:2:2:1的混合物。
有益效果：本发明与现有技术相比，具有以下优点：
(1)本发明提供的叶片和果实处理溶液中含有大量的γ-氨基丁酸水溶液，γ－氨基丁酸是一种生物自然形成的天然产物，广泛存在于动植物体内，对人畜无害；作为外源抗逆物质已广泛应用于植物生产，不会对植物正常生长发育造成不良影响，亦不会造成环境污染或者食品安全问题。相较于传统着色方法更具安全性。
(2)本发明提供的提高作物果实着色的方法着色效果优于喷布脱落酸、茉莉酸甲酯等物质，作用效果与喷布合适浓度的乙烯利相当，但副作用明显小于喷布乙烯利，尤其是落果、耐储运两项指标，与自然成熟的果实相差无异。
(3)操作简便，成本低。γ－氨基丁酸已经可以通过现代生物技术合成，原料易采购，且价格相对便宜，果农使用起来不会造成经济负担，投入产出比较为理想，且使用简便易掌握。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
实施例1：
实施时间：2019年1月中旬；
实施地点：江苏省句容市白兔镇莓农草莓田中，实施对象为草莓；
实施方案：其他种植方式均按常规操作，此外采取如下措施：
(1)以重量计算配制以下组分：70份的γ－氨基丁酸，5份的磷酸二氢钾，5份的维生素，2份的微量元素，适量的水；首先采用有机溶剂溶解维生素得溶液A；其余组分采用水进行溶解得溶液B；将溶液A和溶液B混合后60℃加热至溶解完全；静置4h后备用；所述维生素为维生素B1、维生素C、维生素K1三者质量比为2:1:3的混合物；所述微量元素为铁、锰、硼、锌质量比为2:1:2:1的混合物。
(2)在开花期，采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果树叶片进行喷洒，每周2次；混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为100mg/Lmg/L。
(3)在果实的坐果期以及幼果膨大初期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理；每月2次；混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为200mg/L。
(4)在果实的采摘期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理，每月2次。混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为300mg/L。
对比例1：
实施时间，实施地点，实施方案与实施例1相同，不同之处在于并未采用本发明的提高作物果实着色的方法步骤(1)-(4)。
实施例2：
实施时间：2019年5月中旬-6月上旬；
实施地点：江苏省句容市白兔镇桃农果园中，实施对象为桃；
实施方案：其他种植方式均按常规操作，此外采取如下措施：
(1)以重量计算配制以下组分：90份的γ－氨基丁酸，8份的磷酸二氢钾，10份的维生素，5份的微量元素，适量的水；首先采用有机溶剂溶解维生素得溶液A；其余组分采用水进行溶解得溶液B；将溶液A和溶液B混合后60℃加热至溶解完全；静置4h后备用；所述维生素为维生素B1、维生素C、维生素K1三者质量比为2:1:3的混合物；所述微量元素为铁、锰、硼、锌质量比为2:1:2:1的混合物。
(2)在开花期，采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果树叶片进行喷洒，每周1次；混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为200mg/L。
(3)在果实的坐果期以及幼果膨大初期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理；每月1次；混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为300mg/L。
(4)在果实的采摘期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理，每月1次。混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为400mg/L。
对比例2：
实施时间，实施地点，实施方案与实施例1相同，不同之处在于并未采用本发明的提高作物果实着色的方法步骤(1)-(4)。
实施例3：
实施时间：2019年6月下旬-7月上旬；
实施地点：江苏省句容市白兔镇果农葡萄园中，实施对象为夏黑葡萄；
实施方案：其他种植方式均按常规操作，此外采取如下措施：
(1)以重量计算配制以下组分：80份的γ－氨基丁酸，6份的磷酸二氢钾，7份的维生素，3份的微量元素，适量的水；首先采用有机溶剂溶解维生素得溶液A；其余组分采用水进行溶解得溶液B；将溶液A和溶液B混合后60℃加热至溶解完全；静置4h后备用；所述维生素为维生素B1、维生素C、维生素K1三者质量比为2:1:3的混合物；所述微量元素为铁、锰、硼、锌质量比为2:1:2:1的混合物。
(2)在开花期，采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果树叶片进行喷洒，每周2次；混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为150mg/L。
(3)在果实的坐果期以及幼果膨大初期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理；每月1次；混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为250mg/L。
(4)在果实的采摘期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理，每月2次。混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为350mg/L。
对比例3：
实施时间，实施地点，实施方案与实施例1相同，不同之处在于并未采用本发明的提高作物果实着色的方法步骤(1)-(4)。
对实施例1-3以及对比例1-3获得的草莓果实，桃果实，以及葡萄果实，最后一次施药后取果实或果皮，经国标花青素的测定方法进行测试，测定结果如表1所示(批量测定取平均值)：
表1本发明实施例与对比例制备产品糖分对照表
注：其中草莓为施药后3天对果实进行测量，桃和葡萄为最后一次施药后10天取果皮进行测定。
从实施例以及对比例的果实或果皮中花青素含量对比可知，在相同施肥水平和控水条件等栽培条件下下，使用本发明一种提高作物果实着色的方法操作后的草莓果实、桃果实以及葡萄果实的花青素含量都有了明显的提升。并且，本发明的方法操作简便，成本低；γ-氨基丁酸已经可以通过现代生物技术合成，原料易采购，且价格相对便宜，果农使用起来不会造成经济负担，投入产出比较为理想，且使用简便易掌握。
Claims (9)
1.一种提高作物果实着色的方法，其特征在于包括如下步骤：
(1)以重量计算配制以下组分：70-90份的γ－氨基丁酸，5-8份的磷酸二氢钾，5-10份的维生素，2-5份的微量元素，适量的水；首先采用有机溶剂溶解维生素得溶液A；其余组分采用水进行溶解得溶液B；将溶液A和溶液B混合后60℃加热至溶解完全；静置4h后备用；
(2)在开花期，采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果树叶片进行喷洒，每周1-2次；
(3)在果实的坐果期以及幼果膨大初期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理；每月1-2次；
(4)在果实的采摘期：采用步骤(1)配制的混合溶液对果实进行喷布或浸果处理，每月1-2次。
2.根据权利要求1所述的提高作物果实着色的方法，其特征在于：所述有机溶剂为无水乙醇。
3.根据权利要求1所述的提高作物果实着色的方法，其特征在于：所述适量的水以γ－氨基丁酸浓度为100mg/L-400mg/L计算。
4.根据权利要求1所述的提高作物果实着色的方法，其特征在于：在开花期混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为100mg/L-200mg/L。
5.根据权利要求1所述的提高作物果实着色的方法，其特征在于：在坐果期以及幼果膨大初期混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为200mg/L-300mg/L。
6.根据权利要求1所述的提高作物果实着色的方法，其特征在于：在果实采摘期混合溶液中γ－氨基丁酸的浓度为300mg/L-400mg/L。
7.根据权利要求1所述的提高作物果实着色的方法，其特征在于：所述维生素为维生素B1、维生素C、维生素K1三者质量比为2:1:3的混合物。
8.根据权利要求1所述的提高作物果实着色的方法，其特征在于：所述微量元素为铁、锰、硼、锌质量比为2:1:2:1的混合物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的提高作物果实着色的方法，其特征在于：所述果实为套袋栽培或未套袋栽培的着色型水果，具体为草莓，葡萄，苹果，梨，桃中的一种。
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