CN113575314B - Planting method for improving tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on iron-zinc-selenium dispensing - Google Patents

Planting method for improving tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on iron-zinc-selenium dispensing Download PDF

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CN113575314B
CN113575314B CN202110861012.3A CN202110861012A CN113575314B CN 113575314 B CN113575314 B CN 113575314B CN 202110861012 A CN202110861012 A CN 202110861012A CN 113575314 B CN113575314 B CN 113575314B
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tomato
zinc
selenium
iron
nutrient solution
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CN113575314A (en
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张毅
栗国栋
胡晓辉
李小靖
石玉
白龙强
赵海亮
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Shanxi Agricultural University
Northwest A&F University
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Northwest A&F University
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/05Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01CPLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05DINORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C05D9/02Other inorganic fertilisers containing trace elements
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05GMIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/20Liquid fertilisers
    • C05G5/23Solutions
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/133Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a planting method for improving tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on iron-zinc-selenium dispensing, which comprises the following steps: s1, uniformly mixing zinc fertilizer, selenium fertilizer and foamed and dried coconut coir to serve as a matrix, and placing the matrix in a nutrition pot for later use; s2, soaking tomato seeds in warm soup, germinating, exposing to white, sowing in a plug tray, and planting in a nutrition pot after seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart; s3, after the tomatoes enter the flowering period, spraying the tomato plants with the concentration of 100 mu mol.L ‑1 EDTA-Fe and 50. Mu. Mol.L ‑1 ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 And (3) uniformly spraying the O aqueous solution on the front and back sides of all the blades, and spraying once a week. The invention can obviously improve the nutrition quality of tomato fruits; the analysis of the main components of the tomato fruits shows that the operation of the zinc-iron and selenium-zinc compound treatment can obviously promote the growth and development of the tomato fruits and the improvement of the nutrition quality, thereby effectively improving the nutrition value of the tomatoes.

Description

Planting method for improving tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on iron-zinc-selenium dispensing
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of tomato cultivation, in particular to a planting method for improving tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on iron-zinc-selenium compound application.
Background
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the largest vegetable crops cultivated at home and abroad, and is also an important mode crop for genetic improvement of quality of solanaceous vegetables. The fruit and vegetable cultivation agent is sweet and sour, is delicious, is beneficial to human digestion, is rich in nutrient substances, is especially rich in lycopene, has the effects of resisting aging, resisting cancer, preventing cardiovascular diseases and the like, is popular with consumers, and is one of the most common fruits and vegetables cultivated at home and abroad. In addition, tomatoes are widely applied to quality genetic improvement and physiological and biochemical research. Exogenous iron, zinc and selenium promote the increase of trace elements in tomato fruits, improve the nutritive value of tomatoes, and effectively improve the current situation of trace element deficiency of people by a food strengthening method, thereby preventing diseases and even reducing the risk of cancer. The prior art is mainly focused on single iron zinc selenium element treatment and on the aspect of reducing the accumulation of heavy metal cadmium in plants, and the influence of iron zinc selenium compound application on the saccharose metabolism, amino acid components and volatile flavor substances of tomatoes and whether a synergistic regulation effect exists among elements still need to be further studied.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims at overcoming the defects in the prior art, and provides a planting method for improving the growth and development of tomatoes and the quality of fruits based on iron-zinc-selenium dispensing.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
the planting method for improving the growth and development of tomatoes and the quality of fruits based on iron-zinc-selenium dispensing comprises the following steps:
s1, uniformly mixing zinc fertilizer, selenium fertilizer and foamed and dried coconut coir to serve as a matrix, and placing the matrix in a nutrition pot for later use;
s2, soaking tomato seeds in warm soup, germinating, exposing to white, sowing in a plug tray, and planting in a nutrition pot after seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart;
s3, after the tomatoes enter the flowering period, spraying the tomato plants with the concentration of 100 mu mol.L -1 EDTA-Fe and 50. Mu. Mol.L -1 ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 And (3) uniformly spraying the O aqueous solution on the front and back sides of all the blades, and spraying once a week.
Further, the coco coir in the step S1 is the coco coir brick, the EC value of the coco coir brick is 0.6ms/cm, and the pH value of the coco coir brick is 5.6-6.8.
Further, in the step S1, the concentration of the zinc fertilizer in the matrix is 0.1 g.L -1 The zinc content in the zinc fertilizer is 20%; the concentration of selenium fertilizer in the matrix is 0.05g.L -1 The selenium content in the selenium fertilizer is 0.1%.
Further, the dimensions of the nutrition pot were 20cm×20cm×30cm.
Further, in the step S3, EDTA-Fe and ZnSO are sprayed on tomato plants 4 ·7H 2 The O aqueous solution is sprayed in the early morning, and the water drops are preferably not dropped when the O aqueous solution is sprayed on the leaf surface; spraying once a week and spraying three times altogether.
Further, in the step S2, 500ml of distilled water is poured into each tomato plant during field planting, and then drip irrigation is carried out by using nutrient solution and distilled water at intervals of 1 day; the nutrient solution is prepared from a Japanese kawasaki tomato nutrient solution formula.
Further, in the step S2, the seedlings are slowly grown for one week after the field planting, and during the seedling growth period, 1 standard concentration of the Japanese Kawasaki tomato nutrient solution formula is adopted, 1/4 concentration of the nutrient solution is sprayed every day for the first 3 days, and 1/2 concentration of the nutrient solution is sprayed every day for the last 4 days.
Further, after the seedling is slowly released, the nutrient solution is irrigated once every 1 day, and 100ml of nutrient solution is irrigated once every plant; after the flowering and fruit setting period, the nutrient solution is irrigated once in 1 day, and 200ml of nutrient solution is irrigated for each plant each time; after entering the fruit expanding period and the mature picking period, the nutrient solution is irrigated once in 1 day, and 400ml of nutrient solution is irrigated once per plant; and (5) carrying out topping operation after the tomato plants are opened to the 5 th ear flowers.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
the invention adopts the base zinc fertilizer and the selenium fertilizer to spray EDTA-Fe and ZnSO in the tomato cultivation process 4 ·7H 2 The design of the O aqueous solution can obviously improve the nutrition quality of tomato fruits; the analysis of the main components of the tomato fruits shows that the operation of the zinc-iron and selenium-zinc compound treatment can obviously promote the growth and development of the tomato fruits and the improvement of the nutrition quality, thereby effectively improving the nutrition value of the tomatoes.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the invention or the technical solutions of the prior art, the drawings which are used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the description below are only some embodiments of the invention, and that other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without inventive faculty for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a frame structure diagram of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the effect of Fe-Zn-Se application on photosynthetic parameters of tomato leaves;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato fruit active content;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the effect of iron zinc selenium dosing on tomato fruit antioxidant enzyme activity;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the effect of iron zinc selenium dosing on accumulation of tomato fruit sugar acids;
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the effect of iron zinc selenium dosing on free amino acid content of tomato fruits;
FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of the effect of iron zinc selenium dosing on vitamin C and lycopene levels in tomato fruits;
FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of the effect of iron zinc selenium administration on soluble proteins and soluble pectins of tomato fruits;
FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of the effect of iron zinc selenium dosing on tomato fruit reducing sugar and sucrose content;
FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of the effect of iron zinc selenium administration on the activity of enzymes associated with sucrose metabolism of tomato fruits;
FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of the effect of iron zinc selenium dosing on the flavor amino acid content of tomato fruits.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, modifications, equivalents, improvements, etc., which are apparent to those skilled in the art without the benefit of this disclosure, are intended to be included within the scope of this invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the embodiment discloses a planting method for improving tomato growth and development and fruit quality based on iron-zinc-selenium dispensing, which comprises the following steps:
s1, soaking tomato seeds in warm soup, germinating, exposing to white, sowing the tomato seeds in a plug tray, and after the seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart, planting the tomato seeds in a nutrition pot with the length of 20cm multiplied by 30cm, wherein the culture medium is coconut chaff, and pouring 500ml of distilled water into each seedling during planting. The water and fertilizer management adopts a timing drip irrigation system, the distance between the nutrient solution and distilled water is 1d, and the 9:00 am of each day is set for drip irrigation of the nutrient solution or distilled water. And (3) 1/4 of nutrient solution is poured in the first 3d of the seedling reviving period for one week, and 1/2 of nutrient solution is poured in the later 4d of the seedling reviving period, wherein the formula of the Japanese mountain potato nutrient solution is 1 standard concentration, and the formula of the Japanese mountain potato nutrient solution is shown in the following table.
Special formula for Japanese mountain Kawasaki tomato nutrient solution (1978)
S2, uniformly mixing the zinc fertilizer and the selenium fertilizer with the foamed and dried coconut coir before field planting for later use. After the tomatoes enter the flowering period, carrying out iron and zinc fertilizer foliar spraying treatment, and uniformly spraying the front and back surfaces of all the leaves until the leaves are full of water drops and do not drip, wherein the spraying is carried out once a week, and the spraying is carried out three times in the early morning each time;
and S3, after seedling reviving is finished, the nutrient solution is irrigated for 1d for 100ml each time, the nutrient solution is irrigated for 1d for 200ml each time when the plant enters a flowering and fruit setting period, and the nutrient solution is irrigated for 1d for 400ml each time when the plant enters a fruit expanding period and a mature picking period. And after the tomatoes are opened to the 5 th ear flowers, the tops are removed, the pruning and the fork and the pest and disease protection are needed to be timely carried out on daily management, and the lower leaves are needed to be timely removed after the fruits turn colors, so that the loss of nutrients is reduced.
To further verify the feasibility of the invention, the following test was performed.
The test was conducted at Shanxi agricultural university park and laboratory building. Soaking tomato seeds in warm soup, accelerating germination, exposing to white, sowing in a plug tray, and after seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart, planting in a nutrition pot with the length of 20cm multiplied by 30cm, wherein the culture medium is coconut chaff, and pouring 500ml distilled water into each seedling during planting. The water and fertilizer management adopts a timing drip irrigation system, the distance between the nutrient solution and distilled water is 1d, and the 9:00 am of each day is set for drip irrigation of the nutrient solution or distilled water. And (3) seedling reviving is carried out for one week, 1/4 of nutrient solution is poured in the first 3d of the seedling reviving period, and 1/2 of nutrient solution is poured in the last 4d of the seedling reviving period, and 1 standard concentration is adopted in the formula of the Japanese mountain Kawasaki tomato nutrient solution. After seedling recovery is finished, the nutrient solution is irrigated for 1d for 100ml each time, the nutrient solution is irrigated for 1d for 200ml each time when the plants enter flowering and fruit setting periods, and the nutrient solution is irrigated for 1d for 400ml each time when the plants enter fruit expanding periods and mature picking periods. And after the tomatoes are opened to the 5 th ear flowers, the tops are removed, the pruning and the fork and the pest and disease protection are needed to be timely carried out on daily management, and the lower leaves are needed to be timely removed after the fruits turn colors, so that the loss of nutrients is reduced.
Test treatment: and uniformly mixing the zinc fertilizer and the selenium fertilizer with the foamed and dried coconut coir before field planting for later use. After the tomatoes enter the flowering period, carrying out the foliage spraying treatment of the iron fertilizer and the zinc fertilizer, uniformly spraying the front and the back of all the leaves,the plant is sprayed once a week until the leaf surface is fully covered with water drops and the water drops are not dropped, and the plant is sprayed three times in the morning each time. The base zinc fertilizer is provided with 2 concentrations: 0. 0.1 g.L -1 The base selenium fertilizer is provided with 2 concentrations: 0. 0.05 g.L -1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the EDTA-Fe set 2 concentrations: 0. 100 mu mol L -1 ,ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O sets 2 concentrations: 0.50 mu mol L -1 (obtained by earlier screening) and spraying distilled water as control. The test was performed in a total of 8 treatments, as follows: CK; zn (L); fe (L); zn (R); zn (R) +Fe (L); se (R); se (R) +Zn (L); se (R) +Fe (L), wherein (L) represents foliar spray and (R) represents root basal spray. After the fruits are ripe, the growth indexes of tomato plants and the fruits are measured, meanwhile, fruits with consistent maturity are taken, the quality indexes are stored in an ultralow temperature refrigerator at the temperature of minus 80 ℃, other samples are dried and stored in a drying test tube, and the mineral element content is measured.
Measurement item and method
Growth index determination
Measuring the stem thickness, the node position of the initial flower, the number of leaves among inflorescences and the internode length of the plant after the tomato is mature; randomly selecting mature fruits with uniform sizes of the first 3 ears in different plants under each treatment, weighing single fruits, recording transverse and longitudinal diameters of the fruits, and calculating a fruit shape index (fruit shape index=longitudinal diameter/transverse diameter); fruit hardness was measured using a GY-4 series digital display fruit durometer with 3 replicates per treatment.
Analysis of photosynthetic characteristics
When the tomato fruits are in the initial color conversion stage, taking upper leaves in plants, and measuring the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid by adopting a 96% ethanol leaching method; photosynthetic parameter measurements were performed using an LI-6400 portable photosynthetic apparatus at 9:00-11:00 am. Data were collected when the values of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) were stable, and the water use rate (WUE) and the air pore limit value (Ls) were calculated, 3 replicates per treatment.
Antioxidant index determination
Determination of active substance content
The method for taking care of the jade red by the total phenol and flavonoid comprises the steps of extracting the jade red by adopting a methanol solution containing 1% of HCl in a dark place. Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Determination of antioxidant enzyme Activity
Enzyme solution extraction reference Pan Yuanyuan, 1g tomato fruit homogenate is weighed, pre-cooled potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.8) is added, and after grinding in ice bath until homogenate, the mixture is transferred into a 10ml centrifuge tube for centrifugation (4 ℃ C., 6500 r.min) -1 15 min), and extracting the supernatant to be tested. SOD activity was measured by the method of azocyclotetrazole (NBT), POD and CAT activities were measured by the method of Gao Junfeng. Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Fruit nutrition quality determination
The soluble solid is measured by a digital display sugar refractometer. The free amino acid content was determined using ninhydrin colorimetric method. The soluble sugar content was determined using phenol colorimetry and the titratable acid was determined using acid-base titration with sugar acid ratio = soluble sugar/titratable acid. The soluble protein content was determined using the Coomassie Brilliant blue G-250 method. The soluble pectin content is determined by carbazole colorimetric method. The vitamin C content is determined by molybdenum blue colorimetric method. Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Measuring lycopene by petroleum ether extraction method, referring to Zhang Lianfu, etc., modifying, weighing 1.0g tomato pulp, grinding, filtering with 20mL absolute ethanol for 4 times, filtering with 30mL methanol for 6 times until the filtrate is transparent and colorless, discarding the filtrate, and retaining residue; reacting the filter residue with petroleum ether (98% petroleum ether+2% methylene dichloride), and filtering for multiple times until the filter residue becomes white; the filtrate was fixed to a volume of 50mL, colorized at 502nm with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and its specific content was calculated by taking lycopene as a standard curve. Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Determination of sucrose content and related enzyme Activity
The reducing sugar is determined by adopting a 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method. Sucrose was determined by resorcinol chromogenic method. 0.1g of fresh tomato sample is weighed to measure AI and NI activities, 0.3g of fresh tomato sample is weighed to measure SS and SPS of fruits, and the measurement is carried out by using a corresponding enzyme activity detection kit (Beijing Soy Bao technology Co., ltd.). Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Analysis of amino acid composition and content
Preparing dried fruit sample by FD5-3T freeze dryer, weighing 0.1g of the dried fruit sample in a 2ml centrifuge tube, adding 1.5ml of 2% 5-sulfosalicylic acid, leaching for one day and night, centrifuging (4deg.C, 12000 r.min) -1 15 min) and extracting 1ml of the supernatant with 0.02 mmol.L -1 HCl was fixed to a volume of 5mL, filtered through a 0.45 μm filter, and then measured using an amino acid analyzer (L-8800, HITACHI), and the sample amount was set to 20. Mu.L. Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Amino acids are classified into umami amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid), sweet amino acids (alanine, glycine, serine, threonine), bitter amino acids (arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine) and tasteless amino acids (cysteine, lysine, proline) 4 based on taste characteristics.
Determination of volatile flavour content
Based on previous studies, the pretreatment process of the volatile flavor substances was slightly modified. The method comprises the following specific steps: 5g of the sample was taken at low temperature and placed in a 20mL headspace extraction flask, followed by 1g of NaCl and 2.5. Mu.L of 2-nonone (0.82. Mu.g. ML) -1 ) After sealing, the sample is uniformly oscillated by a vortex instrument, and is placed in a water bath with the temperature of 50 ℃ for 20min for constant temperature balance, and then is immediately placed in a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (Trace ISQ) for measurement. Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Determination of mineral element content
Cleaning and wiping tomato leaves and fruits, deactivating enzyme at 105deg.C for 15min, and oven drying at 80deg.C to obtain sample. Weighing 0.1g of leaf and 0.3g of fruit respectively, drying samples, passing through H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 The sample was prepared by digestion and the content of K, ca, mg, na, zn, fe, mn, cu element in various tissues was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-6200, japan SHIMADZU). Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
Data analysis
The experimental data were all subjected to Duncan's new complex polar difference analysis (P < 0.05), correlation analysis and principal component analysis using SPSS22.0 and plotted using Microsoft Excel 2016 and Graped prism 8.0.
Results and analysis
Influence of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato biological traits
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on tomato plant growth
As shown in Table 1, compared with the Control (CK), the single application or the combined application of the Fe, zn and Se has different degrees of influence on the growth indexes of plants, and the basal application of the Zn fertilizer or the Se fertilizer can improve the initial flower position and delay the flowering of tomatoes; has no obvious influence on the number of leaves among inflorescences. The Zn (R) -treated stems were significantly increased in thickness compared to CK; the internode length of Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatment was significantly increased by 30.12%.
TABLE 1 Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato plant growth
Note that: CK: a control; zn (L): spraying ZnSO on leaf surface 4 ·7H 2 O; fe (L): spraying EDTA-Fe on leaf surfaces; zn (R): base applying Zn fertilizer; zn (R) +Fe (L): base application Zn+EDTA-Fe spraying; se (R): basal Se fertilizer is applied; se (R) +zn (L): base fertilizer and ZnSO4.7H2O; se (R) +Fe (L): base fertilizer Se and EDTA-Fe spraying. The same column of data subscripts with different lowercase letters indicate that each treatment differs significantly (P<0.05). The following is the same.
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on tomato fruit traits
As shown in Table 2, compared with CK, shan Shitie zinc selenium or iron zinc selenium can be applied to improve the single fruit quality and the transverse and longitudinal diameters of tomato fruits to different degrees, and has no obvious influence on the fruit hardness and the fruit shape index. The single fruit weight of Fe (L), zn (R) and Se (R) treatments were significantly increased by 44.01%, 63.40% and 27.78% over CK, respectively. The Zn (R) +Fe (L), se (R) +Zn (L) and Se (R) +Fe (L) treatments significantly increased the single fruit mass compared to CK by 38.02%, 41.23% and 24.54%, respectively. The amplification degree is Zn (R) > Fe (L) > Se (R) +Zn (L) > Zn (R) +Fe (L) > Se (R) +Fe (L) > Zn (L) > CK from high to low.
TABLE 2 Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato fruit Properties
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on photosynthetic characteristics of tomatoes
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on photosynthetic pigment content of tomato leaf
As can be seen from table 3, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a+b treated with Zn (R) +fe (L) were all significantly higher than CK, fe (L), and Zn (R), with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a+b being significantly increased by 26.12%, 41.03%, and 30.87%, respectively, compared to CK, and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a+b being significantly increased by 42.86%, 48.65%, and 44.44%, respectively, compared to Zn (R); except for Fe (L) and Zn (R) +Fe (L), the chlorophyll b content difference among the other treatments is not obvious; the content of carotenoids in Fe (L) and Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatments was significantly increased by 20.00% and 20.00% compared to CK.
TABLE 3 Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato leaf photosynthetic pigment content
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on photosynthetic parameters of tomato leaves
As can be seen from fig. 2 (the lower case letters marked on the columns indicate significant differences between treatments, P < 0.05), single application of Fe fertilizer on the leaf surface significantly improved Pn, gs and Tr of the tomato leaf compared to CK by 50.30%, 141.87% and 80.54%, respectively, while WUE and Ls showed opposite results with decreasing amplitude of 57.48% and 41.38%, respectively; the tomato Gs and Tr of the single-leaf surface Zn fertilizer are obviously increased by 53.64 percent and 13.17 percent respectively; the Se fertilizer is applied on the basis of the tomato leaf to obviously improve Pn, gs and Tr of the tomato leaf, wherein the amplification is 18.24%, 51.27% and 33.22% respectively; the amplification of Pn and WUE in the Zn-based fertilizer treatment is 19.23% and 24.53%, respectively, and the Ci, gs, tr and Ls are not significantly different.
Compared with single application of Fe, zn and Se, the compound application has different promotion effects on photosynthetic parameters of tomato leaves. Compared with Fe (L) and Zn (R), pn, gs and Tr of the Zn (R) +Fe (L) treated blade are obviously improved by 13.73 percent, 32.45 percent, 17.34 percent and 43.36 percent, 217.92 percent and 119.13 percent respectively; WUE and Ls were significantly reduced compared to Zn (R), zn (R) +fe (L) treatment, by 33.24% and 26.51%, respectively, without significant difference compared to Fe (L) treatment. Pn of Se (R) +Zn (L) treatment is significantly increased by 19.06% compared with Zn (L) treatment; ci, gs, tr, WUE treated with Se (R) +Zn (L) has no significant difference from both Zn (L) and Se (R); pn, ci, gs and Tr were significantly reduced for Se (R) +Fe (L) treatment compared to Fe (L) and Se (R) treatments, while WUE and Ls showed the opposite results.
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on the antioxidant capacity of tomato fruits
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato fruit active content
As can be seen from FIG. 3, total phenols and flavonoids of tomato fruits treated with Zn and Fe on leaf surfaces are significantly improved by 57.49%, 51.17% (Zn (L)) and 24.08%, 11.71% (Fe (L)) respectively, compared with CK. Compared with single application of Fe, zn and Se, the compound application has different promotion effects on the content of active substances in fruits. The increase of flavonoids in the fruits treated with Zn (R) +fe (L) reached a significant level compared to the Fe (L) and Zn (R) treatments, the total phenols in the fruits treated with Zn (R) +fe (L) increased significantly by 17.63% compared to the Zn (R) treatments, without significant differences compared to the Fe (L) treatments; the total phenol and flavonoid content of Se (R) +zn (L) treatment was significantly increased compared to Se (R) treatment, with an increase of 37.67% and 53.41%, respectively; the Se (R) +Zn (L) treatment has no obvious difference in total phenols compared with Zn (L), and flavonoid even has a reduction phenomenon; the Se (R) +Fe (L) -treated flavonoids were significantly improved by 19.12% compared to Se (R).
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato fruit antioxidant enzyme Activity
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the single or combined application of Fe, zn, se enhances the SOD, POD and CAT activities of tomato fruits in addition to Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatment as compared with CK. The SOD activity of tomato fruits is obviously increased by 2.37 times, 0.76 times and 1.15 times compared with CK in Zn (L), se (R) and Se (R) +Fe (L) treatment. Compared with CK, the POD and CAT activities of the fruits treated by single-application Zn and Fe and base-application Zn and Se fertilizer on the leaf surfaces are obviously enhanced, and the enhancement is 42.99 percent, 84.46 percent (Zn (L)), 49.09 percent, 21.53 percent (Fe (L)), 30.71 percent, 19.02 percent (Zn (R)), 26.47 percent and 32.75 percent (Se (R)). On the basis of single Se fertilizer application, the activity of CAT can be obviously enhanced by spraying Zn on leaf surfaces, and the activities of CAT are respectively improved by 17.71 percent and 12.34 percent compared with CK and Se (R); the POD and CAT of the Se (R) +fe (L) -treated fruits were significantly enhanced compared to CK, with increases of 29.14% and 34.95%, respectively, whereas the differences compared to Se (R) -treated fruits were not significant.
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on tomato fruit nutrition quality
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on accumulation of sugar acids in tomato fruits
As shown in fig. 5, the soluble solids treated by single application of Zn and Fe on the leaf surface are significantly improved by 58.47% and 45.34% respectively compared with CK; compared with CK, the single application Zn and Fe treatment and the basal application Zn and Se fertilizer on the leaf surfaces can obviously improve the content of soluble sugar and titratable acid in fruits, and the amplification is 80.84 percent, 54.93 percent (Zn (L)), 55.44 percent, 54.53 percent (Fe (L)), 40.51 percent, 36.96 percent (Zn (R)), 17.99 percent and 37.50 percent (Se (R)); compared with CK, the foliar single application of Zn can obviously improve the sugar acid ratio of fruits, and the amplification is 16.50%. The increase in soluble sugar to sugar ratio of Zn (R) +Fe (L) treated fruits reached a significant level compared to Zn (R) treatment; the soluble solids, soluble sugars and sugar acid ratios of Se (R) +zn (L) treatment were significantly increased by 28.57%, 39.12% and 28.92%, respectively, compared to Se (R) treatment; the soluble solids and soluble sugars of Se (R) +Fe (L) treatment were significantly increased by 17.96% and 19.63%, respectively.
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on free amino acid content of tomato fruit
From fig. 6, it can be seen that the content of free amino acids in tomato fruits can be significantly increased by exogenous iron, zinc and selenium. Compared with CK, the single-application Zn and Fe treatment and the basal application Zn and Se fertilizer on the leaf surfaces can obviously improve the content of free amino acids in fruits, and the amplification is 91.57%, 107.50%, 93.37% and 120.52% respectively. Compared with single application of Fe, zn and Se, the zinc-iron, zinc-selenium and selenium-iron are obviously reduced in formulation, but obviously improved compared with CK.
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on vitamin C and lycopene content of tomato fruits
As shown in fig. 7, compared with CK, lycopene and vitamin C contents of tomato fruits treated by single application of Zn and Fe on leaf surfaces are significantly improved by 28.05%, 40.89% (Zn (L)) and 20.26%, 40.03% (Fe (L)), respectively; the amplification of vitamin C treated by the base Zn fertilizer is 18.46%, and lycopene has no obvious difference compared with CK; the lycopene and vitamin C amplification of the basal Se fertilizer are 68.49% and 15.22%, respectively. Lycopene and vitamin C were significantly increased in Zn (R) +fe (L) -treated fruits, with increases of 59.75% and 10.95% compared to Fe (L), respectively, and 76.61% and 31.53% compared to Zn (R), respectively; compared with Se (R) treatment, the content of lycopene and vitamin C in Se (R) +Zn (L) treatment is obviously improved, and the amplification is 21.32% and 86.17%, respectively; se (R) +Zn (L) treated vitamin C was increased by 52.24% compared to Zn (L) without significant difference in lycopene.
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on soluble proteins and soluble pectins of tomato fruits
As shown in FIG. 8, compared with CK, the single application of Zn and Fe treatment and the basal application of Zn and Se fertilizers on leaf surfaces can obviously improve the content of soluble proteins in fruits, and the amplifications are 66.47%, 39.29%, 15.71% and 38.09% respectively; the soluble pectin treated by singly applying Zn and Fe on the leaf surface is obviously improved by 62.94 percent and 48.89 percent compared with CK. Compared with Zn (R), the content of soluble protein and soluble pectin in fruits treated by Zn (R) +Fe (L) is obviously increased, and the increase is 43.93% and 34.22% respectively; the soluble protein content of Se (R) +Zn (L) treatment is increased by 25.35 percent compared with Se (R) treatment
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato fruit sucrose metabolism
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato fruit reducing sugar and sucrose content
As can be seen from fig. 9, except for the single-base Se fertilizer, the single application of Fe, zn and Se can significantly increase the reducing sugar and sucrose content in tomato fruits. The reducing sugar and sucrose contents of Zn (L), fe (L), zn (R), zn (L) +Fe (L) treatment are obviously increased compared with CK, and the amplifications are 82.15%, 20.50%, 16.15%, 16.50% and 177.17%, 50.19%, 63.88% and 63.13% respectively; the reducing sugar and sucrose contents of Se (R) +Zn (L), se (R) +Fe (L) are obviously increased by 58.01 percent, 26.84 percent and 86.51 percent, 57.81 percent compared with Se (R) treatment; compared with CK, the single Se fertilizer has no obvious difference between reducing sugar and sucrose.
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on the Activity of enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism in tomato fruit
As can be seen from FIG. 10, the activities of SS, SPS, NI and AI were significantly increased in comparison with CK when Zn and Fe were applied to leaf surfaces, and the increases were 79.68%, 108.54%, 24.28%, 17.74%, 45.55%, 18.42%, 43.46%, and 69.97%, respectively. Compared with Zn (R), zn and Fe can obviously enhance the activities of SS, SPS, NI and AI, and the amplification is 36.13%, 14.11%, 21.24% and 26.96%, respectively; the SS activity of Se (R) +Zn (L) and Se (R) +Fe (L) treatments is significantly enhanced by 67.00% and 36.65% compared with Se (R); compared with single-application Se fertilizer, the Se, zn and Fe are obviously reduced in SPS, NI and AI, and no obvious difference is caused compared with CK.
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on amino acid composition of tomato fruit
Influence of iron zinc selenium on the content of amino acids of different species of tomato
In the present study, 16 amino acids were identified in tomato fruits, including 7 human Essential Amino Acids (EAA) such as threonine, phenylalanine, lysine, etc., and 9 human non-essential amino acids (NEAA) such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, etc. As is clear from Table 4, the Total Amino Acid (TAA) content of each treated tomato fruit varies from 36.68 to 57.93 mg.g -1 The amino acid content (on a dry weight basis) is in the following order: se (R) > Se (R) +Zn (L) > Fe (L) > Zn (L)>CK > Zn (R) +Fe (L) > Zn (R) > Se (R) +Fe (L). Specifically, se (R) +Zn (L), fe (L) treatment are respectively and obviously improved by 14.76%, 9.11% and 6.44% compared with CK, the increase amplitude of Zn (L) treatment is slightly lower and is only 0.38%, while Zn (R) +Fe (L), zn (R) and Se (R) +Fe (L) are respectively reduced to 47.46, 42.41 and 36.68 mg.g in the amplitudes of 5.99%, 15.99% and 27.34%, respectively -1
TABLE 4 Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato different amino acid content
Effect of Zinc-iron-selenium formulation on essential and non-essential amino acid content of tomato human body
As is clear from Table 5, the essential amino acid content (EAA) of each treatment was varied in the range of 4.93 to 10.55 mg.g -1 The Se (R) treatment content is highest, the Se (R) +Fe (L) treatment content is lowest, and the E/T and the E/N have similar change trend. The EAA for Se (R) and Fe (L) treatments increased significantly compared to the control by 28.97% and 22.74% while Se (R) +Fe (L) treatments decreased significantly by 39.73%. Fe (L), zn (R) and Se (R) treated E/T and E/N were significantly increased by 18.75%, 12.5% and 21.05%, 10.53%, 15.79% compared to CK, closer to the FAO/WHO standard.
TABLE 5 Effect of Zinc-iron-selenium formulation on essential and non-essential amino acid content in tomato humans
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato flavor amino acid content
As is clear from Table 6, the common point of each treated tomato fruit is that the content of umami amino acids and odorless amino acids is high, and the content of sweet amino acids and bitter amino acids is low. As is clear from fig. 11, the amino acids having the highest glutamic acid content, the amino acids having the highest threonine content, the amino acids having the highest phenylalanine content, and the amino acids having the highest proline content, had the best promoting effect by the treatments of Se (R), se (R) +zn (L), and Fe (L), and had the worst treatment of Se (R) +fe (L). Compared with CK, the umami amino acids of Se (R) and Se (R) +Zn (L) are obviously increased, and the amplification is 11.40% and 13.07% respectively; the sweet amino acid in Fe (L), se (R) and Zn (L) treatment is obviously increased by 36.38 percent, 26.96 percent and 9.4 percent compared with CK; the bitter amino acids treated by Zn (R) +Fe (L) and Se (R) +Fe (L) are obviously reduced by 11.94 percent and 33.21 percent respectively.
TABLE 6 Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato fruit flavor amino acid content
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on volatile flavor substances of tomato fruits
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on the type and amount of volatile flavor substances of tomatoes
As is clear from Table 7, the types of volatile flavor substances detected in tomato fruits were treated with Se (R) +Zn (L) at most, up to 47; the CK treatment is minimum, 40. As can be seen from Table 8, the total amount of volatile substances in the fruits was highest with Zn (R) +Fe (L), and CK and Se (R) were lower with no significant difference. The detected flavor substances in the fruits are mainly aldehydes (18), ketones and hydrocarbons (5-6), and alcohols and esters and other compounds such as guaiacol, 2-n-amyl furan, 2-isobutyl thiazole, 2-n-propyl thiazole, isovaleronitrile and the like are also present. The n-hexanal and 2-hexanal detected in tomato fruit are the highest levels of the two volatile flavors, far exceeding the levels of the other. In this experiment, 51 volatile flavors were detected in total, 31 of which were present in each treatment and 20 of which were present in different treatments, indicating that inheritance was dominant to some extent in the fruit flavor synthesis process. However, as shown in Table 8, the relative amounts of volatile flavors in each treated fruit were different from CK, indicating that exogenous iron, zinc, selenium had a significant effect on the volatiles in tomato fruits.
TABLE 7 influence of iron zinc selenium formulation on the type and amount of volatile flavor substances of tomato fruits
Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato volatile flavor content
As can be seen from Table 8, a total of 3 alcohols were detected, linalool, n-pentanol, n-octanol, respectively, of which only linalool was the main alcohol flavour of tomato and was present in all treatments. Compared with CK, linalool is obviously increased in each treatment, and the effect of Fe (L) and Zn (R) +Fe (L) is obvious. The content of linalool is obviously increased in all Zn (L), fe (L), zn (R) and Se (R) compared with CK, and the amplifications are 29.63%, 77.78%, 37.04% and 55.55% respectively; the Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatment was significantly increased by 24.32% compared to Zn (R).
18 substances were detected in total from aldehydes, 8 of which were isovaleraldehyde, 2-hexenal, trans-2, 4-decadienal, benzaldehyde, beta-citral, trans-2-octenal, phenylacetaldehyde, and n-hexanal as the main aldehyde flavors of tomato, and 5 of which the relative content was higher were analyzed. Compared with CK, except Zn (L) treatment, the content of isovaleraldehyde is obviously reduced. N-hexanal is the substance with the highest content of tomato flavor substances, compared with CK, the content of n-hexanal and trans-2-octenal under the treatment of Zn (R) +Fe (L) is obviously increased by 1.21 times and 1.79 times respectively, while Se (R) treatment is obviously reduced by 32.58 percent and 22.65 percent respectively, and compared with Se (R), the content of trans-2-octenal under the treatment of Se (R) +Zn (L) is obviously increased by 68.57 percent. Zn (L) and Fe (L) have significantly increased 2-hexenal content by 28.73% and 23.92% respectively compared with CK; zn (R) +Fe (L) is significantly improved by 63.61% and 52.10% compared to Zn (R) and Fe (L). Zn (R) +Fe (L), se (R) +Zn (L) and Se (R) +Fe (L) have the beta-cyclic citral content increased significantly by 36.36%, 34.09%, 25.00% and 31.82% compared with CK, respectively.
6 kinds of ketone substances are detected in total, wherein 3 kinds of 1-pentene-3-ketone, 1-octene-3-ketone and geranylacetone are main ketone flavor substances of tomatoes. The Zn (R) +Fe (L) has obviously increased content of 1-pentene-3-one, 1-octene-3-one and geranylacetone compared with Zn (R), fe (L), and the amplifications are 36.26%, 25.93%, 248.65% and 20.39%, 47.83% and 89.71% respectively. Compared with Se (R), the content of geranylacetone treated by Se (R) +Zn (L) and Se (R) +Fe (L) is respectively improved by 16.36 percent and 61.82 percent, and the content of geranylacetone is not obviously different from the content of 1-pentene-3-one and 1-octene-3-one.
The total number of esters was 3, of which only methyl salicylate was the main tomato flavor. Each treatment was significantly increased, except Zn (R) +fe (L), compared to CK, with increases of 2.56 times, 4.72 times, 29.31 times and 8.89 times for Zn (L), fe (L), zn (R) and Se (R), respectively. Compared with Se (R), se (R) +Zn (L) is increased by 49.16%, while Se (R) +Fe (L) is reduced by 38.48%.
16 of the other substances were detected in total, 3 of 2-isobutylthiazole, guaiacol and isovaleronitrile were the main characteristic flavor substances of tomato, and two substances having higher content than each other were analyzed. Shan Shitie, zinc and selenium are not obviously different from CK, and compared with Zn (R) and Fe (L), the content of 2-isobutyl thiazole in Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatment is obviously increased by 58.75 percent and 25.50 percent respectively; compared with Se (R), se (R) +Fe (L) is obviously reduced by 13.69 percent under the treatment. Guaiacol is significantly increased by 178.30%, 89.15% under treatment with Zn (R), se (R) compared to CK, while Zn (R) +Fe (L) is significantly reduced by 60.85% compared to Zn (R); se (R) +Zn (L) and Se (R) +Fe (L) are significantly increased by 39.05% and 26.43% compared with Se (R).
TABLE 8 Effect of iron zinc selenium formulation on volatile content of tomato fruit
Effects of iron zinc selenium formulation on mineral elements of tomato leaves and fruits
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium application on macroelement content of tomato leaves
From Table 9, it is clear that the single application or the combined application of Fe, zn and Se has different effects on macroelements K, ca, mg and Na in tomato leaves. The single zinc fertilizer and the root selenium fertilizer are applied to the leaf surfaces, and the Mg content in the leaf surfaces is obviously increased compared with CK. The Ca content was increased by 20.65% compared to CK in Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatment. Compared with CK, the processes of Se (R) +Zn (L) and Se (R) +Fe (L) have obviously increased K, ca and Mg, and the amplifications are respectively 30.06%, 25.58%, 12.73% and 21.36%, 13.56% and 10.34%. Indicating that zinc iron, zinc selenium and selenium iron are more favorable for accumulating macroelements than Shan Shitie, zinc and selenium.
TABLE 9 influence of iron zinc selenium formulation on macroelements of tomato leaves/g.kg -1
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium application on microelement content of tomato leaves
From table 10, it can be seen that the exogenous microelements iron, zinc and selenium have a significant effect on the accumulation of microelements in tomato leaves. The Fe element content of Se (R) and Se (R) +Zn (L) treatments is significantly increased compared with CK, the amplification is 90.52% and 55.44%, respectively, while Se (R) +Fe (L) and Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatments are significantly increased by 1.55 times and 1.92 times compared with CK, respectively, but Zn (L) and Zn (R) treatments are reduced by 37.35% and 14.29%. The content of Mn element is obviously reduced by singly or in a matched way, the reduction amplitude of Zn (L), fe (L), zn (R) and Zn (R) +Fe (L) is 36.93 percent, 46.07 percent, 52.00 percent and 42.07 percent respectively, but the treatment is not different, and the Se (R) +Fe (L) treatment is obviously increased by 32.29 percent. The Cu content in Se (R) treatment was significantly increased by 19.51% compared to CK, while the selenium zinc and selenium iron formulations all tended to decrease compared to single Shi Xi, but were not significantly different from CK. For Zn content in the leaf, only Zn (R) treatment increased significantly by 41.07% compared to CK.
TABLE 10 Effect of iron Zinc selenium formulation on tomato leaf microelements/mg.kg -1
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on macroelement content of tomato fruits
As can be seen from Table 11, the treatments substantially promote an increase in the content of K, ca and Mg in the macroelements of the tomato fruit compared to CK, without a significant difference in the treatments for Na. Specifically, zn (L), zn (R), and Se (R) +zn (L) treatments significantly increased both for K, ca and Mg element content compared to CK, zn (L) increases by 17.99%, 110.00%, and 15.28%, respectively, zn (R) increases by 12.01%, 67.50%, and 13.19%, respectively, and Se (R) +zn (L) increases by 13.80%, 57.50%, and 19.00%, respectively. The content of K element in Fe (L) and Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatment tends to be significantly increased compared with CK, while the content of Ca element is significantly increased by 1.10 times by Fe (L) treatment, but Zn (R) +Fe (L) has no significant difference to Ca.
TABLE 11 influence of iron zinc selenium formulation on macroelements of tomato fruit/g.kg -1
Treatment/Treatment K Ca Mg Na
CK 17.90±1.28e 0.40±0.07c 1.44±0.03b 1.82±0.05a
Zn(L) 21.12±0.33a 0.84±0.25a 1.66±0.07a 1.82±0.03a
Fe(L) 19.31±0.35cd 0.84±0.09a 1.48±0.04b 2.12±0.40a
Zn(R) 20.05±0.08bc 0.67±0.03ab 1.63±0.06a 2.00±0.13a
Zn(R)+Fe(L) 19.27±0.14cd 0.30±0.06c 1.46±0.01b 2.10±0.02a
Se(R) 19.67±0.22bcd 0.48±0.06bc 1.41±0.06b 2.00±0.21a
Se(R)+Zn(L) 20.37±0.25ab 0.63±0.11b 1.63±0.01a 1.92±0.03a
Se(R)+Fe(L) 18.83±0.50d 0.50±0.07bc 1.45±0.05b 2.13±0.19a
Influence of iron-zinc-selenium formulation on tomato fruit trace element content
From Table 12, it is clear that the exogenous iron, zinc and selenium have remarkable promoting effect on accumulation of trace elements Zn, fe and Mn in tomato fruits, and have different effects on accumulation of Cu elements. Compared with CK, the foliar single Shi Xin, basal zinc application and selenium fertilizer have remarkable promotion effects on Zn, fe and Mn contents, wherein the Zn (L) treatment increases by 16.92%, 17.04% and 73.86%, the Zn (R) treatment increases by 0.44 times, 2.09 times and 2.25 times, and the Se (R) treatment increases by 0.38 times, 1.40 times and 3.51 times; after the foliar Shan Shitie fertilizer, the Zn and Mn contents are obviously increased by 17.02 percent and 121.16 percent. Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatment showed significantly increased Zn, fe and Mn contents compared to Fe (L), and increases of 42.33%, 298.79%, 72.98% and 15.64%, 17.46%, 17.75%, respectively, whereas Se (R) +Zn (L), se (R) +Fe (L) were significantly reduced in comparison to Se (R) treatment, but significantly increased in comparison to CK, indicating that iron-zinc formulation is more favorable for trace element accumulation than single administration, whereas selenium-zinc and selenium-iron formulation are opposite.
TABLE 12 Effect of iron Zinc selenium on tomato fruit microelements/mg.kg -1
Treatment/Treatment Zn Fe Mn Cu
CK 9.81±0.19e 52.83±4.85g 2.41±0.18g 13.18±0.32bc
Zn(L) 11.47±0.21d 61.83±8.03f 4.19±0.35f 7.45±0.78e
Fe(L) 11.48±0.23d 48.10±3.80g 5.33±0.08e 13.40±0.29bc
Zn(R) 14.13±2.16b 163.31±3.02b 7.83±0.32d 11.19±0.95d
Zn(R)+Fe(L) 16.34±0.20a 191.82±1.51a 9.22±0.18c 16.43±0.99a
Se(R) 13.49±0.20bc 127.04±0.99c 10.86±0.26a 14.07±0.69b
Se(R)+Zn(L) 12.49±0.19cd 107.03±1.65d 9.83±0.27b 11.62±0.21d
Se(R)+Fe(L) 13.01±0.16bc 92.17±1.30e 9.24±0.22c 12.85±0.42c
Comprehensive evaluation of influence of iron-zinc-selenium dispensing on tomato fruit quality
Correlation analysis
As can be seen from table 13, the correlation analysis of the main quality index of tomato shows that there is a significant correlation among not only total phenols, flavonoids, lycopene and vitamin C, but also soluble proteins and 4 active substances, wherein the total phenols and flavonoids, soluble proteins and lycopene reach very significant levels. The soluble sugar and the titratable acid have a significant correlation with the soluble solids, while the soluble solids and the soluble sugar reach very significant levels. Studies have also found that the correlation of zinc with iron and flavor content also reaches significant levels, where zinc is very significantly correlated with iron.
TABLE 13 correlation analysis of iron zinc selenium formulation on tomato fruit quality
Principal component analysis
As can be seen from table 14, the cumulative contribution rates of the main components 1, 2, and 3 reached 86.50%, indicating that the first 3 main components can represent all information on fruit quality. The contribution rate of the main component 1 is 47.60%, wherein the main components are soluble sugar, soluble protein, total phenol and flavonoid, which shows that the nutrition quality of the tomato fruit is mainly photosynthetic product and the active substance is the next; the contribution rate of the 2 nd main component is 24.25%, and the main components are determined to be Fe and Zn elements, so that the importance of the mineral element content in the fruit quality is reflected; the contribution rate of the main component 3 is 14.65%, the free amino acid and the single fruit quality are the main components, and the single fruit quality can reflect the appearance quality of fruits to a certain extent, and further influence the internal nutritional components.
Table 14 feature vector, feature root, and cumulative contribution of principal components
As shown in table 15, the analysis of principal component scores of the fruit quality of the iron-zinc-selenium compound treatment revealed that exogenous iron, zinc and selenium all improved tomato fruit quality. The total score is from high to low: se (R) +Zn (L) > Zn (R) +Fe (L) > Zn (L) > Fe (L) > Zn (R) > Se (R) +Fe (L) > Se (R) > CK.
TABLE 15 principal component score analysis of iron zinc selenium formulation on fruit quality
The following conclusions were drawn by the above experiments:
1. the photosynthesis rate of leaves is improved by singly applying and distributing Fe, zn and Se, and the tomato fruit is obviously increased in the transverse and longitudinal diameters, wherein zinc-Fe interaction is more beneficial to plantsIs based on 0.1 g.L -1 The zinc fertilizer can obviously improve the weight of single fruits.
2. Spraying Fe and Zn on leaf surfaces to obviously increase the activities of total phenols, flavonoids, lycopene, vitamin C, POD and CAT in fruits; on the basis of the base fertilizer of Zn and Se, the content of active substances in fruits sprayed with Fe and Zn fertilizers and the activity of antioxidant enzymes are improved to different degrees. In combination, zn (L) and Zn (R) +Fe (L) treatment has better antioxidation effect on tomato fruits.
3. The foliar spray of Fe and Zn and the basal spray of Zn and Se have obvious promotion effect on quality indexes in tomato fruits. On the basis of applying Zn fertilizer, the soluble sugar, soluble protein, sugar acid ratio and the like in fruits are obviously increased by spraying Fe on leaf surfaces. On the basis of the basal Se fertilizer, the indexes such as soluble solids, soluble protein content, sugar acid ratio and the like in fruits are obviously improved by spraying Zn on the leaf surfaces; spraying Fe on leaf surfaces causes more soluble solids, soluble sugars and titratable acids to accumulate in the fruit, but the free amino acid content is significantly reduced. In conclusion, the quality improvement of tomato fruits is obvious by treating Zn (L), zn (R) +Fe (L) and Se (R) +Zn (L).
4. Besides the base Se fertilizer, the reducing sugar and the sucrose content in the treated tomato fruits are obviously increased. Shan Shitie, zinc and selenium all improve the activity of AI and NI in fruits, promote the decomposition and unloading of sucrose, and improve the content of reducing sugar. Both SS, SPS, AI and NI activities were significantly enhanced for zinc-iron formulations compared to the base Zn. Under the base Se fertilizer, the exogenous spraying of Zn and Fe can obviously enhance the SS activity in fruits, obviously reduce the SPS, AI and NI activities, promote the synthesis of sucrose and inhibit the decomposition of sucrose, and is more beneficial to the accumulation of sucrose.
5. Exogenous iron and selenium increase sweet amino acid and essential amino acid content and E/T, E/N in tomato fruits. On the basis of Zn base application, the leaf surface is sprayed with Fe to obviously increase the content of total amino acid and delicious amino acid, but reduce the content of essential amino acid. Based on Se, zn and Fe fertilizers are sprayed on leaf surfaces, so that total amino acid, essential amino acid, delicious amino acid and sweet amino acid are all obviously reduced.
6. Exogenous iron, zinc and selenium can improve the content and the type of flavor substances in tomato fruits; the zinc-iron, selenium-zinc and selenium-iron compound treatment is more beneficial to the improvement of volatile flavor substances, improves the flavor quality of tomatoes, and has the most obvious treatment effect by Zn (R) +Fe (L).
In conclusion, the analysis result of the main component shows that the exogenous iron, zinc and selenium have remarkable promotion effect on the growth and development of tomato fruits and the improvement of nutritional quality, and particularly the zinc-iron and selenium-zinc compound treatment is obvious. Therefore, the tomato cultivation method can effectively improve the nutritive value of tomato fruits and makes a contribution to the cultivation road of tomatoes.

Claims (3)

1. The planting method for improving the growth and development of tomatoes and the quality of fruits based on the iron-zinc-selenium application is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, uniformly mixing zinc fertilizer, selenium fertilizer and foamed and dried coconut coir to serve as a matrix, and placing the matrix in a nutrition pot for later use;
the coconut coir is a Pedaman coconut coir brick, the EC value of the coconut coir brick is 0.6ms/cm, and the pH value of the coconut coir brick is 5.6-6.8;
the concentration of the zinc fertilizer in the matrix is 0.1 g.L -1 The zinc content in the zinc fertilizer is 20%; the concentration of selenium fertilizer in the matrix is 0.05g.L -1 The selenium content in the selenium fertilizer is 0.1 percent;
s2, soaking tomato seeds in warm soup, germinating, exposing to white, sowing in a plug tray, and planting in a nutrition pot after seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart;
in the field planting process, each tomato plant is irrigated with 500ml of distilled water, and then drip irrigation is carried out by using nutrient solution and distilled water at intervals of 1 day; the nutrient solution is prepared from a Japanese kawasaki tomato nutrient solution formula; seedling is revived for one week after field planting, 1 standard concentration of the Japanese mountain Kawasaki tomato nutrient solution formula is adopted, 1/4 concentration of the nutrient solution is watered every day in the first 3 days, and 1/2 concentration of the nutrient solution is watered every day in the last 4 days;
s3, after the tomatoes enter the flowering period, spraying the tomato plants with the concentration of 100 mu mol.L -1 EDTA-Fe and 50. Mu. Mol.L - 1 ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O aqueous solution, all the front and back sides of the blade are uniformly sprayed, and the spraying is carried out once a week;
Spraying EDTA-Fe and ZnSO on tomato plants 4 ·7H 2 The O aqueous solution is sprayed in the early morning, and the water drops are preferably not dropped when the O aqueous solution is sprayed on the leaf surface; spraying once a week and spraying three times altogether.
2. The planting method for improving the growth and the fruit quality of tomatoes based on the iron-zinc-selenium preparation as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the dimensions of the nutrition pot are 20cm×20cm×30cm.
3. The planting method for improving the growth and the fruit quality of tomatoes based on the iron-zinc-selenium preparation as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: after the seedling is slowly released, the nutrient solution is irrigated once every 1 day, and 100ml of nutrient solution is irrigated every time; after the flowering and fruit setting period, the nutrient solution is irrigated once in 1 day, and 200ml of nutrient solution is irrigated for each plant each time; after entering the fruit expanding period and the mature picking period, the nutrient solution is irrigated once in 1 day, and 400ml of nutrient solution is irrigated once per plant; and (5) carrying out topping operation after the tomato plants are opened to the 5 th ear flowers.
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