CN113533157B - Variable-opening detachable fracture device for visual experiment - Google Patents
Variable-opening detachable fracture device for visual experiment Download PDFInfo
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- CN113533157B CN113533157B CN202110748683.9A CN202110748683A CN113533157B CN 113533157 B CN113533157 B CN 113533157B CN 202110748683 A CN202110748683 A CN 202110748683A CN 113533157 B CN113533157 B CN 113533157B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/0806—Details, e.g. sample holders, mounting samples for testing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/70—Combining sequestration of CO2 and exploitation of hydrocarbons by injecting CO2 or carbonated water in oil wells
Abstract
The invention discloses a variable-opening detachable fracture device for a visual experiment, which comprises a visual control unit, a variable-opening control unit, a boundary control and data monitoring unit, a roughness simulation unit and the like; the visual control unit comprises a transparent fracture upper disc; the variable-opening control unit comprises a boundary sealing assembly, a variable-opening assembly and an opaque crack lower disc; the boundary control and data monitoring unit comprises an inflow and outflow component, a buffer cavity component and the like. The device is used for realizing accurate control of the opening degree of the crack, effective sealing of the crack boundary and change of visible physical parameters in the crack in the experimental process, realizing redistribution of water flow in and out through the buffer cavity assembly, monitoring water pressure or resistivity change of different section positions through the data monitoring assembly, and simulating the roughness of the crack with different characteristics through the roughness simulation unit. The device has the advantages of simple and easy manufacture, good repeatability, high strength, high precision and accurate and reliable average opening value of the obtained cracks.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of fractured rock mass tests, and particularly relates to a variable-opening detachable fracture device for a visual experiment.
Background
In recent years, with the start-up construction of major underground projects such as carbon dioxide geological storage, large-scale water conservancy and hydropower engineering, underground water resource development and management, high-level radioactive waste geological disposal and the like, disasters such as seepage damage, pollutant leakage and the like in fractured rock mass become important issues of major concern in engineering and theoretical circles. The single fracture is used as a foundation for researching a discrete fracture network rock mass, and the average fracture opening and the fracture roughness of the single fracture have important influences on seepage and solute transport mechanisms in rock fractures, so that the research on the influences of the single fracture variable opening and the roughness on fluid flow and solute transport processes in the fractured rock mass has important significance on improving safe and stable operation of large underground engineering such as nuclear waste disposal, underground pollutant treatment and the like. For the above major engineering problems, the method generally has the characteristics of large burial depth, complex ground stress conditions, large water pressure and the like, and how to conveniently and accurately change the crack opening size and the crack roughness and how to ensure the sealing performance and the model strength of the model boundary of the crack model under the action of high stress and high water pressure is not deeply researched at present. Moreover, visualization of seepage or pollutant migration processes is difficult to realize by adopting real fracture materials, and the research on rock fracture visualization is rare.
In the disclosed technology, a high-temperature fracture seepage simulation device (application number 201711423221.X) capable of changing the fracture opening degree is used for uniformly placing ceramic support balls in the fractures among rock blocks and the fractures between the fractures; a variable-opening-degree rough crack for a visualization experiment and a manufacturing method thereof (application number 201910238486.5) change the average opening degree of the crack by placing rigid gaskets with different thicknesses between water stop baffles at two sides of an upper disc and a lower disc of the crack; a device capable of quantitatively adjusting the opening degree of a rough rock fracture and a using method thereof (application number 201911396537.3) are characterized in that two clamping devices are used for clamping an upper plate and a lower plate of a fracture sample respectively, and different fracture opening degrees are obtained through adjustment of an electric lifting platform. Although the three methods can change the opening degree of the fracture, the method has the defects that the model strength is insufficient, inevitable damage is caused, the same distance cannot be increased at each position of the fracture, the fracture opening degree is adjusted to be complex, the operation is inconvenient, the change of physical parameters (such as water pressure) in the fracture is difficult to monitor in real time, the boundary sealing performance under the action of high water pressure is difficult to ensure, and the like, and the method is difficult to apply in experimental design.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a variable-opening detachable fracture device for a visualization experiment. The device can utilize the high strength of rigid gasket, the elasticity and the self sealss nature characteristics of sealing strip, combines designability and the manufacturability of materials such as aluminum plate or organic glass, realizes accurate control of crack aperture size, the effective sealing at crack boundary, realizes the change of the inside visible physical parameter of crack in the experimentation to and the water pressure or the resistivity change of the inside different section positions of crack in the real-time supervision experimentation, improved the repeatability and the experimental result test accuracy nature of crack model experiment greatly.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a variable-opening detachable fracture device for a visual experiment comprises a visual control unit, a variable-opening control unit, a boundary control and data monitoring unit, a roughness simulation unit, a model base and a fracture space;
the visual control unit comprises a transparent fracture upper disc and a fixed template and is used for observing the change of physical parameters in the fracture in the experimental process;
the variable-opening control unit comprises a boundary sealing assembly, a variable-opening assembly and an opaque crack lower disc;
the boundary control and data monitoring unit comprises an inflow and outflow component, a buffer cavity component and a data monitoring component;
the roughness simulation unit comprises a rigid gasket with a certain shape and thickness;
a closed-loop groove with a certain depth is formed in the lower surface of the fracture upper disc; the closed-loop range of the closed-loop groove is larger than the area enclosed by the buffer cavity assembly and the crack space;
the boundary sealing assembly comprises a sealing strip with a certain diameter and a sealing glue with a certain bonding strength, the sealing glue is bonded at a closed-loop interface after the sealing strip is filled in the closed-loop groove, a closed-loop boundary with a certain elasticity is formed, and the closed-loop range of the closed-loop boundary is the key for realizing crack sealing;
the variable-opening assembly comprises a rigid gasket with a certain thickness and is used for adjusting and controlling the opening of the crack;
a straight hole with a certain size is formed in one circle of the periphery of the upper fracture disc, a bolt sink groove with a certain size is formed in one circle of the periphery of the fixed template, a threaded hole with a certain size is formed in one circle of the periphery of the lower fracture disc, an opening with a certain size is formed in one circle of the periphery of the rigid gasket, the threaded holes correspond to the hole positions of the opening, the straight hole and the bolt sink groove one by one, the lower fracture disc, the rigid gasket, the upper fracture disc and the fixed template are connected through bolts, and the fracture space is constructed by utilizing the bolt tightening, the self-sealing characteristic of the sealing strip and the high-strength characteristic of the rigid gasket, so that the sealing of the fracture space can be realized, and the liquid leakage in the seepage or pollutant migration experiment process can be avoided; the opening size of the crack space can be adjusted by replacing rigid gaskets with different thicknesses, so that variable opening control is realized;
the middle of the fixed template is hollowed and combined with the fracture upper disc to realize the visualization of the fracture space.
Further, the material of the upper disc of the crack can be selected from organic glass; the material of the fixed template can be selected from stainless steel, aluminum or organic glass, and is preferably aluminum; the material of the crack lower disc can be selected from stainless steel or aluminum materials, and is preferably aluminum materials.
Further, the cross-sectional shape of the closed-loop groove may be an inverted triangle, a quadrangle, or a semicircle, preferably a semicircle.
Further, the sealing strip can be a material with good elasticity and self-sealing performance, such as a sealing rubber strip and a sealing silica gel strip, and is preferably a sealing silica gel strip; the sealant can be silica gel with better adhesive property, and is preferably mold silicone rubber.
Furthermore, buffer grooves with certain specification and size are arranged at two ends of the lower surface of the upper disc with the crack, and the cross section of each buffer groove is quadrilateral.
Furthermore, buffer grooves with certain specifications and sizes are arranged at two ends of the upper surface of the lower disc of the crack, a plurality of through flow inlet and outlet ports are respectively arranged at two ends of the upper surface of the lower disc of the crack and used for connecting the flow inlet and outlet components, and a plurality of through sensor connecting ports are further arranged on the lower disc of the crack along the length direction and used for connecting the data monitoring components.
Furthermore, the inflow and outflow assembly can be connected with the inflow and outflow port by replacing connecting joints with different sizes, so that the combination with an external inflow and outflow device is realized, and experiments are carried out.
Furthermore, the data monitoring assembly comprises sensors such as a pore water pressure sensor and a high-density resistivity probe, and can be used for monitoring the water pressure or resistivity change of different section positions in the experiment process.
Further, the buffer cavity assembly comprises a buffer cavity and a water flow buffer assembly, and is used for realizing water flow redistribution and enabling water flow to uniformly flow into and out of the fracture model; the buffer cavity consists of a buffer groove of the fracture upper disc and a buffer groove of the fracture lower disc, and comprises an inflow buffer cavity and an outflow buffer cavity; the water flow buffering component can be made of porous materials such as sponge.
Further, the shape of the rigid gasket can be circular, quadrilateral or triangular, and the roughness of the crack channel is simulated by arranging different numbers of the rigid gaskets at different positions in the crack.
Furthermore, the model base is connected with the fixed template and the fracture lower plate through bolts, so that the fracture model can be vertically or horizontally placed.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention can realize the visualization of the experimental process and create conditions for observing the migration process of pollutants.
2. The invention utilizes the high-strength rigid gasket to control the opening size of the crack, and the obtained average opening value of the crack is accurate and reliable.
3. The invention is convenient to disassemble and assemble, and can quickly adjust to obtain a fracture model with any fracture opening.
4. The invention utilizes the characteristics of elasticity and self-sealing property of the sealing strip, and can efficiently realize the sealing property of the crack model boundary.
5. The invention has high integral strength, safety and reliability, and can be combined with the hypergravity centrifugal simulation technology to carry out related experiments in the hypergravity environment.
6. The invention has the advantages of simple and easy manufacture, good repeatability, high strength, high precision, easy installation and low cost.
7. The invention has important significance for researching the fluid seepage and solute migration process in fractured rock mass.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a variable-opening detachable slit device for visualization experiments provided by an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view of a variable-opening detachable slit device for visualization experiments provided by an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a left side view of a variable opening detachable slit apparatus for visualization experiments provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a rear view of a variable opening detachable slit apparatus for visualization experiments provided by embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a top view of a variable opening detachable slit apparatus for visualization experiments according to an embodiment of the present invention;
in the figure: the device comprises a roughness simulation unit I, a model base II, a fracture space III, a fracture upper disc 1, a closed loop groove 1-1, a straight through hole 1-2, a buffer groove 1-3, a fixed template 2, a bolt sinking groove 2-1, a fracture lower disc 3, a fracture lower disc threaded hole 3-1, an inflow and outflow port 3-2, a sensor connecting port 3-3, a buffer groove 3-4, a sealing strip 4, a rigid gasket 5-1, a rigid gasket opening 5-2, a buffer cavity 6-1 and a water flow buffer assembly 6-2.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1 to 5, the variable-opening detachable fracture device for the visualization experiment provided in this embodiment includes a visualization control unit, a variable-opening control unit, a boundary control and data monitoring unit, a roughness simulation unit I, a model base II, and a fracture space III; the visual control unit comprises a transparent fracture upper disc 1 and a fixed template 2 and is used for observing the change of physical parameters in the fracture in the experimental process; the variable-opening control unit comprises a boundary sealing assembly, a variable-opening assembly and an opaque crack lower disc 3; the boundary control and data monitoring unit comprises an inflow and outflow component, a buffer cavity component and a data monitoring component; the roughness simulation unit I comprises a rigid gasket with a certain shape and thickness.
A closed-loop groove 1-1 with a certain depth is formed in the lower surface of the transparent crack upper disc 1 and used for placing the sealing strip 4; the closed loop extent of the closed loop recess 1-1 is greater than the area enclosed by the buffer chamber assembly and the crevice space III.
The boundary sealing assembly comprises a sealing strip 4 with a certain diameter and a sealing glue with a certain bonding strength, the sealing glue is used for bonding at a closed-loop interface after the sealing strip 4 is filled in the closed-loop groove 1-1, a closed-loop boundary with a certain elasticity can be formed, and the closed-loop range of the closed-loop boundary is the key for realizing crack sealing.
The variable opening component comprises a rigid gasket 5-1 with a certain thickness and is used for adjusting and controlling the opening of the crack.
A circle of the periphery of the transparent crack upper disc 1 is provided with a straight through hole 1-2 with a certain size, a circle of the periphery of the fixed template 2 is provided with a bolt sink 2-1 with a certain size, a circle of the periphery of the opaque crack lower disc 3 is provided with a threaded hole 3-1 with a certain size, a circle of the periphery of the rigid gasket 5-1 is provided with an opening 5-2 with a certain size, the threaded hole 3-1 is in one-to-one correspondence with the hole positions of the opening 5-2, the straight through hole 1-2 and the bolt sink 2-1, the crack lower plate 3, the rigid gasket 5-1, the crack upper plate 1 and the fixed template 2 are connected through bolts, and a crack space III is formed by utilizing the tightening of the bolts, the self-sealing property of the sealing strip and the high-strength characteristic of the rigid gasket, the sealing of the fracture space III can be realized, and the liquid leakage in the experimental process of seepage or pollutant migration is avoided; the opening size of the crack space III can be adjusted by replacing the rigid gaskets 5-1 with different thicknesses, so that variable opening control is realized.
The middle of the fixed template 2 is hollowed and combined with the transparent fracture upper plate 1 to realize the visualization of the fracture space III.
The material of the upper plate 1 in the crack can be selected from organic glass; the material of the fixed template 2 can be selected from stainless steel, aluminum or organic glass, and is preferably aluminum; the material of the crack lower disc 3 can be selected from stainless steel or aluminum, and is preferably aluminum.
The cross-sectional shape of the closed-loop groove 1-1 may be an inverted triangle, a quadrangle, or a semicircle, preferably a semicircle.
The sealing strip 4 can be a sealing rubber strip, a sealing silica gel strip and other materials with good elasticity and self-sealing performance, and is preferably a sealing silica gel strip; the sealant can be silica gel with better adhesive property, and is preferably mold silicon rubber.
Buffer grooves 1-3 with certain specification and dimension are arranged at two ends of the lower surface of the transparent crack upper disc 1, and the cross section of each buffer groove 1-3 is quadrilateral.
Buffer grooves 3-4 with certain specification and size are arranged at two ends of the upper surface of the opaque crack lower disc 3, 4 through flow in and out ports 3-2 are respectively arranged at two ends and are used for connecting a flow in and out component, and at least 5 through sensor connecting ports 3-3 are also arranged along the length direction of the opaque crack lower disc 5 and are used for connecting a data monitoring component.
The inflow and outflow assembly can be connected with the inflow and outflow port 3-2 by replacing connecting joints with different sizes, so that the combination with an external inflow and outflow device is realized, and an experiment is carried out.
The data monitoring assembly comprises sensors such as a pore water pressure sensor and a high-density resistivity probe, and can be used for monitoring the water pressure or resistivity change of different section positions in the experiment process.
The buffer cavity assembly comprises a buffer cavity 6-1 and a water flow buffer assembly 6-2 and is used for realizing water flow redistribution and enabling water flow to uniformly flow into and out of the fracture model; the buffer cavity 6-1 is composed of a buffer groove 1-3 of the fracture upper disc and a buffer groove 3-4 of the fracture lower disc, and the buffer cavity 6-1 comprises an inflow buffer cavity and an outflow buffer cavity; the water flow buffering component 6-2 can be a porous material such as sponge.
The shape of the rigid gasket can be circular, quadrilateral or triangular, and the roughness of a crack channel is simulated by arranging different numbers of rigid gaskets at different positions in the crack.
The model base II is connected with the fixed template 2 and the opaque crack lower plate 3 through bolts, so that the crack model can be vertically placed or horizontally placed.
The working process of the device of the invention is as follows:
firstly, horizontally placing the upper surface of a fracture lower disc on an operation platform in an upward mode, and placing a rigid gasket with a circular section on the upper surface of the fracture lower disc according to a certain arrangement sequence to simulate the roughness of a fracture channel; secondly, placing a rigid gasket with a certain thickness on the upper surface of the crack lower plate, and simulating the opening size of the crack; then, the lower surface of the fracture upper disc is horizontally placed on an operation platform in an upward mode, sealing strips with certain diameters are filled in an annular groove of the fracture upper disc, high-strength sealing glue is used for bonding connection at a closed-loop interface to form a closed-loop boundary with certain elasticity, and then sponge is filled in a buffer groove of the fracture upper disc; then, the upper fracture plate is turned over, the through holes of the upper fracture plate and the threaded holes of the lower fracture plate are in one-to-one correspondence and are attached, and the protruding parts of the sponge are filled in the buffer grooves of the lower fracture plate to form a complete buffer cavity, so that the water flow weight distribution in the test process is ensured, and the water flow uniformly flows into and out of the fracture model; then, horizontally placing a fixed template on the upper surface of the crack upper disc, sequentially penetrating a bolt sink groove of the fixed template, a through hole of the crack upper disc, a through hole of a rigid gasket and a threaded hole of a crack lower disc by using a screw rod for bolt tightening connection, constructing a crack space and realizing the sealing of the crack space by using the self-sealing characteristic of a sealing strip and the high-strength characteristic of the rigid gasket, thereby avoiding liquid leakage in the process of carrying out seepage or pollutant migration experiments; and finally, connecting the model base with the fixed template and the fracture lower disc through bolts, vertically placing the completely assembled fracture model, simultaneously connecting the water level control system with the inflow and outflow ports positioned on the fracture lower disc respectively through the connecting joints, controlling the water levels at two ends of the fracture model, and connecting the pore water pressure sensor with the sensor connecting port of the fracture lower disc for monitoring the pore pressure change inside the fracture in the test process in real time. After the connection is finished, a water level control system is started to carry out a fracture seepage test, and the seepage process inside the fracture is observed through a transparent fracture upper disc.
One skilled in the art can, using the teachings of the present invention, readily make various changes and modifications to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Any modifications and equivalent variations of the above-described embodiments, which are made in accordance with the technical spirit and substance of the present invention, fall within the scope of protection of the present invention as defined in the claims.
Claims (4)
1. A variable-opening detachable fracture device for a visual experiment is characterized by comprising a visual control unit, a variable-opening control unit, a boundary control and data monitoring unit, a roughness simulation unit (I), a model base (II) and a fracture space (III);
the visual control unit comprises a transparent fracture upper disc (1) and a fixed template (2) and is used for observing the change of physical parameters in the fracture in the experimental process; the variable-opening control unit comprises a boundary sealing assembly, a variable-opening assembly and an opaque crack lower disc (3); the boundary control and data monitoring unit comprises an inflow and outflow component, a buffer cavity component and a data monitoring component; the roughness simulation unit (I) comprises a rigid washer; the shape of the rigid gasket is circular, quadrilateral or triangular, and the roughness of a crack channel is simulated by arranging different numbers of the rigid gaskets at different positions in the crack; a closed-loop groove (1-1) is formed in the lower surface of the crack upper disc (1); the cross section of the closed-loop groove (1-1) is in the shape of an inverted triangle, a quadrangle or a semicircle; buffer grooves (1-3) are formed in two ends of the lower surface of the fracture upper disc (1), and the cross sections of the buffer grooves (1-3) are quadrilateral; the boundary sealing component comprises a sealing strip (4) and a sealing glue; the variable opening degree assembly comprises a rigid gasket (5-1); a plurality of through holes (1-2) are formed in one circle of the periphery of the upper fracture plate (1), a plurality of bolt sunken grooves (2-1) are formed in one circle of the periphery of the fixed template (2), a plurality of threaded holes (3-1) are formed in one circle of the periphery of the lower fracture plate (3), a plurality of open holes (5-2) are formed in one circle of the periphery of the rigid gasket (5-1), the threaded holes (3-1) correspond to the open holes (5-2), the through holes (1-2) and the hole positions of the bolt sunken grooves (2-1) one by one, and the lower fracture plate (3), the rigid gasket (5-1) and the upper fracture plate (1) are connected with the fixed template (2) through bolts; buffer grooves (3-4) are arranged at two ends of the upper surface of the fracture lower disc (3), a plurality of through flow in and out ports (3-2) are respectively arranged at the two ends and are used for connecting flow in and out components, and a plurality of through sensor connecting ports (3-3) are also arranged along the length direction of the fracture lower disc (3) and are used for connecting data monitoring components; the inflow and outflow assembly is connected with the inflow and outflow port (3-2) by replacing connecting joints with different sizes, so that the inflow and outflow assembly is combined with an external inflow and outflow device to carry out experiments; the buffer cavity assembly comprises a buffer cavity (6-1) and a water flow buffer assembly (6-2) and is used for realizing water flow redistribution and enabling water flow to uniformly flow into and out of the fracture model; the buffer cavity (6-1) is composed of a buffer groove (1-3) of a crack upper disc and a buffer groove (3-4) of a crack lower disc, and the buffer cavity (6-1) comprises an inflow buffer cavity and an outflow buffer cavity; the water flow buffering component (6-2) is made of porous material;
the closed loop range of the closed loop groove (1-1) is larger than the area enclosed by the buffer cavity assembly and the crack space (III); after the sealing strip (4) is filled in the closed-loop groove (1-1), the sealing glue is used for bonding at a closed-loop interface to form a closed-loop boundary with certain elasticity; by utilizing the self-sealing property of the sealing strip and the high-strength characteristic of the rigid gasket, a crack space (III) can be formed after the sealing strip and the rigid gasket are screwed and connected through bolts, so that the sealing performance and the integral strength of the device of the boundary of the crack space (III) under the action of high stress and high water pressure are ensured; the crack opening size of the crack space (III) can be conveniently and accurately changed by replacing the rigid gaskets (5-1) with different thicknesses, and the same distance is increased at each position of the crack;
the middle of the fixed template (2) is hollowed and combined with the fracture upper plate (1) to realize the visualization of the fracture space (III).
2. The variable-opening detachable slit device for visualization experiments according to claim 1, wherein the material of the disc (1) on the slit is selected from organic glass; the material of the fixed template (2) is selected from stainless steel, aluminum or organic glass; the crack lower plate (3) is made of stainless steel or aluminum materials.
3. The variable-opening detachable fracture device for visualization experiments as claimed in claim 1, wherein the data monitoring assembly comprises a pore water pressure sensor and a high-density resistivity probe, and is used for monitoring the water pressure or resistivity change at different section positions in the experiment process.
4. The variable-opening detachable slit device for visualization experiments according to claim 1, wherein the model base (VI) is connected with the fixed template (2) and the slit lower disc (5) through bolts for realizing vertical placement or horizontal placement of the slit model.
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| CN115372222B (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2023-09-12 | 浙江大学 | Device for variable-opening network fracture rock mass seepage experiment |
| CN115372221B (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2023-06-16 | 浙江大学 | 3D printing variable opening fracture model and method for seepage experiment |
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