CN113575338A

CN113575338A - Method for improving tobacco fragrance by regulating and controlling nitrogen dosage of tobacco field

Info

Publication number: CN113575338A
Application number: CN202110881535.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 段卫东; 申洪涛; 杨欣玲; 尹光庭; 王松岭; 王彦蘅; 张子颖; 黄培元; 孙溢明
Original assignee: China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co Ltd
Current assignee: China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co Ltd
Priority date: 2021-08-02
Filing date: 2021-08-02
Publication date: 2021-11-02

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for regulating and controlling the nitrogen dosage of tobacco fields to improve the fragrance of tobacco leaves, which increases the nitrogen dosage of field by 15 to 20 percent of the normal nitrogen application amount in the tobacco leaf transplanting period by increasing the nitrogen dosage in the early stage; and (3) adjusting deficiency of the field nitrogen fertilizer in the topping period of the mature period, and adjusting deficiency of the field nitrogen fertilizer by 45-60% in a watering and sprinkling manner before and after topping. After the regulation and control scheme is adopted, the sufficient nitrogen nutrition in the early stage provides a material basis for vigorous carbon and nitrogen metabolism before and in the middle stage of tobacco plants, formation of sufficient photosynthetic products and accumulation of a large amount of aroma precursor substances; the deficiency is regulated after topping to promote tobacco plants to mature in good time, nitrogen metabolism is timely converted and weakened, conditions are provided for conversion of accumulated substances in the early stage, particularly full degradation and conversion of fragrance precursor substances, deficiency regulation is favorable for effectively regulating and controlling the level of nitrogen fertilizer, early-stage vegetative growth is promoted, yield is improved, later-stage maturation and yellowing are promoted, fragrance is increased, and quality is improved.

Description

Method for improving tobacco fragrance by regulating and controlling nitrogen dosage of tobacco field

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco production, belongs to a tobacco cultivation technology, and particularly relates to a method for regulating and controlling the use amount of nitrogen in a tobacco field to improve the fragrance of tobacco leaves.

Background

The nitrogen has important contribution to the quality formation and the appearance of style characteristics of the tobacco leaves, and the nutritional status of the nitrogen has important effects on the growth and development, the yield and the quality of the flue-cured tobacco and the availability of the flue-cured tobacco. The tobacco growth is sensitive to nitrogen, each tobacco plant needs to absorb 6-10 g of nitrogen from soil, and the overground part of the tobacco plant grows slowly in 35 days after the tobacco plant is transplanted, the tobacco plant has small leaf area and few products, is an accumulation stage of the tobacco plant on the nitrogen, and the absorbed nitrogen accounts for 30% -40% of the total absorbed nitrogen. 35 d-70 d after transplanting is the period when the tobacco plants grow most vigorously and dry matter is accumulated most, and is the key period for forming yield and quality. The absorption of the tobacco plant to nutrient elements such as nitrogen after topping is gradually reduced, and the timely reduction of nitrogen metabolism is an important condition for ensuring the normal maturity and yellowing of the tobacco leaves and promoting the degradation and conversion of the aroma precursors of the tobacco leaves.

The method has the advantages of wide China regions, wide flue-cured tobacco distribution, large difference of soil environment and large difference of nitrogen consumption. The nitrogen application amount of Huang-Huai-Yan district represented by Henan is 45-52.5 kg/hm²Is suitable. The nitrogen application amount of the southwest smoke area taking Yunnan as core is 82.5-97.5 kg/hm²It is preferable. The content of the mineral is 79.95-90 kg/hm in Guizhou²The research result of the optimum nitrogen application amount of the Anhui southern sand soil tobacco leaves shows that the applied pure nitrogen is 75-90 kg/hm²Is most beneficial to the display of the sweet aroma of the coke.

Under the condition of regulating the nitrogen content in the later stage, the nitrogen nutrient level in the early stage of the growth of the flue-cured tobacco is properly improved, the quality of the tobacco leaves is favorably improved, the plastid pigment in the early stage is vigorously synthesized and fully degraded and converted in the later stage, the degradation of macromolecular substances such as protein and starch in the tobacco leaves in the mature stage can be promoted, the chemical components are relatively coordinated, the growth vigor of the tobacco plants in the later stage is controlled, the mature yellowing is promoted, the content of neutral aroma substances is increased, the yield, the quality and the economic benefit of the tobacco leaves are effectively improved, and the style of the strong aromatic tobacco leaves is revealed.

The nitrogen leaching loss refers to a process that nitrogen which is not absorbed and utilized by crops in soil permeates into deep soil and underground water along with rainfall or irrigation water and is discharged into rivers and lakes through ditches, and further nitrogen loss of farmlands is caused.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for improving the fragrance of tobacco leaves by regulating and controlling the using amount of nitrogen in tobacco fields, and aims to solve the problems of insufficient early vegetative growth, late yellowing in later maturation stage, insufficient fragrance and the like of flue-cured tobacco leaves.

In order to realize the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a method for regulating and controlling the dosage of nitrogen in tobacco to improve the fragrance of tobacco leaves comprises the following steps:

1) determining the conventional nitrogen application amount M for the tobacco planting land block and the tobacco transplanting period₀And the normal nitrogen application amount P during topping of the mature period₀；

2) In the transplanting period of the tobacco leaves, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is M₁Wherein M is₁＝M₀+(15％-20％)M₀；

3) In the mature period-topping period, the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer is P₁In which P is₁＝P₀-(45％-60％)P₀。

Preferably, the aroma change of the tobacco leaves is analyzed by measuring the agronomic characters of the growth and development of the tobacco leaves, the change of the soil chemical components of the tobacco planting plots, the evaluation of the appearance quality, the chemical components of the tobacco leaves after baking, the neutral aroma substances and the change of the sensory quality.

Preferably, the agronomic traits of tobacco growth and development comprise the measurement of plant height and maximum leaf area;

fully-extended growing points of leaves and stems are taken in the transplanting and rooting stage, the vigorous growing stage and the dome stage respectively, and the plant height and the maximum leaf area of the tobacco plant are measured respectively.

Preferably, the appearance quality evaluation is carried out in a visual inspection dividing mode, and the indexes comprise color, chroma and oil content for quality grade division, wherein the color comprises cyan, normal yellow, golden yellow, dark yellow, light red orange, red brown and brown, and the total grade is eight; the chroma comprises thick, strong, medium, weak and light, and the total is five grades; the oil includes more, some, slightly and less, in four grades.

Preferably, the flue-cured tobacco leaf chemical components include at least one of soluble total sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine, total nitrogen, potassium, and chlorine.

Preferably, the indexes of the sensory quality evaluation comprise aroma quality, aroma amount, concentration, softness and fineness, aftertaste, miscellaneous gas, irritation and strength;

the total score calculation formula of the sensory quality evaluation is as follows:

t ═ a + B × 2.0+ (C + D) × 1.5+ E + F + G + H, where T is the sensory quality evaluation total score, a is the fragrance quality score, B is the fragrance amount score, C is the concentration score, D is the fineness score, E is the aftertaste score, F is the miscellaneous gas score, G is the irritation score, and H is the strength score.

Preferably, the neutral aroma substance is measured by extracting the aroma substance by a simultaneous distillation and extraction instrument, and measuring the content of the aroma components by an internal standard method by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.

Preferably, specifically, weighing a tobacco leaf sample, putting the tobacco leaf sample into a round-bottom flask, sequentially adding citric acid, nitrobenzene and deionized water, fully shaking up, collecting an organic phase by using dichloromethane as an extracting agent and adopting a simultaneous distillation and extraction method, concentrating to a set volume, and performing qualitative search through a GC/MS identification result and a NIST08 library.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

according to the technical scheme, the yield is improved in the early stage of vegetative growth and the fragrance is improved by effectively regulating and controlling the level of the nitrogen fertilizer, so that the method is one of the simplest, most convenient, most effective and most feasible ways for improving field growth of the tobacco at present.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions of the present invention are described in detail below by examples, and the following examples are only exemplary and can be used only for explaining and explaining the technical solutions of the present invention, but not construed as limiting the technical solutions of the present invention.

1 test set-up

The test is carried out in 2019, a field test is designed in a flat-top mountain tobacco area, a sandy loam tobacco field with flat terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage and medium fertility is selected, and the soil property is as follows: pH 7.38, organic matter 15.17 g/kg. The conventional fertilization is carried out twice, the first time is in the tobacco seedling transplanting period, the second time is in the mature period-topping period, the conventional fertilization amount is the same twice, and the conventional fertilization amount is 50kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen application, which is the control example CK.

Example 1

Transplanting in field at the beginning of 5 months, and increasing the nitrogen application level by 15 percent by taking the normal nitrogen application level as a control in the period, namely applying pure nitrogen with the amount of 57.5kg/hm 2; and (3) performing secondary fertilization in a maturation period and a topping period, and performing experimental treatment to regulate the nitrogen level and apply pure nitrogen of 20kg/hm2, wherein the experimental number is T1.

Example 2

Transplanting in field at the beginning of 5 months, and increasing the nitrogen application level by 15 percent by taking the normal nitrogen application level as a control in the period, namely applying pure nitrogen with the amount of 57.5kg/hm 2; and (3) performing secondary fertilization in a maturation period and a topping period, and performing experimental treatment to regulate the nitrogen level and apply pure nitrogen of 14kg/hm2, wherein the experimental number is T2.

Example 3

Transplanting in field at the beginning of 5 months, and increasing the nitrogen application level by 15 percent by taking the normal nitrogen application level as a control in the period, namely applying pure nitrogen with the amount of 60kg/hm 2; and (3) performing secondary fertilization in a maturation period and a topping period, and performing experimental treatment to regulate the nitrogen level and apply pure nitrogen of 20kg/hm2, wherein the experimental number is T3.

Example 4

Transplanting in field at the beginning of 5 months, and increasing the nitrogen application level by 15 percent by taking the normal nitrogen application level as a control in the period, namely applying pure nitrogen with the amount of 60kg/hm 2; and (3) performing secondary fertilization in a maturation period and a topping period, and performing experimental treatment to regulate the nitrogen level and apply pure nitrogen of 14kg/hm2, wherein the experimental number is T4.

Periodically measuring the agronomic characters 40 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, uniformly topping 70 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, keeping 20-22 leaves, and baking and modulating the leaves for determination and analysis of chemical components, neutral aroma components, sensory quality and the like.

Researching the influence of the agronomic characters, soil chemical components, chemical components of the flue-cured tobacco leaves, neutral aroma substances and sensory quality of the growth and development of the tobacco leaves.

Table 1 test handling list

2 results and analysis

2.1 agricultural characters in the field

As can be seen from Table 2, the difference between the plant heights and the maximum leaf areas of the two treatments is not significant in the plantlet stage; in the vigorous growth period and the doming period, the height and the maximum leaf area of the T-treated plant are respectively obviously improved compared with CK; in the harvesting period, the CK treated plant height and the maximum leaf area are respectively obviously improved compared with T.

TABLE 2 agronomic traits

2.2 analysis and comparison of the quality of the flue-cured tobacco leaves

Conventional chemical composition determination

Chemical component detection indexes and methods soluble total sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine, total nitrogen, potassium and chlorine contents in tobacco leaf samples are detected according to industry unified standards by referring to YC/T159-2002, YC/T160-2002, YC/T161-2002, YC/T173-2003 and YC/T162-2002 respectively.

TABLE 3 conventional chemical composition

Test treatment	CK	T1	T2	T3	T4
						Total nitrogen	2.18ab	2.47a	2.01b	2.47a	2.11b
Protein (%)	11.41ab	12.22a	10.45b	12.22a	11.34ab
						Reducing sugar (%)	15.87bc	18.66ab	19.03a	18.66ab	15.48c
Total sugar (%)	21.13ab	23.16a	21.93ab	23.16a	19.66b
						Nicotine (%)	2.55a	2.33a	3.04a	2.33a	2.51a
Potassium (%)	1.08b	0.94b	1.54a	0.94b	0.99b
						Chlorine (%)	0.24a	0.22a	0.32a	0.22a	0.28a
Total sugar/nicotine	8.39ab	9.95a	7.51b	9.95a	7.86ab
						Reducing sugars/Total sugars	0.75b	0.81ab	0.87a	0.81ab	0.78ab
Potassium/chlorine	4.48a	4.51a	5.66a	4.51a	3.55a

2.3 measurement of aroma substances

Extracting aroma substances by a simultaneous distillation and extraction instrument, and measuring the content (mass fraction) of aroma components by an internal standard method (nitrobenzene) by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Weigh 20.000g of a smoke sample into a 100mL round bottom flask, add 2.0g of citric acid, 0.5mL of internal standard, and 500mL of deionized water in that order, and shake well. The organic phase was collected by simultaneous distillation and extraction using 40mL of dichloromethane as extractant, and the sample was concentrated to about 1mL for use. Samples were characterized by GC/MS identification and NIST08 library search.

Table 4 neutral aroma units: mg/kg

2.4 sensory quality assessment method:

evaluation of tobacco sensory quality by 11 professional smokers in the tobacco technology center of Henan according to YC/T138-1988 sensory evaluation method of tobacco and tobacco products

TABLE 4 sensory quality evaluation Table

Test treatment	CK	T1	T2	T3	T4
						Sensory quality score	68.25	72.12	75.21	73.24	74.38

In conclusion, after the test treatment, the nitrogen fertilizer dosage is increased in the early stage, the nitrogen element is moderately regulated in the later stage of maturation period, the improvement of the tobacco leaf quality is facilitated, the sensory quality score is higher than the control, the total amount of the aroma substances is higher than the control, and the 4 treatments are respectively as follows: t1, increasing early stage by 15% and adjusting maturity by 50%; t2, increasing early stage by 15% and adjusting maturity by 60%; t3, increasing early stage by 20% and adjusting maturity by 50%; t4, increasing 20% of the early stage, adjusting the deficiency of the mature period by 60%, and sequencing the adjusting and controlling effects in sequence as follows: t2 greater than T4 greater than T3 greater than T1. Therefore, the best regulation mode is as follows: under the normal level of applying nitrogen fertilizer, 15% of nitrogen is added in the early stage, and 60% of nitrogen is regulated in the later stage of maturation, which is most beneficial to improving the quality of tobacco leaves, increasing the aroma quality of the tobacco leaves and improving the sensory quality.

The above-mentioned embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention, and not for limiting the same; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. a method for regulating and controlling nitrogen consumption in tobacco fields improves tobacco leaf aroma, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:

1) determine to be used for tobacco planting plots, conventional nitrogen application rate M ₀ during tobacco transplanting and conventional nitrogen application rate P ₀ when topping at maturity;

2) In the tobacco leaf transplanting stage, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is M ₁ , wherein M ₁ =M ₀ +(15%-20%)M ₀ ;

3) In the mature stage-topping stage, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is P ₁ , where P ₁ =P ₀ -(45%-60%)P ₀ .

2. the method for regulating tobacco field nitrogen consumption according to claim 1 improves tobacco leaf aroma, it is characterized in that, by measuring the agronomic character of tobacco leaf growth and development, the soil chemical composition change of tobacco planting plot, appearance quality evaluation, after curing Changes in chemical components, neutral aroma substances and sensory quality of tobacco leaves were analyzed to analyze the changes of tobacco leaves aroma.

3. the method for regulating tobacco field nitrogen consumption according to claim 2 and improving tobacco leaf aroma, it is characterized in that, the agronomic character of tobacco leaf growth and development comprises the measurement of measuring plant height and maximum leaf area;

The growth points of fully extended leaves and stems were taken at the transplanting group stage, prosperous stage and dome stage, respectively, and the plant height and maximum leaf area of tobacco plants were measured respectively.

4. the method for regulating and controlling tobacco field nitrogen consumption according to claim 2 and improving the aroma of tobacco leaves, is characterized in that, the appearance quality evaluation adopts the mode of visual division to carry out, and index comprises color, chromaticity and oil content to carry out quality grade division, wherein, Colors include blue, true yellow, golden yellow, dark yellow, light orange red, orange red, reddish brown and tan, with a total of eight grades; chromaticity includes strong, strong, medium, weak and light, with a total of five grades; oil content includes many, yes, A little and a little, a total of four gears.

5. the method for adjusting and controlling nitrogen consumption in tobacco fields to improve tobacco leaf aroma according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, after curing, tobacco leaf chemical composition comprises at least soluble total sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine, total nitrogen, potassium and chlorine. A sort of.

6. the method for regulating and controlling nitrogen consumption in tobacco fields to improve tobacco leaf aroma according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, the index of described sensory quality evaluation comprises aroma quality, aroma amount, concentration, softness, aftertaste, miscellaneous gas, stimulation sex and vigour;

The calculation formula of the total score of the sensory quality evaluation is:

T=(A+B)×2.0+(C+D)×1.5+E+F+G+H, where T is the total score of sensory quality evaluation, A is the aroma quality score, B is the aroma quantity score, and C is the Concentration score, D is the softness score, E is the aftertaste score, F is the miscellaneous gas score, G is the irritation score, and H is the energy score.

7. the method for adjusting and controlling the nitrogen consumption of tobacco fields to improve the aroma of tobacco leaves according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, the measurement of neutral aroma substances adopts simultaneous distillation and extraction apparatus to extract aroma substances, and uses GC-MS analyzer to measure with internal standard method Aroma component content.

8. the method for regulating and controlling nitrogen consumption in tobacco fields to improve tobacco leaf aroma according to claim 7, it is characterized in that, concretely, take by weighing tobacco leaf sample and put into round-bottomed flask, add citric acid, nitrobenzene and deionization successively Water, shake well, use dichloromethane as the extractant, collect the organic phase by simultaneous distillation and extraction, and concentrate to the set volume.