CN113575239B - Method for preventing and controlling major diseases and pests of macadamia nut in interplanting mode - Google Patents
Method for preventing and controlling major diseases and pests of macadamia nut in interplanting mode Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
- A01N43/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings condensed with a carbocyclic ring
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N45/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds having three or more carbocyclic rings condensed among themselves, at least one ring not being a six-membered ring
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N55/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing organic compounds containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
- A01N55/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing organic compounds containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur containing metal atoms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N61/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing substances of unknown or undetermined composition, e.g. substances characterised only by the mode of action
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of biological pest and disease control, and particularly discloses a biological pest and disease damage control method for macadimia nuts, which is characterized in that white konjak is interplanted in a 5-year macadimia nut forest, and the method comprises the following steps: selecting not less than 500g of white konjac seeds, wherein the corms are required to have rough surface, deep color and plump bud bodies; soaking the selected white konjac seeds in gibberellin and 6-BA for 2 hours; the planting density of the macadimia nuts is 25-35 seeds per mu, the seeding density of the white konjac is 200-300 seeds per mu, the soaked white konjac seeds are respectively sown under the macadimia nut forest in the last ten days of 1 month and the middle ten days of 3 months, 50% of the seeds are respectively sown under the macadimia nut forest, no less than 200g of farmyard manure is applied to the bottom of each white konjac plant, and 3-5cm of sunshade is covered on the top of each white konjac plant.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of biological control of diseases and pests, and particularly relates to a method for controlling major diseases and pests of macadimia nuts in an interplanting mode.
Background
Macadamia nutMacadamia spp.(F, muell), also known as Kunstland nut, macadamia nut and Hawaii fruit, is a perennial evergreen fruit tree of the genus Macadamia of the Pitaya ophthalmological Proteaceae Macadamia nut, and is originally produced in subtropical rainforest regions along the east of Kunstland and the northeast of New south Wales of Australian. At present, macadamia nuts are planted in more than 20 countries and regions in the world, the Chinese planting area is at the top of the world, the Yunnan province relies on the unique natural resource advantage, the development of the plateau characteristic woody oil industry is accelerated, the macadamia nut planting area is at the top of the whole country, and according to statistics, the planting area of the macadamia nuts in the Yunnan province reaches 10.67 kilohm in 2015 year 2 The planting base is newly increased by 2.67 kilohm every year 2 With the rapid development of the macadimia nut industry, the continuous expansion of the planting area and the change of the surrounding ecological environment and climate conditions, the types and the degrees of the diseases and insect pests in the macadimia nut planting area are diversified, and in the disease and pest control process, the main control method still uses pesticide for control, so that pesticide residues exist inevitably, and the search for a proper biological control method is very urgent.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a method for preventing and controlling major macadimia nut diseases and insect pests in an interplanting mode, so as to reduce the occurrence of the macadimia nut diseases and insect pests and the use of pesticides.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a method for preventing and controlling major diseases and pests of macadamia nuts in an interplanting mode is characterized in that white konjak is interplanted in a 5-year-old macadamia nut forest, and comprises the following steps:
s1: selecting not less than 500g of white konjac seeds, wherein the corms are required to have rough surface, deep color and plump bud bodies;
s2: soaking the selected white konjac seeds in gibberellin and 6-BA for 2 hours, wherein the concentration of the gibberellin is 100mg/L, and the concentration of the 6-BA is 150mg/L;
s3: the planting density of the macadimia nuts is 25-35 seeds per mu, the seeding density of the white konjac is 200-300 seeds per mu, the soaked white konjac seeds are respectively sown under the macadimia nut forest in the last ten days of 1 month and the middle ten days of 3 months, 50% of the seeds are respectively sown under the macadimia nut forest, the distance between the white konjac and the macadimia nut trunk is not less than 60cm, the plant spacing between the white konjac is not less than 50cm, the cultivation depth is 15-20cm, no less than 200g of farmyard manure is applied to the bottom of each white konjac, and the top of each white konjac is covered with a 3-5cm sunshade.
The Fibract inflorescence is a unique inflorescence structure of the Araceae plant, and the inflorescence structure and the pollinated beetle have a high adaptive evolutionary relationship, wherein firstly, a closed chamber is usually formed during flowering to provide a concealed place for the beetle to take food, call for spouses, mate and the like, secondly, the place where the beetle lives is simulated through visual and olfactory signals during flowering to attract the beetle, the visual signals are usually deep purple red and brown yellow which simulate dead spots, excrement and the like, the olfactory signals are mainly used for releasing foul smell of compounds with main chemical components of sulfide, indole, phenol, terpene and the like to simulate rotten bodies, excreta, fungi and the like, in addition, the stamens and the stamens in the Araceae plant inflorescences have the characteristic of being different maturity, the beetles are attracted to visit before the pistils are matured, and then the beetles can not leave until the stamens carry pollen.
The inflorescence of the amorphophallus konjac belongs to the bud inflorescence of the spathe, but the bud color of the amorphophallus konjac is yellow green or yellow, and is greatly different from the bud color of inflorescences of other plants in the amorphophallus. A large amount of cryptopterus affinis are gathered in inflorescences when the konjac is blossoming, the konjac is heterotrophy and has prematurity in female and male parts, strong odor is emitted from an accessory during the female flowering period, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis shows that the odor components of flowers mainly comprise dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, the above information is integrated, namely, the konjac attracts beetles and gathers cryptoptera, and emits odor during the whole flowering period, the beetles and the cryptoptera are both beneficial pests in macadamia nut forests, the compounds such as the dimethyl disulfide and the dimethyl trisulfide are usually intermediates of pesticides, the growing environment of the konjac has homology with that of the macadamia nuts, and therefore, the idea is provided for interplanting the konjac and the macadamia nuts to control diseases and insect pests of the macadamia nuts.
The method comprises the steps of firstly selecting white konjak seeds of not less than 500g, soaking the white konjak seeds with gibberellin and 6-BA, wherein the preferable concentration of the gibberellin is 100mg/L, the concentration of the 6-BA is 150mg/L, then sowing in the last ten days of 1 month and the middle ten days of 3 months, and after the seeds are soaked, after the seeds are planted, each seed can be differentiated into 2-3 buds on average, the flowering period of the macadamia nut is 3-4 months, the planting time of the common konjak is 3-4 months, the flowering period is 7-8 months, in the process of controlling the insect pests of the macadamia nut, the most important control time is the fruit growth period after the flowering period, and the fruit shape and quality are greatly influenced by the planting time is increased to 1 month, and then the germplasm treatment is carried out, so that the white konjak can continuously bloom in the macadamia nut flowering period, and the long flowering period is maintained.
The planting density of the macadimia nuts and the white konjac seeds has great influence on the result of pest control, the density is not enough, the concentration of the malodorous chemical components emitted by the spathe inflorescences in the forest cannot achieve the purpose of repelling pests, and the density is too high, so that the growth of the nuts in the forest is influenced, and the cost is quite high.
Under the conception of the technical scheme, in the planting process, the soft rot is more likely to occur due to the fact that the konjak planting itself has a higher probability, the seeds used in the method are seeds with the weight of more than 500g, the seeds are selected and soaked to cause certain damage to germplasm, the soft rot is more likely to occur in the planting process, the conventional planting time is 3-4 months, and the air temperature is warmed up, while the first planting time is 1 month, the average air temperature is lower, the influence on the freezing damage of the seeds is aggravated, the survival rate is lower during the seed testing period, so that the cost is increased, a better method for increasing the seedling survival rate is found and becomes a difficulty, the white konjak seeds are soaked by gibberellin and 6-BA, are spread out for one day, and then are prepared into a mixture by using plant ash and matrine metal complexes according to the proportion and are sprayed on the white konjak seeds, the preferable ratio of the plant ash and the alkali metal complexes is 100-3, the preferable metal is zinc or iron, and the survival rate is more than 90 percent after the white konjak seeds are planted through the test.
The matrine metal complex is used as an active ingredient to achieve the effect of preventing and controlling the disease of the konjak, and the survival rate of the konjak can reach more than 90% through laboratory tests, and the preparation method of the matrine metal complex comprises the steps of taking matrine, zinc chloride/iron and hydrochloric acid, dissolving in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the mass ratio of 2-3.
According to the method, the white konjak and the macadimia nuts are interplanted, the flowering phase and the planting density are controlled, and the white konjak maintains a certain flowering phase in the fruit phase of the macadimia nuts, so that the effect of preventing and controlling the diseases and insect pests of the macadimia nuts is achieved through the physiological characteristics of the white konjak, pesticide residues are not caused like the traditional pesticide prevention and control, and the high-quality rate of the macadimia nuts is over 80 percent by the method.
According to the method, 2-3 buds are averagely differentiated from the konjac by soaking seeds with gibberellin and 6-BA, so that the inflorescence of the spathe is increased, and the concentration of the smell emitted by the inflorescence in the environment is increased.
According to the invention, the plant ash and the matrine metal complex are used for treating the konjac seeds, so that the survival rate of the konjac is improved, the morbidity probability of soft rot is reduced, and the survival rate after planting reaches 90%.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, wherein the following survey method is used to survey in mid-4 months after planting: and (3) carrying out net sweeping on the Australian nut, surveying for 1 time every 10d, continuously surveying for 5 times, scanning for 20 nets each time, drawing and pulling the insect catching net (with the mesh size of 0.125 mm), recording the types of the pests, the natural enemies and the pest occurrence conditions, taking the samples back to a laboratory for treatment, setting a control group, and calculating the types and the number of main pests.
Example 1
The planting test field is Lincang Yongde, and the specific control method is as follows:
a method for preventing and controlling major diseases and pests of macadamia nut in interplanting mode is characterized in that white konjak is interplanted in a 5-year-old macadamia nut forest,
s1: selecting about 500g of white konjac seeds, wherein the bulbs are required to have rough epidermis, darker color and plump buds;
s2: soaking the selected white konjac seeds in gibberellin and 6-BA for 2 hours, wherein the concentration of the gibberellin is 100mg/L, and the concentration of the 6-BA is 150mg/L;
s3: soaking white konjac seeds with gibberellin and 6-BA, spreading for sun drying for one day, preparing a mixture of plant ash and a matrine zinc metal complex according to a ratio of 100:3, spraying the mixture on the white konjac seeds, and then sowing;
s3: the planting density of the macadimia nuts is 30 per mu, the seeding density of the white konjac is 300 per mu, the soaked white konjac seeds are respectively sown under the macadimia nut forest in 1 middle ten days and 3 middle ten days, 50% of the seeds are respectively sown under the macadimia nut forest, the distance between the white konjac and the macadimia nut trunk is not less than 60cm, the plant spacing between the white konjac is not less than 50cm, the cultivation depth is 15-20cm, no less than 200g of farmyard manure is applied to the bottom of each white konjac, and the top of each white konjac is covered with 3-5cm straws or pine needles.
The present statistical survey shows that Australia YunnanMore than 18 kinds of harmful insects in the nut orchard span 9-order 13-family, and the main cylindrical fruit pests and the cabbage moth are screened and investigated by the invention after some kinds of pests are eliminatedCryptophlebia illepida(Butler), dolphite bugNezara viridula(Linnaeus), moth-eating fruit borerCryptophlebia ombrodelta(Lower), apple shoot bark beetleHypothenemus obscurus
The number of the (Fabricius) is recorded and analyzed, in five times of recording, the total number of four pillar fruit pests obtained comprehensively is 32, 45, 36, 51 and 26 respectively, the number of non-planted blocks is 61, 105, 80, 64 and 85, and the data show that in the macadamia nut fruit stage, the number of the pillar fruit pests in the environment is reduced remarkably after the white konjak is planted, compared with the non-planted land blocks, the pillar fruit pests in the orchard after the white konjak is planted are reduced by 51% through the average value analysis and comparison of the data, the fruit quality is greatly improved, the fruits in the mature stage are further analyzed, 10 fruit trees are randomly selected, 100 fruits are selected, the fruit appearance is checked, the single fruit is weighed, the fruit shape is complete, the insect-free high-quality fruit rate reaches 86%, and the high-quality fruit rate in the environment without the white konjak is only 57%.
Because the konjac is easy to generate soft rot and the konjac of a large variety is more easy to generate mechanical damage in the cultivation process, the infection of plant diseases and insect pests is aggravated to reduce the survival rate, in order to further control the cost and ensure that the konjac flowers in the fruit stage of the macadimia nuts reach the effective amount of the environment, hormones are planned to be adopted to stimulate the white konjac varieties to differentiate a plurality of flower buds, gibberellin is adopted in the conventional discussion of exogenous GA3 on the florescence and fertility of the konjac in the Liyongjun army and the like to stimulate the bud differentiation, and the induction rate is increased along with the increase of the treatment concentration; inducing flowers to have main biological characteristics consistent with normal flowers, but the flowering period is delayed after induction, the inducing method is not suitable for being directly used in Australian nut orchards, in order to enable the flowering period of the amorphophallus konjac to be advanced, considering the importance of hormone on plants, the flowering conditions under the influence of different hormones are designed, gibberellin 100mg/L is used, the gibberellin 100mg/L is matched with NAA, ZT and 6-BA respectively, the concentration gradient is set to be 50mg/L, 100mg/L and 150mg/L, soaking is used as a contrast with clear water, white konjac seeds (500 g +/-30 g) are soaked for 2 hours, then airing is carried out for one day, 100 germplasm is processed respectively, sowing is carried out in a field in ten days below 1 month, the environment average temperature is 15 ℃ during sowing, the flower formation induction rate is counted at the bottom of 4 months (the plants which do not survive are not bloomed), 3 groups are repeatedly set for each condition, the average value is obtained, and the average induction rate is obtained: the clear water is 10.5 percent, the inductivity of the combination of gibberellin and NAA is 21.3 percent, 34 percent and 43.5 percent respectively, the inductivity of the combination of gibberellin and ZT is 42.6 percent, 30.1 percent and 51.3 percent respectively, and the inductivity of the combination of gibberellin and 6-BA is 42.4 percent, 48.2 percent and 65.6 percent respectively.
In the actual field planting process, the mortality rate of the konjac is found to be high, in order to reduce the mortality rate after planting, 100mg/L of gibberellin is adopted, 6-BA150mg/L is adopted for soaking for two hours, then after being aired for one day, plant ash and matrine metal complex are prepared into a mixture according to the following ratio of 100 to 1 to 3, the metal is zinc, and the matrine metal complex is prepared by taking matrine, zinc chloride and hydrochloric acid according to the mass ratio of 2.5: 2.5, dissolving the mixture in absolute ethyl alcohol, volatilizing the absolute ethyl alcohol to obtain light yellow crystals, grinding the mixture to the particle size of less than 500um, mixing according to the mass ratio of 100.
Claims (4)
1. The method for preventing and controlling main diseases and insect pests of macadimia nuts in an interplanting mode is characterized in that white konjak is interplanted in a 5-year macadimia nut forest, and comprises the following steps:
s1: selecting not less than 500g of white konjac seeds, wherein the corms are required to have rough surface, deep color and plump bud bodies;
s2: soaking the selected white konjac seeds in gibberellin and 6-BA for 2 hours, wherein the concentration of the gibberellin is 100mg/L, the concentration of the 6-BA is 150mg/L, soaking the white konjac seeds in the gibberellin and 6-BA, spreading the white konjac seeds out for sun drying for one day, preparing a mixture by using plant ash and matrine metal complexes according to a proportion, spraying the mixture on the white konjac seeds, and then sowing;
s3: planting 25-35 macadimia nuts per mu, sowing 200-300 white konjac seeds per mu, sowing 50% of the soaked white konjac seeds under the macadimia nut forest in the last ten days of 1 month and the middle ten days of 3 months respectively, wherein the distance between the white konjac and the macadimia nut trunk is not less than 60cm, the plant spacing between the white konjac is not less than 50cm, the cultivation depth is 15-20cm, no less than 200g of farmyard manure is applied to the bottom of each white konjac, and the top of each white konjac is covered with a 3-5cm sunshade;
the ratio of the plant ash to the matrine metal complex is 100;
the metal is zinc or iron.
2. The method for preventing and controlling major diseases and pests of macadamia nuts in an interplanting mode according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the matrine metal complex is that matrine, zinc chloride/iron and hydrochloric acid are dissolved in absolute ethyl alcohol according to a mass ratio of 2-3.
3. The method for controlling major macadimia nut pests and diseases in an interplanting mode according to claim 1, wherein the sunshade is straw or pine needle.
4. The method for controlling major macadimia nut pests according to the interplanting mode of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the plant ash to the matrine metal complex is 100.
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