CN113558156A - 一种石斑鱼配合饲料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种石斑鱼配合饲料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种石斑鱼配合饲料及其制备方法和应用,涉及水产养殖技术领域。本发明通过添加肠膜蛋白粉与植物蛋白源复配,降低了鱼粉的使用量,缓解了当前面临的鱼粉压力;肠膜蛋白粉富含游离氨基酸和小肽,提高了饲料蛋白质利用效率和体蛋白沉积率,缓解了营养物质的流失产生的水质恶化问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种石斑鱼配合饲料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
近年来,水产饲料工业和养殖业发展迅速,水产品已成为广大人民群众重要的食物组成部分,对水产品的需求越来越旺盛。据《2020中国渔业统计年鉴显示》,全国水产品养殖产量高达5079.07万吨,其中海水养殖产量2065.33万吨,在海水养殖鱼类(160.58万吨)中,石斑鱼产量(18.31万吨)位居第二,仅次于大黄鱼(22.55万吨),是我国重要的海水经济鱼类。石斑鱼,属鲈形目,鮨科,石斑鱼属,为暖水性的大中型海产鱼类,具有成活率高,生长速度快,耐高密度养殖等特点。其肌肉营养丰富,细嫩洁白,味道鲜美,类似鸡肉,素有“海鸡肉”之称。随着石斑鱼人工育苗技术的突破和人工养殖技术的成熟,石斑鱼养殖业呈现出了快速的发展趋势。
随着水产养殖业的高速发展,养殖面积急剧减少,出现了集约化和高密度的水产养殖,同时,饲料利用的不完全,以及残饵在水体中的溶失等因素,养殖水体中的氮和磷等营养素的浓度超标,加剧了养殖环境的污染,使得养殖过程中的病害频频发生,严重影响着水产养殖业的产出及经济效益。为了缓解养殖水体水质的恶化,生物絮团技术逐渐被应用于水产养殖中,短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis)、凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscoagulans)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和乳酸菌(Lactic acid bacterium)等微生态制剂,以及海链藻(Thalassiosira pseudonana)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorellavulgaris)和江蓠(Gracilaria verrucosa)等藻类广泛应用到养殖过程中作为水环境的主要调节元素。此外也有学者将微生物作为添加剂补充到水产动物饲料中,通过调整肠道菌群结构,提高饲料利用效率,减少饲料氨氮的排放,以改善养殖水体的水质。因此寻找一种健康安全、资源丰富的鱼粉替代物对加快推进水产养殖业绿色发展具有重大意义。
养殖动物对饲料的消化率与饲料中蛋白源的使用息息相关,在鱼粉亟需被替代的背景下,使用各种植物性蛋白源(例如:豆粕、棉粕、花生粕和玉米蛋白粉等)和动物性蛋白源(例如:鸡肉粉、肉骨粉、血粉、羽毛粉、蝇蛆粉和蚕蛹等)替代鱼粉应用于水产养殖饲料中也已有较多的研究,但基本都侧重于水产养殖动物的生长性能,但是都存在饲料消化利用率欠佳的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种提高动物消化利用率,改善养殖水质的石斑鱼配合饲料,对石斑鱼的养殖业具有巨大的促进作用。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明提供以下技术方案:
本发明提供了一种石斑鱼配合饲料,包括以下质量百分含量的原料:蛋白源原料60%~75%,脂肪源原料5%~8%,碳水化合物原料15%~25%,晶体氨基酸0.5%~2%,维生素预混料0.1%~1%,矿物质预混料0.1%~2%,氯化胆碱0.1%~0.6%,抗氧化剂0.03%~0.5%和植酸酶0%~0.50%;
所述蛋白源原料包括红鱼粉、肠膜蛋白粉、豆粕、棉籽蛋白、小麦谷朊粉和血球蛋白。
优选的是,所述红鱼粉、肠膜蛋白粉、豆粕、棉籽蛋白、小麦谷朊粉和血球蛋白粉的质量比为(21~33):(2~15):(15~25):(2~10):(2~10):(1~5)。
优选的是,所述脂肪源原料包括鱼油、豆油和大豆卵磷脂;所述鱼油、豆油和大豆卵磷脂的质量比为(2~2.5):(2~2.5):(1~3)。
优选的是,所述晶体氨基酸包括L-赖氨酸和L-蛋氨酸;所述L-赖氨酸和L-蛋氨酸的质量比为(0.5~1):(0.2~0.8)。
本发明的另一个目的是提供上述配合饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:(1)将蛋白源原料粉碎后与碳水化合物原料混合,得第一混合料;
(2)将晶体氨基酸、维生素预混料、矿物质预混料、抗氧化剂和植酸酶与第一混合料混合,得第二混合料;
(3)将溶于水的氯化胆碱与脂肪源原料和第二混合料混合,得第三混合料,对第三混合料进行膨化制粒,得所述配合饲料。
优选的是,步骤(1)所述粉碎包括将所述蛋白源原料中的各物料单独粉碎后过60目筛。
优选的是,步骤(1)和步骤(2)所述混合包括利用V型立式混合机进行充分混匀。
优选的是,步骤(3)所述混合包括混合均匀度变异系数小于5%,过40目筛。
优选的是,步骤(3)所述膨化制粒后,还包括于25℃阴干至含水量不高于10%。
本发明的另一个目的是提供上述配合饲料在改善石斑鱼养殖水质中的应用。
有益效果:相比于现有技术,本发明通过添加肠膜蛋白粉与植物蛋白源复配,降低了鱼粉的使用量,缓解了当前面临的鱼粉压力;肠膜蛋白粉富含游离氨基酸和小肽,提高了饲料蛋白质利用效率和体蛋白沉积率,缓解了营养物质的流失产生的水质恶化问题。同时由于肠膜蛋白粉的加入,缓解了蛋白利用率低,蛋白质消化利用不完全的问题,同时还能解决水体氨氮和磷较多的问题,添加富含小肽和游离氨基酸的肠膜蛋白粉复合植物蛋白源,能够显著提高蛋白质的利用效率,并减少饲料氨氮向水中的排放。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种石斑鱼配合饲料,包括以下质量百分含量的原料:蛋白源原料60%~75%,脂肪源原料5%~8%,碳水化合物原料15%~25%,晶体氨基酸0.5%~2%,维生素预混料0.1%~1%,矿物质预混料0.1%~2%,氯化胆碱0.1%~0.6%,抗氧化剂0.03%~0.5%和植酸酶0%~0.50%;
所述蛋白源原料包括红鱼粉、肠膜蛋白粉、豆粕、棉籽蛋白、小麦谷朊粉和血球蛋白。
本发明所述蛋白源原料优选由红鱼粉、肠膜蛋白粉、豆粕、棉籽蛋白、小麦谷朊粉和血球蛋白粉组成;以饲料总质量计算,各原料的质量百分含量分别为:红鱼粉21.00%~33.00%,肠膜蛋白粉2%~15.00%,豆粕15%~25%,棉籽蛋白2%~10%,小麦谷朊粉2%~10%,血球蛋白粉1~5%。本发明对上述各原料的来源并没有特殊限定,利用本领域的常规购买材料即可。
本发明所述脂肪源原料优选由鱼油、豆油和大豆卵磷脂组成;且以饲料总质量计算,各原料的质量百分含量分别为:鱼油2~2.5%,豆油2~2.5%,大豆卵磷脂1~3%,更优选的鱼油:豆油=1:1。
本发明所述碳水化合物原料优选包括面粉。
本发明所述晶体氨基酸优选由L-赖氨酸和L-蛋氨酸组成,且以饲料总质量计算,L-赖氨酸0.5%~1%,L-蛋氨酸0.2%~0.8%。
本发明所述配合饲料中,植酸酶的质量百分含量优选为0.2~0.5%。本发明对所述原料的来源均没有特殊限定,利用本领域的常规市售产品即可。
本发明的另一个目的是提供上述配合饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:(1)将蛋白源原料粉碎后与碳水化合物原料混合,得第一混合料;
(2)将晶体氨基酸、维生素预混料、矿物质预混料、抗氧化剂和植酸酶与第一混合料混合,得第二混合料;
(3)将溶于水的氯化胆碱与脂肪源原料和第二混合料混合,得第三混合料,对第三混合料进行膨化制粒,得所述配合饲料。
本发明所述制备方法,优选包括:
S1、将蛋白源原料红鱼粉、豆粕和棉籽蛋白进行粉碎,过筛。
S2、按照配比称取各组分原料,将S1中过筛后的红鱼粉、豆粕和棉籽蛋白与血球蛋白粉、小麦谷朊粉,肠膜蛋白粉和面粉经V型立式混合机充分混匀。
S3、将L-赖氨酸、L-蛋氨酸、维生素预混料、矿物质预混料、抗氧化剂,植酸酶充分混匀。
S4、将S2的混合物料与S3的混合物料经V型立式混合机充分混匀。
S5、将鱼油,豆油和大豆卵磷脂先充分混合再与S4的混合物料混匀,过筛。
S6、将氯化胆碱溶于水中,与S5中得到混合物料充分混匀。
S7、将S6中混合均匀的物料进行膨化制粒。
S8、将膨化制粒的颗粒饲料自然晾干,后包装入袋。
在本发明中,步骤S1将蛋白源原料中的红鱼粉、豆粕和棉籽蛋白进行粉碎,优选过60目筛;所述步骤S2中,使用V型立式混合机充分混匀,10min;步骤S4中,使用V型立式混合机充分混匀,7min;步骤S5中,将S4的混合物料与鱼油,豆油和大豆卵磷脂充分混合均匀,使混合均匀度变异系数小于5%,过40目筛;步骤S8中,将膨化制粒的颗粒饲料于室温(25℃)72h,阴干(以饲料质量计算,水分10%),后包装入袋密封保存。
本发明的另一个目的是提供上述配合饲料在改善石斑鱼养殖水质中的应用。
利用本发明所述配合饲料对石斑鱼进行养殖时,通过合理运用肠膜蛋白粉,提高饲料蛋白质利用效率和肠道健康,缓解因营养物质的流失所导致的水体污染问题。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的一种石斑鱼配合饲料及其制备方法和应用进行详细的说明,但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
如下实施例中,由于制备方法与上述内容完全相同,在此不再进行详细描述,且未做特殊说明的,所有原材料均为购买得来。
实施例1
石斑鱼配合饲料(粗蛋白50%,粗脂肪10%),蛋白源组成如表1所示,其他成分为:鱼油豆油(1:1)6%,大豆卵磷脂1.5%,维生素预混料0.2%,矿物质预混料0.5%,氯化胆碱0.3%,植酸酶0.3%,抗氧化剂0.03%。分别配制成膨化颗粒饲料。
表1各实施例饲料配方
原料 | 实验组1 | 实验组2 |
鱼粉 | 33.00 | 27.00 |
豆粕 | 22.00 | 20.00 |
小麦谷朊粉 | 5.00 | 6.00 |
肠膜蛋白粉 | 0.00 | 6.00 |
棉籽蛋白 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
血球蛋白粉 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
面粉 | 19.97 | 20.92 |
制作饲料分别喂养两组遗传背景一致,规格一致的石斑鱼幼鱼,养殖8周后,更换静水养殖系统中的海水为新鲜海水,然后再投喂两个实验组的饲料,并在石斑鱼进食后1h、9h、17h和21h开始采集水样。分析养殖水体的pH值、总磷、总氮、氨氮含量。
结果如表2~表5所示,各实验组在不同时间点pH值显著下降,21h实验组2显著低于实验组1。在摄食后17~21h,各个实验组养殖水体总磷含量在各时间点无显著差异。17~21h,各个实验组养殖水体的总氮含量在各时间点无显著差异,相同时间点不同是势力之间差异不显著。随着时间的推移,各个实验组养殖水体的氨氮含量呈现显著的上升趋势,在摄食后17~21h趋于稳定,差异不显著,相同时间点各个实验组养殖水体氨氮的含量无显著差异。因此摄食用本发明制作的实验组2的饲料后,石斑鱼水体pH值、总磷均低于实验组1。
表2养殖水体pH变化情况
时间(h) | 实验组1 | 实验组2 |
1 | 7.24±0.02<sup>ax</sup> | 7.15±0.01<sup>ay</sup> |
9 | 7.00±0.03<sup>b</sup> | 6.95±0.01<sup>b</sup> |
17 | 6.95±0.04<sup>b</sup> | 6.86±0.01<sup>c</sup> |
21 | 6.98±0.04<sup>bx</sup> | 6.86±0.01<sup>cy</sup> |
表3养殖水体总磷含量变化情况
时间(h) | 实验组1 | 实验组2 |
1 | 0.0840±0.0151<sup>bx</sup> | 0.0240±0.0017<sup>cy</sup> |
9 | 0.1213±0.0083<sup>ab</sup> | 0.0923±0.003<sup>b</sup> |
17 | 0.1283±0.0129<sup>ab</sup> | 0.1313±0.0079<sup>a</sup> |
21 | 0.1530±0.0095<sup>a</sup> | 0.1330±0.0085<sup>a</sup> |
表4养殖水体总氮含量变化情况
时间(h) | 实验组1 | 实验组2 |
1 | 1.66±0.11<sup>b</sup> | 1.60±0.10<sup>c</sup> |
9 | 3.37±0.29<sup>a</sup> | 2.69±0.05<sup>b</sup> |
17 | 3.72±0.10<sup>a</sup> | 4.03±0.18<sup>a</sup> |
21 | 4.64±0.44<sup>a</sup> | 4.94±0.08<sup>a</sup> |
表5养殖水体氨氮含量变化情况
时间(h) | 实验组1 | 实验组2 |
1 | 0.25±0.03<sup>c</sup> | 0.35±0.04<sup>c</sup> |
9 | 0.95±0.03<sup>ab</sup> | 0.88±0.08<sup>c</sup> |
17 | 1.41±0.19<sup>a</sup> | 1.73±0.24<sup>a</sup> |
21 | 1.51±0.14<sup>a</sup> | 1.57±0.02<sup>a</sup> |
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种石斑鱼配合饲料,其特征在于,包括以下质量百分含量的原料:蛋白源原料60%~75%,脂肪源原料5%~8%,碳水化合物原料15%~25%,晶体氨基酸0.5%~2%,维生素预混料0.1%~1%,矿物质预混料0.1%~2%,氯化胆碱0.1%~0.6%,抗氧化剂0.03%~0.5%和植酸酶0%~0.50%;
所述蛋白源原料包括红鱼粉、肠膜蛋白粉、豆粕、棉籽蛋白、小麦谷朊粉和血球蛋白。
2.根据权利要求1所述配合饲料,其特征在于,所述红鱼粉、肠膜蛋白粉、豆粕、棉籽蛋白、小麦谷朊粉和血球蛋白粉的质量比为(21~33):(2~15):(15~25):(2~10):(2~10):(1~5)。
3.根据权利要求1所述配合饲料,其特征在于,所述脂肪源原料包括鱼油、豆油和大豆卵磷脂;所述鱼油、豆油和大豆卵磷脂的质量比为(2~2.5):(2~2.5):(1~3)。
4.根据权利要求1所述配合饲料,其特征在于,所述晶体氨基酸包括L-赖氨酸和L-蛋氨酸;所述L-赖氨酸和L-蛋氨酸的质量比为(0.5~1):(0.2~0.8)。
5.权利要求1~4任一项所述配合饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:(1)将蛋白源原料粉碎后与碳水化合物原料混合,得第一混合料;
(2)将晶体氨基酸、维生素预混料、矿物质预混料、抗氧化剂和植酸酶与第一混合料混合,得第二混合料;
(3)将溶于水的氯化胆碱与脂肪源原料和第二混合料混合,得第三混合料,对第三混合料进行膨化制粒,得所述配合饲料。
6.根据权利要求5所述制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述粉碎包括将所述蛋白源原料中的各物料单独粉碎后过60目筛。
7.根据权利要求5所述制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)和步骤(2)所述混合包括利用V型立式混合机进行充分混匀。
8.根据权利要求5所述制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述混合包括混合均匀度变异系数小于5%,过40目筛。
9.根据权利要求5所述制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述膨化制粒后,还包括于25℃阴干至含水量不高于10%。
10.权利要求1~4任一项所述配合饲料在改善石斑鱼养殖水质中的应用。
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