CN113575315B - Planting method for promoting tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on calcium-zinc application - Google Patents
Planting method for promoting tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on calcium-zinc application Download PDFInfo
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- CN113575315B CN113575315B CN202110861014.2A CN202110861014A CN113575315B CN 113575315 B CN113575315 B CN 113575315B CN 202110861014 A CN202110861014 A CN 202110861014A CN 113575315 B CN113575315 B CN 113575315B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
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- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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Abstract
The invention discloses a planting method for promoting tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on calcium-zinc dispensing, which comprises the following steps: culturing tomato seedlings; before field planting, the culture medium coco coir is subjected to zinc fertilizer base application treatment, and the concentration is set into two groups according to the volume ratio of the coco coir to the culture medium: 0 and 0.1g/L; carrying out exogenous calcium solution spraying treatment on the 1 st to 2 nd fully developed functional leaves under the growing points of the tomatoes in the initial flowering and initial fruiting period, wherein the total concentration of the exogenous calcium solution is four groups: 0. 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% CaCl 2 The water solution is uniformly sprayed on the front and back sides of the blade, and the spraying is carried out once a week for three weeks continuously; after field planting, irrigating with 1/2 concentration Hoagland nutrient solution every 1-2d, wherein each plant is about 500ml at a time; when tomatoes grow to a fruit expanding period, the irrigation amount of each plant of tomatoes is increased to 1000ml; the invention sprays 0.5 percent CaCl on the leaf surface under the condition of 0.1g/L zinc fertilizer base application 2 The solution has the best effect of improving the quality of tomatoes.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plant cultivation, in particular to a planting method for promoting tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on calcium-zinc application.
Background
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the largest vegetable crops cultivated at home and abroad, and is also an important mode crop for genetic improvement of quality of solanaceous vegetables. Cherry tomato is a variety of cultivated tomatoes, and is widely applied to genetic improvement of tomato quality, physiological and biochemical research due to short plant, short growth cycle and strong adaptability. Compared with other varieties, the Zhejiang cherry powder No. 1 has the advantages of parthenocarpy, adaptability to high temperature and high humidity environments in a greenhouse and the like. Calcium and zinc are mineral elements essential for plant growth and development, and play a key role in the growth and development of human bodies, and daily diet is an effective means for the human bodies to ingest the calcium and zinc elements. At present, in the tomato cultivation management process, the problem of insufficient calcium and zinc nutrition generally exists, and the sustainable development of tomato production is severely restricted. The prior art researches focus on the influence of a single factor (calcium or zinc) on the growth and development of tomatoes, and the quality improvement effect of tomatoes is poor.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides a planting method for promoting tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on calcium-zinc application.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a planting method for promoting tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on calcium-zinc dispensing comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing a culture medium: before planting tomato seedlings, fully soaking coconut husk bricks in distilled water, fully sterilizing by sunlight, sun-drying, mixing with zinc fertilizer, and filling into a prepared nutrition pot for later use;
s2, culturing tomato seedlings: the tomato seeds are planted in the hole trays after germination accelerating and white exposing, and when the tomato seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart, the tomato seeds are planted in the nutrition pot for matrix cultivation;
s3, fertilizing: setting a plurality of control groups when the 1 st to 2 nd functional leaves are fully unfolded under the growing points of the tomato plants when the tomatoes enter the initial flowers and fruits stage, spraying fertilizer for each control group once a week for three weeks continuously;
s4: after field planting, irrigating with Hoagland nutrient solution every 1-2d, wherein each plant is 500ml, and the Hoagland nutrient solution is diluted to 50% volume concentration;
s5: and (3) after tomatoes grow to a fruit expansion period, irrigating with Hoagland nutrient solution every 1-2d, wherein each plant is 1000ml, and diluting the Hoagland nutrient solution to 50% by volume.
Further, the coco coir bricks in the step S1 are the coco coir bricks, the production place is India, the single weight is 5-5.5 kg/block, the EC value is less than or equal to 0.6MS/CM, the pH value is between 5.5 and 6.8, and the fiber is less than or equal to 2%.
Further, the zinc fertilizer content in the coconut coir bricks in the step S1 is 0.1g/L.
Further, in the step S2, the tomato variety is "zhejiang cherry powder 1".
Further, the sunlight greenhouse in the step S2 is a reinforced concrete structure greenhouse, the temperature of the sunlight greenhouse is maintained within the range of 15-35 ℃, and the illumination is sufficient.
Further, in the step S3, caCl is sprayed to the control group 2 And (3) an aqueous solution, wherein the volume concentration of CaCl2 solution sprayed by each control group is not more than 1.0%.
Further, the spraying mode in the step S3 is as follows: the front and back sides of the leaves are uniformly sprayed, and the water drops are fully distributed on the leaves after spraying and do not drip.
Further, four control groups are set in the step S3, and the volume concentration of CaCl2 water solution sprayed to tomato plants in the four control groups is 0, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% respectively.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the plant height, the stem thickness, the internode spacing and the number of single spike of tomato plants under zinc fertilizer base application are all obviously increased. The low, medium and high concentration (0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%) calcium chloride foliage spray has obvious promoting effect on the physiological characteristics of tomatoes, and the 0.5% calcium chloride spray treatment has the most obvious promoting effect. Compared with the simple zinc or calcium treatment, the tomato plant height, the stem thickness, the internode spacing and the single spike number have no further increasing trend under the combination of different concentrations of calcium and zinc.
2. Zinc fertilizer base application can obviously promote the accumulation of chlorophyll in tomato leaves and enhance photosynthesis, wherein the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate are all obviously increased. The calcium chloride leaf surfaces with different concentrations are sprayed to effectively improve the content of various chlorophyll and photosynthesis; the treatment effect is optimal by 0.5 percent of calcium chloride. And 0.5% concentration of calcium and zinc fertilizer can further promote photosynthesis of tomatoes.
3. The zinc fertilizer base application or the calcium chloride spraying improves the biomass of fruits, promotes the accumulation of the contents of soluble solids, lycopene, free amino acids, soluble sugar and the like, and simultaneously effectively inhibits the increase of the contents of organic acid and nitrate nitrogen. The accumulation of lycopene, vitamin C, soluble protein and soluble sugar content of fruits can be further promoted by the proper concentration of calcium and zinc. Zinc treatment did not increase fruit Ca, mg, K, na and Zn element content; the calcium treatment with low and medium concentration can effectively promote the accumulation of Ca and Zn elements in fruits; ca and Zn elements of fruits are further increased when calcium and zinc are mixed at proper concentrations. Meanwhile, zinc and calcium treatment can inhibit the accumulation of fruit phytic acid, and improve the effective zinc and calcium content of fruits.
4. The zinc fertilizer is applied on the base to promote the activity of SOD, POD and CAT of fruits. The activity of antioxidant enzyme is improved by spraying calcium chloride on leaf surfaces to different degrees; the best treatment effect is obtained with 1.0% concentration of calcium chloride. Meanwhile, after the calcium and zinc are compounded at proper concentrations, the activity of partial antioxidant enzymes in fruits and the content of antioxidant substances (vitamin C) are further increased.
5. The zinc fertilizer base application obviously improves the content of reducing sugar and sucrose in fruits, and promotes the activity of acid invertase and neutral invertase to be obviously improved. The leaf surface spraying of calcium chloride improves the content of reducing sugar and the activity of acid invertase to different degrees, and inhibits the activity of sucrose synthase. Low and medium concentration calcium and zinc dosing can further promote sucrose accumulation and increased activity of acid invertase, neutral invertase and sucrose phosphate synthase.
6. The zinc fertilizer base application can promote the remarkable increase of the contents of various amino acids in tomato fruits, wherein the contents of essential amino acids of human bodies, essential amino acids of children, sweet amino acids, aromatic amino acids and the like are all remarkably increased. The low and medium concentration calcium spraying promotes the increase of the content of various amino acids to different degrees, the content of various amino acids is obviously increased, but the content of various amino acids is obviously reduced under the high concentration calcium treatment. Compared with simple zinc or calcium treatment, the calcium and zinc with different concentrations are not used for further promoting the increase of the amino acid content, but the ratio of various amino acids in the total amount is effectively regulated and controlled.
7. The zinc fertilizer base application promotes the remarkable increase of various aldehydes, esters, ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbons and other volatile flavor substances in fruits, wherein hexanal, trans-2-vinyl aldehyde, trans-2-pentenol, linalool and other relatively large flavor substances are remarkably increased. The foliar application of calcium chloride also promotes the increase of the content of various volatile flavor substances in fruits to different degrees, but the trend of the increase of the content of various flavor substances under the combination of calcium and zinc with different concentrations is remarkably reduced.
Description of the drawings:
in order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of calcium zinc dosing on the growth characteristics of tomato plants;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of calcium zinc dosing on photosynthesis (net photosynthetic rate, intercellular carbon dioxide, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance) of tomato plants;
FIG. 4 is the effect of calcium zinc dosing on the photoresponse curve of tomato plants;
FIG. 5 shows the effect of calcium zinc dosing on tomato fruit quality (soluble solids, nitrate nitrogen, free amino acids, soluble proteins, soluble sugars, organic acids, soluble pectin and sugar acid ratios, etc.);
FIG. 6 is the effect of calcium zinc dosing on tomato fruit reducing sugar and sucrose content;
FIG. 7 is the effect of calcium zinc dosing on the activity of sucrose metabolizing enzymes of tomato fruit (acid invertase, neutral invertase, sucrose synthase and phosphosucrose synthase).
The specific embodiment is as follows:
in order to make the technical means, the creation characteristics, the achievement of the purpose and the effect of the implementation of the present invention easy to understand, the present invention is further described below with reference to the specific embodiments:
thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention, which are provided in the accompanying drawings, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention, based on which all other embodiments that may be obtained by one of ordinary skill in the art without making inventive efforts are within the scope of this invention.
It should be noted that: like reference numerals and letters denote like items in the following figures, and thus once an item is defined in one figure, no further definition or explanation thereof is necessary in the following figures.
The terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used merely to distinguish between descriptions and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should also be noted that, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "disposed," "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; either directly or indirectly through intermediaries, or in communication with the interior of two elements, the specific meaning of the terms in this invention will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.
Referring to figures 1-7 of the drawings,
a planting method for promoting tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on calcium-zinc dispensing comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing a culture medium: before planting tomato seedlings, fully soaking coconut husk bricks in distilled water, fully sterilizing by sunlight, sun-drying, mixing with zinc fertilizer, and filling into a prepared nutrition pot for later use;
s2, culturing tomato seedlings: the tomato seeds are planted in the hole trays after germination accelerating and white exposing, and when the tomato seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart, the tomato seeds are planted in the nutrition pot for matrix cultivation;
s3, fertilizing: setting a plurality of control groups when the 1 st to 2 nd functional leaves are fully unfolded under the growing points of the tomato plants when the tomatoes enter the initial flowers and fruits stage, spraying fertilizer for each control group once a week for three weeks continuously;
s4: after field planting, irrigating with Hoagland nutrient solution every 1-2d, wherein each plant is 500ml, and the Hoagland nutrient solution is diluted to 50% volume concentration;
s5: when tomatoes grow to a fruit expansion period, irrigating with Hoagland nutrient solution every 1-2d, and diluting the Hoagland nutrient solution to 50% volume concentration by adding water solution every 1000 ml;
s6: after the fruit is ripe, various parameters of the fruit are measured, and then data analysis is carried out on the parameters.
In this embodiment, the coco coir bricks in the step S1 are coco coir bricks, the production place is India, the weight per unit is 5-5.5 kg/block, the EC value is less than or equal to 0.6MS/CM, the pH value is between 5.5 and 6.8, and the fiber is less than or equal to 2%.
In the embodiment, the zinc fertilizer content in the coconut coir bricks in the step S1 is 0.1g/L.
In this embodiment, the tomato variety in step S2 is "zhejiang cherry powder No. 1".
In this embodiment, the sunlight greenhouse in the step S2 is a reinforced concrete structure greenhouse, and the temperature of the sunlight greenhouse is maintained within a range of 15-35 ℃ and the illumination is sufficient.
In this embodiment, caCl is sprayed to the control group in step S3 2 And (3) an aqueous solution, wherein the volume concentration of CaCl2 solution sprayed by each control group is not more than 1.0%.
In this embodiment, the spraying manner in the step S3 is as follows: the front and back sides of the leaves are uniformly sprayed, and the water drops are fully distributed on the leaves after spraying and do not drip.
In this embodiment, four control groups are set in the step S3, and CaCl is sprayed to the tomato plants in the four control groups 2 The volume concentrations of the aqueous solutions were 0, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%, respectively.
The test treatments were as follows: the four control groups are respectively combined with zinc fertilizer base application or independently arranged to form the following experimental groups:
(1) CK: spraying distilled water;
(2) Zn: zinc fertilizer base application and distilled water spraying;
(3) 0.25Ca: caCl at 0.25% concentration 2 Spraying;
(4) 0.25Ca+Zn: zinc fertilizer base application +0.25% concentration CaCl 2 Spraying;
(5) 0.5Ca: caCl 0.5% concentration 2 Spraying;
(6) 0.5Ca+Zn: zinc fertilizer base application +0.5% CaCl 2 Spraying;
(7)1.0Ca：1.0％CaCl 2 spraying;
(8) 1.0Ca+Zn: zinc fertilizer base application +1.0% CaCl 2 Spraying.
After the experiment according to the experiment group, sampling after the first spike fruits are turned into colors, one part of the first spike fruits are stored in an ultralow temperature refrigerator at the temperature of-80 ℃ for standby, and the other part of the first spike fruits are dried and stored in a dry test tube for measuring mineral elements.
Measurement items and methods:
tomato growth characteristics;
the plant height and the pitch distance of the tomato plants are measured by adopting a ruler with the accuracy of 1 mm; the tomato stem thickness was measured using a vernier caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm.
The transverse and longitudinal diameters of the tomato fruits are measured by a vernier caliper with the precision of 0.01 mm; the mass of the single fruit was measured using an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0.001 g.
Tomato leaf photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthesis parameters:
when the tomato fruits enter a color conversion period, selecting a sunny day, and 9:00-11: during the 00 period, the measurement of photosynthetic parameters (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, etc.) and the light response curve were performed using an L-6800 photosynthetic apparatus (L-6800, beijing Ligaotai technologies Co., ltd.). Setting when measuring photosynthetic parameters: built-in light source 400 mu mol-1 m-2 s-1, flow rate 500 mu mol s-1 and leaf temperature 25 ℃; determining a light response curve parameter: flow rate 500. Mu. Mol.s-1, leaf temperature 25 ℃,12 photosynthetically active radiation intensity gradients: 1500. 1200, 1000, 800, 600, 400, 200, 150, 100, 50, 25, 0 mu mol-1.m-2.s-1, recording photosynthetic parameters of tomato leaves under different illumination intensities, drawing a light response curve, recording data every 180s, and repeating for 10 times.
Tomato fruit nutrition:
the soluble solids content was measured using a sugar refractometer (WYT-1, quanzhou optical instruments). Fruit hardness was measured using a durometer (GY-3, thunberg Torricelli instruments Co.). The soluble sugar content was determined using phenol colorimetry and the titratable acid was determined using acid-base titration with sugar acid ratio = soluble sugar/titratable acid. The soluble protein content was determined using the Coomassie Brilliant blue G-250 method. The vitamin C content is determined by molybdenum blue colorimetric method.
Measuring lycopene by petroleum ether extraction method, referring to Zhang Lianfu, etc., modifying, weighing 1.0g tomato pulp, grinding, filtering with 20ml absolute ethanol for 4 times, filtering with 30ml methanol for 6 times until the filtrate is transparent and colorless, discarding the filtrate, and retaining residue; reacting the filter residue with petroleum ether (98% petroleum ether+2% dichloromethane), and filtering for several times until the filter residue becomes white; the filtrate was fixed to a volume of 50ml, colorized at 502nm with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and the absorbance was read and the lycopene content calculated.
The phytic acid content is measured by adopting a ferric trichloride fading method, and the method is slightly changed. Extracting phytic acid: 0.5g of fresh tomato fruits are weighed, 15ml 1.2%HCl 10%Na2SO4 is added and dissolved at room temperature, stirred and leached for 2 hours, and after centrifugation (4000 r/min,30 min), supernatant fluid is taken in a refrigerator at 4 ℃ for standby. And (3) measuring the content of phytic acid: taking 2ml of phytic acid extracting solution, adding 2ml of 15% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), uniformly mixing in a 10ml centrifuge tube, standing in a refrigerator at 4 ℃ for 2h, centrifuging, taking 2ml of supernatant, adjusting pH to 6.0 with 0.75mol/L NaOH, adding distilled water to 30ml, taking 3ml of diluent, adding 1ml of 0.3% sulfosalicylic acid and 0.03% ferric trichloride (FeCl) 3 ·6H 2 O), after mixing evenly, colorizing at 505nm, and after reading the absorbance value, calculating the content according to the phytic acid standard curve.
Sucrose metabolizing enzyme activity of tomato fruit:
tomato fresh samples 0.05g were weighed and fruit Sucrose Synthase (SS), sucrose Phosphate Synthase (SPS), acid Invertase (AI) and Neutral Invertase (NI) activities were measured using the corresponding enzyme activity detection kit (Beijing Soy Bao technology Co., ltd.). Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Tomato mineral element content:
after picking fruits, separating plant roots, stems and She Qiguan, cleaning and wiping, placing in an oven for de-enzyming for 15min at 105 ℃, and drying at 80 ℃ for 48h to prepare a dry sample. 2.0g of dried tomato root, stem, leaf and fruit samples are respectively weighed and passed through H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 The digestion method was used to prepare an upper sample, and the content of K, ca, mg, zn, fe, mn element in different organs was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-6200, japan SHIMADZU). Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Tomato antioxidant enzyme activity:
enzyme liquid extraction: weighing a proper amount of tomato fruit homogenate, adding precooled potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.8), grinding in an ice bath until the homogenate is obtained, transferring into a 10ml centrifuge tube for centrifugation (4 ℃, 6500r/min,15 min), and extracting supernatant to be measured.
SOD activity was measured using the Nitrogen Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) method. Mu.l of the enzyme solution to be tested was added to SOD reaction solution (1.5 ml of 50mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), 0.3ml of 13mM methionine solution, 0.3ml of 75mM NBT, 0.3ml of 0.1mM EDTA-Na2, 0.3ml of 4mM riboflavin and 0.5ml of distilled water), reacted under light for 20 minutes, and then colorized at 560nm wavelength.
POD and CAT activities are described in methods such as Gao Junfeng. 100 μl of enzyme solution to be tested is added into POD reaction solution (10 mM guaiacol, 50mM H2O2 and 0.2mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0)), and the mixture is rapidly placed at 470nm wavelength for kinetic colorimetric; an appropriate amount of enzyme solution to be tested was added to CAT reaction solution (15 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 10mM H) 2 O 2 ) In the process, the sample is rapidly subjected to kinetic colorimetry at a wavelength of 240 nm.
Tomato fruit amino acid composition:
weighing 0.1g of tomato fruit dry sample, soaking in 1.5mL of 2% 5-sulfosalicylic acid, fully leaching for 24h, centrifuging at low temperature of 12000rpm and 4 ℃, collecting 800 μL of supernatant, and concentrating with 0.02 mmol.L -1 HCl was set to 5mL. The sample was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter and placed in a 1.5mL sample bottle, and the content of different amino acid components was measured using an amino acid analyzer (L-8800, HITACHI), and the sample amount was set to 20. Mu.L. Each treatment was repeated 4 times. The Total amount of amino acids is expressed as TAA (Total amino acid, TAA); the essential amino acids of human body are expressed by EAA (Essential amino acid, EAA) and comprise threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine and methionine; human nonessential amino acids are denoted by NEAA (Non-essential amino acid, NEAA) including aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, histidine, arginine, proline; essential amino acids for children are represented by CEAA (Essential amino acid for children, CEAA), including histidine and arginine; the umami amino acids are expressed by FAA (Fresh amino acid, FAA), including aspartic acid and glutamic acid; the Sweet amino acids are expressed by SAA (Sweet amino acid, SAA) including alanine, glycine, serine and proline The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The aromatic amino acids are denoted by AAA (Aromatic amino acid, AAA) and include phenylalanine and tyrosine. The ratio of various human amino acids to total amino acids (EAA/TAA, NEAA/TAA, CEAA/TAA) and the ratio of flavor amino acids to total amino acids (FAA/TAA, SAA/TAA, AAA/TAA) were calculated based on the tomato amino acid measurement.
Sample preparation for determining flavour: weighing 5.0g of tomato fruit fresh sample homogenate, putting into a headspace bottle, sequentially adding 1.5g of NaCl and 25 μl of 2-nonone standard sample solution (0.25 mg/L), sealing a cover of the headspace bottle, fully and uniformly mixing the sample by a shaker, putting into a water bath kettle at 50 ℃ for 10min, and taking out for standby. And (3) measuring: the prepared sample is placed on a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (Trace ISQ, thermo) for measuring the flavor substances, and then the volatile flavor substances such as aldehydes, esters, ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbons and the like are classified according to the characteristics of various flavor substances.
Data analysis:
all experimental data were analyzed by anova using SPSS 21.1 and plotted using Excel 2019. Results and analysis:
effect of calcium zinc dosing on tomato plant growth characteristics:
as shown in fig. 2, tomato plant height, stem thickness, internode spacing and single spike number were significantly increased by 26.84%, 11.33%, 40.93% and 32.26%, respectively, compared to CK under Zn treatment; the tomato plant height, stem thickness, internode spacing and single spike number are all obviously increased under the treatment of 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca, wherein the internode spacing is obviously increased by 44.73%, 31.22% and 40.93%, respectively; the number of single spike fruits is obviously increased by 19.36%, 25.81% and 16.13% respectively; the plant height, stem thickness, internode spacing and number of single spike under 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca treatment and zinc application are all obviously increased, wherein the plant height, internode spacing and number of single spike under 0.5Ca+Zn treatment are obviously increased by 29.63%, 37.55% and 38.71%, respectively.
Effect of calcium zinc formulation on photosynthetic properties and mineral element content of tomato leaves:
effect of calcium zinc dosing on chlorophyll content of tomatoes:
as can be seen from table 1, the total chlorophyll b, carotenoid and chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b were significantly increased in Zn treatment as compared to CK, with the carotenoid content being increased by up to 26.10%; the chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b of the leaves of the tomato plants are obviously increased under the treatment of 0.25Ca, wherein the increase of the carotenoid content is up to 35.69 percent; leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and total chlorophyll content were significantly increased by 54.28%, 45.89%, 50.73% and 51.94% respectively under 0.5Ca treatment; leaf carotenoids, total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b were all significantly increased with 1.0Ca treatment, with carotenoid amplification up to 42.91%; chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b were all significantly increased with zinc dosing at 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca treatments, wherein the chlorophyll a content was significantly increased by 30.90% and 38.47% with 0.5ca+zn and 1.0ca+zn treatments, the chlorophyll b content was significantly increased by 23.47% and 28.26% with each other, the carotenoids were significantly increased by 40.29% and 91.59% with each other, and the total chlorophyll content was significantly increased by 29.80% and 40.05% with each other.
TABLE 1 Effect of different treatments on chlorophyll content of tomato
Table 1.Effects of different treatments on chlorophyll content of tomato
Effect of calcium zinc dosing on mineral element content of tomato leaves:
as can be seen from table 2, the content of Mg and K elements in the tomato leaves treated with Zn is significantly reduced by 20.88% and 48.98%, respectively, compared with CK; the Zn element contents of the blade after 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca treatment are obviously increased by 42.44 percent, 49.17 percent and 83.91 percent respectively; wherein the content of Mg element in the blade is obviously reduced under the treatment of 0.5 Ca; the content of Mg and K elements is obviously reduced by 25.08 percent and 32.66 percent respectively under the 1.0Ca treatment; the Zn content is obviously increased by 69.97% under the treatment of 0.5Ca+Zn; the Zn content is obviously increased by 82.38 percent and the K content is obviously reduced by 51.02 percent under the 1.0Ca+Zn treatment.
TABLE 2 influence of different treatments on the elemental content of tomato leaves
Table 2.Effects of different treatments on element content in tomato leaves
Effect of calcium zinc dosing on photosynthetic parameters of tomato seedlings:
compared with CK, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the tomatoes under Zn treatment are obviously increased by 0.39 times, 1.14 times and 1.19 times respectively; the net photosynthetic rate, the transpiration rate and the stomatal conductance are obviously increased by 0.79 times, 2.05 times and 1.20 times respectively under the treatment of 0.25 Ca; the net photosynthetic rate, the intercellular CO2 concentration and the transpiration rate under the 0.5Ca treatment are obviously increased by 0.49 times, 3.31 times and 2.87 times respectively; the air pore conductivity and the transpiration rate are obviously increased by 1.08 times and 0.79 times respectively under the treatment of 1.0 Ca; the net photosynthetic rate, the intercellular CO2 concentration, the stomatal conductance and the transpiration rate after 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca treatments and zinc are respectively increased to different degrees, wherein the net photosynthetic rate, the stomatal conductance and the transpiration rate are respectively and obviously increased by 0.93 times, 7.03 times and 5.43 times under the 0.5Ca+Zn treatment.
Effect of calcium zinc dosing on tomato seedling photo response curve:
as shown in fig. 3, the net photosynthetic rate of the photosaturation point of the plant under the treatment of Zn is significantly increased compared with CK; the photosaturation point photosynthesis rate under the low, medium and high concentration calcium treatment shows the trend of low concentration promotion and high concentration inhibition, and the photosaturation point photosynthesis rate elevation effect under the 0.5Ca treatment is most obvious. At the same time, the net photosynthetic rate of photosaturation point is further increased under 0.5Ca, 1.0Ca treatment and zinc compounding.
Effect of calcium zinc formulation on tomato fruit quality and antioxidant enzyme activity:
effect of calcium zinc formulation on fruit appearance quality:
compared with CK, the transverse and longitudinal diameters of the tomato fruits are obviously increased under Zn treatment, and the single fruit weight is obviously increased by 53.78%; the transverse and longitudinal diameters of fruits are obviously increased under the treatment of 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca, and the weights of single fruits are obviously increased by 53.63 percent, 52.18 percent and 48.46 percent respectively; the transverse and longitudinal diameters of fruits are obviously increased by 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca treatment and zinc application, and the weights of single fruits are obviously increased by 35.39%, 69.27% and 70.41% respectively.
TABLE 3 influence of different treatments on the growth and physiological properties of tomato fruits
Table3.Effects of different treatments on horizontal and vertical diameter，soluble solids，Hardness and single ftuit weight of tomato
Effect of calcium zinc dosing on tomato nutritional quality:
as shown in fig. 4, compared with CK, the content of soluble solids, lycopene, free amino acids, soluble proteins and soluble sugar in the tomato fruit is obviously increased, wherein the sugar acid ratio is obviously increased by 29.36%, the content of flavonoids, organic acids and soluble pectin is obviously reduced, and the content of nitrate nitrogen is obviously reduced by 47.41%; the contents of soluble solids, lycopene and soluble sugar in fruits are obviously increased under the treatment of 0.25Ca and 0.5Ca, the sugar acid ratio is obviously increased by 53.65 percent and 72.94 percent respectively, and the contents of total phenols, free amino acids, organic acids and soluble pectin are obviously reduced, wherein the nitrate nitrogen content is obviously reduced by 43.22 percent under the treatment of 0.5 Ca; the soluble protein and the sugar acid ratio of the fruits are obviously increased by 22.48 percent and 61.96 percent respectively under the 1.0Ca treatment, the contents of vitamin C, total phenol, flavonoid and free amino acid are obviously reduced, and the contents of nitrate nitrogen and organic acid are obviously reduced by 43.99 percent and 33.66 percent respectively; the soluble solid, lycopene, vitamin C, soluble protein, soluble sugar content and sugar acid ratio of fruits are obviously increased when 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca are treated and zinc is applied, and the nitrate nitrogen, free amino acid, organic acid and soluble pectin content are obviously reduced; wherein the lycopene, the soluble protein, the soluble sugar content and the sugar acid ratio of the fruits under the 0.5Ca+Zn treatment are obviously increased by 33.35 percent, 23.33 percent, 21.27 percent and 64.91 percent, and the nitrate nitrogen content and the organic acid content are obviously reduced by 55.67 percent and 22.52 percent respectively.
Effect of calcium zinc dosing on tomato fruit antioxidant enzymes:
as can be seen from table 4, the SOD, POD and CAT enzyme activities of the tomato fruits under Zn treatment were significantly increased by 0.59 times, 0.40 times and 6.28 times, respectively, as compared to CK; the POD of the fruits is obviously increased under the treatment of 0.25Ca, and the CAT enzyme activity is obviously increased by 3.91 times; the activity of SOD and CAT enzyme is obviously increased by 0.16 times and 4.22 times respectively under the treatment of 0.5 Ca; the activities of SOD and CAT enzyme are obviously increased by 0.35 times and 4.78 times respectively under the 1.0Ca treatment; the CAT activity of fruits under the treatment of 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca, 1.0Ca and zinc is obviously increased by 4.44 times, 3.77 times and 5.93 times respectively, wherein the SOD activity under the treatment of 0.5Ca+Zn and 1.0Ca+Zn is obviously increased by 47.93 percent and 26.49 percent respectively.
TABLE 4 influence of different treatments on the antioxidant enzyme activity of tomato fruits
Table4.Effeets of different treatments on antioxidant enzyme activities in tomato fruits
Effect of calcium zinc dosing on tomato elemental content:
effect of calcium-zinc formulation on potassium, sodium, magnesium, zinc and phytic acid content of tomato fruits:
compared with CK, the content of phytic acid in fruits is obviously reduced by 34.41 percent under Zn treatment; the phytic acid content of fruits is obviously reduced by 61.49%, 47.88% and 50.96% under the treatment of 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca, wherein the Zn content is obviously reduced under the treatment of 1.0 Ca; the phytic acid content of fruits under the treatment of 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca and the zinc compounding is obviously reduced by 1.30 times, 0.89 times and 0.33 times respectively, wherein the Zn content under the treatment of 0.25Ca+Zn and 0.5Ca+Zn is obviously increased, and the K content under the treatment of 0.5Ca+Zn and the Na content under the treatment of 1.0Ca+Zn are obviously reduced.
TABLE 5 influence of different treatments on the elemental content of tomato fruit
Table5.Effects of different treatments on element content in tomato fruits
Effect of calcium zinc dosing on calcium content of tomato fruit:
as shown in the figure, the soluble calcium content of fruits under Zn treatment is significantly increased by 33.05% compared to CK; the content of Ca element, soluble calcium and calcium phosphate in the fruits under the treatment of 0.5Ca is obviously increased by 188.24 percent, 23.05 percent and 83.80 percent respectively; the calcium phosphate content of fruits is obviously increased by 54.86% under the 1.0Ca treatment; the calcium phosphate content was significantly increased by 69.51%, 73.96% and 47.33% for the 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca treatments and the zinc dosing, respectively, wherein the soluble calcium content was significantly increased for the 0.25Ca+Zn and 1.0Ca+Zn treatments.
TABLE 6 influence of different treatments on the soluble calcium and calcium phosphate content of tomato fruits
Table6.Effects of different treatments on the contents of soluble calcium and calcium phosphate in tomato fruits
Effect of calcium zinc dosing on tomato fruit sugar content and related enzymatic activity:
effect of calcium zinc dosing on sucrose and reducing sugar content of tomato fruits:
compared with CK, the content of reducing sugar and sucrose in fruits is obviously increased under Zn treatment; the reducing sugar content under the treatment of 0.25Ca and 0.5Ca is obviously increased by 23.80 percent and 20.39 percent respectively. The reducing sugar content of fruits is obviously increased under the combination of zinc and calcium with different concentrations, the reducing sugar contents of 0.25Ca+Zn, 0.5Ca+Zn and 1.0Ca+Zn are obviously increased by 12.58%, 19.55% and 16.72%, and the change of the sucrose content is not obvious. Effect of calcium zinc formulation on the activity of sucrose metabolizing enzyme of tomato fruit.
Compared with CK, the tomato fruits treated by Zn have obviously increased AI and NI activities, and the SS activity is obviously reduced by 25.77%; the AI activity is obviously increased by 20.51% under the treatment of 0.25Ca, and the SS activity is obviously reduced by 48.09%; the AI activity is obviously increased under the treatment of 0.5Ca, the SPS activity is obviously increased by 1.11 times, and the SS activity is obviously reduced; AI, NI and SPS activity were significantly increased by 0.36 fold, 0.51 fold and 1.19 fold, respectively, under 1.0Ca treatment; the AI activity of zinc and calcium with different concentrations is obviously increased, wherein the SS activity is obviously reduced by 51.77% under the 0.25Ca+Zn treatment, the NI and SPS activity are obviously increased by 0.25 times and 1.52 times respectively under the 0.5Ca+Zn treatment, the SS activity is obviously reduced, and the SPS activity is obviously increased by 1.06 times under the 1.0Ca+Zn treatment. Effect of calcium zinc formulation on amino acid composition of tomato fruit:
effect of calcium zinc dosing on total amino acid content of tomato fruit:
as can be seen from table 6, 15 amino acids were identified in total in tomato fruits, which contained 5 human Essential Amino Acids (EAA): valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine; human nonessential amino acids (NEAA) 8: histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, tyrosine, glycine, serine; essential amino acids for Children (CEAA) 2: histidine, arginine. Compared with CK, the tomato fruits are obviously increased in isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, glutamic acid, tyrosine and glycine under Zn treatment; the contents of 5 essential amino acids, serine and glycine are obviously increased under the 0.25Ca treatment, and the contents of serine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine are obviously increased under the 0.5Ca treatment; 1.0Ca treatment, the content of various amino acids is reduced to different degrees; the content of the amino acid measured under the 0.25Ca+Zn treatment is reduced to different degrees; the content of essential amino acids except lysine of the human body is obviously increased under the 0.5Ca+Zn treatment, the content of aspartic acid in the non-essential amino acids of the human body is obviously reduced, and the content of serine, alanine and glycine is obviously increased; the contents of 5 essential amino acids, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, lysine and proline in the human body are obviously reduced under the 1.0Ca+Zn treatment.
TABLE 7 influence of different treatments on the different amino acid contents of tomato fruits
Table7.Effects of different treatments on different amino acid contents in tomato fruits
Influence of calcium and zinc formulation on the content and proportion of amino acids required by different human bodies of tomatoes:
compared with CK, the content of essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and essential amino acids of children in fruits and human bodies is obviously increased under Zn treatment, and meanwhile, the ratio of the content of various amino acids to the total amount is obviously reduced; the ratio of the essential amino acid content to the total amount of the human body and the non-essential amino acid content to the total amount of the human body is obviously increased under the treatment of 0.25Ca, and the ratio of the essential amino acid content to the total amount of the children is obviously reduced; the ratio of the essential amino acid content of the human body to the total essential amino acid content of children is obviously reduced under the treatment of 0.5 Ca; 1.0Ca, the content of essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and essential amino acids for children are obviously reduced; the content of essential amino acids of human body and essential amino acids of children under 0.25Ca+Zn treatment and the ratio of the essential amino acids to the total amount of the essential amino acids are obviously reduced; the ratio of the essential amino acid content of the human body to the total amount of the essential amino acid content is obviously increased under the treatment of 0.5Ca+Zn, and the ratio of the essential amino acid content of the human body to the total amount of the essential amino acid content of children to the total amount of the essential amino acid content is obviously reduced; the content of essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and essential amino acids for children in the treatment of 1.0Ca+Zn is obviously reduced.
TABLE 8 influence of different treatments on the content and the ratio of various amino acids in tomato fruits
Table8.Effects of different treatments on contents and proportions of various amino acids in tomato fruits
Effect of calcium zinc formulation on tomato flavor amino acid content and ratio:
compared with CK, the ratio of sweet amino acid to total amount of the fruits treated by Zn is obviously reduced, and the ratio of the content of the delicious amino acid to the content of the aromatic amino acid and the ratio of the total amount of the fruits to the total amount of the fruits are obviously increased; the ratio of the sweet amino acid content to the total amount of the 0.25Ca treatment is obviously increased by 47.12 percent and 48.72 percent respectively, the ratio of the umami amino acid to the total amount of the fresh amino acid is obviously reduced, and the ratio of the aromatic amino acid content to the total amount of the fresh amino acid is obviously increased; the sweet amino acid content of fruits under the treatment of 0.5Ca and the ratio of the sweet amino acid content to the total amount of fruits are obviously increased by 26.04 percent and 19.19 percent respectively, and the ratio of the umami amino acid content to the total amount of fruits is obviously reduced; the contents of sweet amino acid and aromatic amino acid in fruits and the ratio of the total amount of the sweet amino acid and the aromatic amino acid in the fruits are obviously reduced under the 1.0Ca treatment, and the content of the delicious amino acid is obviously reduced; the ratio of sweet amino acid content to the total amount of the sweet amino acid content is obviously reduced under the 0.25Ca+Zn treatment, and the ratio of the total amount of the delicate flavor and the aromatic amino acid content is obviously increased; the ratio of the sweet taste to the aromatic amino acid content to the total amount of the sweet taste and the aromatic amino acid content is obviously increased under the 0.5Ca+Zn treatment, and the ratio of the total amount of the delicious amino acid is obviously reduced; the ratio of sweet taste to the total amount of aromatic amino acid is obviously increased under the 1.0Ca+Zn treatment, and the ratio of the content of the delicious amino acid to the total amount is obviously reduced.
TABLE 9 influence of different treatments on the content and the ratio of amino acids in the flavor of tomato fruits
Table9.Effects of different treatments on the content and proportion of amino acids in tomato fruit flavor
Effect of calcium zinc dosing on tomato flavour content:
as shown in Table 10, the experiment showed that the tomato flavor was 44 total, and the total was mainly volatile substances such as aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons and esters.
The main components in the aldehydes are hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2-zincatenal, 2-heptenal and the like, wherein the hexanal and trans-2-hexenal content is obviously higher than other aldehydes. Compared with CK, the content of hexanal and trans-2-hexenal in fruits under Zn treatment is obviously increased by 1.05 times and 2.05 times respectively; the treatment with 0.25Ca is obviously increased by 1.19 times and 1.65 times respectively; 73.35% and 66.26% respectively, are significantly increased under 0.5Ca treatment; 68.40% and 90.32% respectively, are significantly increased under 1.0Ca treatment; the hexanal content and the trans-2-hexenal content are obviously increased by 22.42 percent and 35.89 percent respectively under the 0.25Ca+Zn treatment; the treatment of 0.5Ca+Zn is obviously increased by 23.30 percent and 46.91 percent respectively; the 40.39% and 74.92% increase under 1.0Ca+Zn treatment, respectively, was significant.
The alcohol species detected 4 species, trans-2-pentenol, linalool, phenethyl alcohol and 1-nonanol, respectively, where phenethyl alcohol was detected only in Zn treatment and 1-nonanol was detected only in 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca treatment. Compared with CK treatment, trans-2-pentenol and linalool are obviously increased by 2.12 times and 2.09 times respectively under Zn treatment; the treatment with 0.25Ca is obviously increased by 1.54 times and 2.76 times respectively; the increase under 0.5Ca treatment is 1.07 times and 50.86 percent respectively; the treatment of 1.0Ca is obviously increased by 1.08 times and 1.22 times respectively; the content of trans-2-pentenol is obviously increased by 42.71% under the treatment of 0.25 Ca+Zn; the contents of trans-2-pentenol and linalool under 0.5Ca+Zn treatment are obviously increased by 78.39 percent and 51.43 percent respectively; the trans-2-pentenol and linalool contents were significantly increased by 1.00 and 1.10 times, respectively, under the 1.0Ca+Zn treatment.
The ketone species detected 5 species, 1-penten-3-one, 1-octen-3-one, geranylacetone, methylheptenone and large Ma Shitong, respectively, whereas methylheptenone only appeared under Zn treatment. Compared with CK, the content of 1-pentene-3-ketone is obviously increased by 1.90 times under Zn treatment; the treatment with 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca significantly increased by 72.00%, 69.89% and 89.73%, respectively; the 1-penten-3-one contents were significantly increased by 57.98% and 57.50% under 0.5Ca+Zn and 1.0Ca+Zn treatments, respectively.
The content of each substance in the hydrocarbon and the ester is extremely low, and the content of valeric acid in other substances is relatively high. Compared with CK, the content of valeric acid is obviously reduced by 2.42 times under Zn treatment; the treatment with 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca and 1.0Ca is significantly increased by 1.23 times, 1.01 times and 1.26 times, respectively; the valeric acid content was significantly increased by 26.71%, 57.38% and 86.54% with 0.25Ca, 0.5Ca, 1.0Ca and zinc respectively.
TABLE 10 influence of different treatments on tomato fruit flavors
Table10.Effects of different treatments on tomato fruit flavor substances
Continuous watch
Comprehensive evaluation of the effect of calcium zinc formulation on tomato fruit quality:
principal component analysis of major quality traits:
in table 10, principal component analysis was performed on 23 indexes such as tomato single fruit weight, multiple fruit quality indexes, mineral elements and amino acid components, wherein the indexes such as organic acid, phytic acid and nitrate nitrogen content, which are inversely proportional to fruit quality, were subjected to reciprocal treatment. The method can be divided into 5 main components according to the contribution rate. The main component 1 has a contribution ratio of 33.03% and mainly contains aromatic amino acids, total phenols, and the like. The contribution rate of the main component 2 is 25.90%, and mainly comprises lycopene, nitrate nitrogen (reciprocal), soluble sugar, soluble protein, vitamin C content and the like. The contribution rate of the main component 3 is 14.46%, and the essential amino acid of the human body and the content of the delicious amino acid are mainly used. The contribution rate of the main component 4 is 10.72 percent, and the single fruit quality and Ca content are the main components. The contribution rate of the main component 5 is 6.89%, and the soluble protein content is the main component. The cumulative contribution rate of 5 main components was 91.10%, and the influence of the 23 indexes in fruit quality formation could be effectively reflected.
According to the composite scores in table 11, the composite scores for the CK, zn, 0.25Ca and 0.5Ca treatments all significantly increased, but the 1.0Ca treatment score tended to decrease. At the same time, the combined score of 0.25ca+zn and 0.5ca+zn was further increased compared to Zn or Ca treatments alone. The ranking order of each process according to the composite score is as follows: 0.5Ca+Zn > 0.25Ca+Zn > Zn > 0.5Ca > 0.25Ca > 1.0Ca+Zn > CK > 1.0Ca.
TABLE 11 feature vector, feature root, variance contribution and cumulative contribution of 5 principal Components
Table 11.The characteristic vectors，characteristic roots，variance contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate of the five principal components were analyzed
TABLE 12 principal component score and composite score
Table12.principal component score and comprehensive score
Correlation analysis of calcium and zinc content and main quality traits of fruits:
in table 12, fruit Zn content is shown to be significantly positively correlated with soluble solids, lycopene and vitamin C content; ca content is positively correlated with soluble sugars. The soluble solids are significantly positively correlated with lycopene and vitamin C. There is a significant positive correlation between lycopene and vitamin C. The free amino acids show a positive correlation with total phenols and organic acids, respectively, of significant and very significant significance. Soluble proteins exhibit a significant negative correlation with nitrate nitrogen. Total phenols are significantly and very significantly positively correlated with organic acids, flavonoids, respectively.
TABLE 13 correlation of tomato fruit Zn, ca content with fruit quality
Tablel3.Correlation between Zn，Ca content and fruit quality of Tomato
The following conclusions were drawn by the above experiments:
1. the plant height, stem thickness, internode spacing and single spike number of tomato plants under zinc fertilizer base application are obviously increased by 26.84%, 11.33%, 40.93% and 32.26%, respectively. The low, medium and high concentration (0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%) calcium chloride foliar spray has remarkable promotion effect on the physiological characteristics of tomatoes, the 0.5% calcium chloride spray treatment has the most remarkable promotion effect, and compared with a blank control, the plant height, the internode distance and the single spike number are remarkably increased by 28.62%, 31.22% and 25.81%, respectively. Compared with the simple zinc or calcium treatment, the tomato plant height, the stem thickness, the internode spacing and the single spike number have no further increasing trend under the combination of different concentrations of calcium and zinc.
2. Zinc fertilizer base application can obviously promote the accumulation of chlorophyll in tomato leaves and enhance photosynthesis, wherein the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate are obviously increased by 0.40 times, 1.14 times and 1.19 times respectively. The calcium chloride leaf surfaces with different concentrations are sprayed to effectively improve the content of various chlorophyll and photosynthesis; compared with blank control, the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents of the calcium chloride treatment effect is improved by 54.28%, 45.89% and 50.73%, and the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate are improved by 0.49 times, 3.31 times and 2.87 times. And the 0.5% concentration of calcium and zinc fertilizer can further promote photosynthesis of tomatoes, and compared with a blank control, the net photosynthesis rate, the stomatal conductance and the transpiration rate of the tomato are obviously increased by 0.93 times, 7.03 times and 5.43 times respectively.
3. The zinc fertilizer base application or the calcium chloride spraying improves the biomass of fruits, promotes the accumulation of the contents of soluble solids, lycopene, free amino acids, soluble sugar and the like, and simultaneously effectively inhibits the increase of the contents of organic acid and nitrate nitrogen. The accumulation of lycopene, vitamin C, soluble protein and soluble sugar content of fruits can be further promoted by the proper concentration of calcium and zinc. Zinc treatment did not increase fruit Ca, mg, K, na and Zn element content; the calcium treatment with low and medium concentration can effectively promote the accumulation of Ca and Zn elements in fruits; ca and Zn elements of fruits are further increased when calcium and zinc are mixed at proper concentrations. Meanwhile, zinc and calcium treatment can inhibit the accumulation of fruit phytic acid, and improve the effective zinc and calcium content of fruits.
4. The zinc fertilizer base application promotes the fruit SOD, POD and CAT activity to be obviously improved by 59.39%, 40.14% and 6.27 times respectively. The activity of antioxidant enzyme is improved by spraying calcium chloride on leaf surfaces to different degrees; the best effect of the calcium chloride treatment with the concentration of 1.0 percent is achieved, and compared with the blank control, the SOD and CAT activities of the calcium chloride treatment are obviously improved by 34.60 percent and 4.78 times respectively. Meanwhile, after the calcium and zinc are compounded at proper concentrations, the activity of partial antioxidant enzymes in fruits and the content of antioxidant substances (vitamin C) are further increased.
5. The zinc fertilizer base application obviously improves the content of reducing sugar and sucrose in fruits, and promotes the activity of acid invertase and neutral invertase to be obviously improved. The leaf surface spraying of calcium chloride improves the content of reducing sugar and the activity of acid invertase to different degrees, and inhibits the activity of sucrose synthase. Low and medium concentration calcium and zinc dosing can further promote sucrose accumulation and increased activity of acid invertase, neutral invertase and sucrose phosphate synthase.
6. The zinc fertilizer base application can promote the remarkable increase of the contents of various amino acids in tomato fruits, wherein the contents of essential amino acids of human bodies, essential amino acids of children, sweet amino acids, aromatic amino acids and the like are all remarkably increased. The low and medium concentration calcium spraying promotes the increase of the content of various amino acids to different degrees, the content of various amino acids is obviously increased, but the content of various amino acids is obviously reduced under the high concentration calcium treatment. Compared with simple zinc or calcium treatment, the calcium and zinc with different concentrations are not used for further promoting the increase of the amino acid content, but the ratio of various amino acids in the total amount is effectively regulated and controlled.
7. The zinc fertilizer base application promotes the significant rise of various aldehydes, esters, ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbons and other volatile flavor substances in fruits, wherein hexanal, trans-2-vinyl aldehyde, trans-2-pentenol, linalool and other significant rises by 1.05 times, 2.05 times, 2.12 times and 2.09 times respectively compared with the larger flavor substance content. The foliar application of calcium chloride also promotes the increase of the content of various volatile flavor substances in fruits to different degrees, but the trend of the increase of the content of various flavor substances under the combination of calcium and zinc with different concentrations is remarkably reduced.
8. Through correlation analysis of 23 quality indexes such as fruit single fruit weight, soluble solids, lycopene content and amino acid composition, the comprehensive score of each processed fruit quality is calculated, and the ranking is as follows: 0.5Ca+Zn > 0.25Ca+Zn > Zn > 0.5Ca > 0.25Ca > 1.0Ca+Zn > CK > 1.0Ca.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned.
Claims (1)
1. A planting method for promoting tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on calcium-zinc dispensing, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, preparing a culture medium: before planting tomato seedlings, fully soaking coconut husk bricks in distilled water, fully sterilizing by sunlight, sun-drying, mixing with zinc fertilizer, and filling into a prepared nutrition pot for later use;
The coconut husk brick is a Pedaman coconut brick, the single weight of the coconut husk brick is 5-5.5 kg/block, the EC value is less than or equal to 0.6MS/CM, the pH value is between 5.5 and 6.8, the fiber is less than or equal to 2%, and the zinc fertilizer content in the coconut husk brick is 0.1g/L;
s2, culturing tomato seedlings: sowing tomato seeds on a plug tray after germination accelerating and white exposure, and when tomato seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart, planting the tomato seeds in a nutrition pot for matrix cultivation, wherein the tomato variety is Zhejiang cherry powder No. 1;
s3, fertilizing: after the tomatoes enter the initial flowers and fruits, spraying fertilizer and CaCl (CaCl) on 1 st to 2 nd fully-unfolded functional leaves below the growing points of the tomato plants 2 The water solution is sprayed once a week for three weeks continuously; the front and back sides of the leaves are uniformly sprayed, and the water drops are fully distributed on the leaves after the spraying and do not drip as the standard;
the CaCl 2 The volume concentration of the aqueous solution is 0.25-1.0%;
s4: after field planting, irrigating with Hoagland nutrient solution every 1-2d, wherein each plant is 500ml, and the Hoagland nutrient solution is diluted to 50% volume concentration;
s5: and (3) after tomatoes grow to a fruit expansion period, irrigating with Hoagland nutrient solution every 1-2d, wherein each plant is 1000ml, and diluting the Hoagland nutrient solution to 50% by volume.
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