CN113498301A - 冷却元件和制造冷却元件的方法 - Google Patents

冷却元件和制造冷却元件的方法 Download PDF

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CN113498301A
CN113498301A CN202110372089.4A CN202110372089A CN113498301A CN 113498301 A CN113498301 A CN 113498301A CN 202110372089 A CN202110372089 A CN 202110372089A CN 113498301 A CN113498301 A CN 113498301A
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cooling element
cooling
liquid
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约尔马·曼尼宁
米卡·西尔文诺伊宁
约尼·帕卡里宁
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ABB Schweiz AG
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Abstract

一种冷却元件及一种制造冷却元件的方法。该冷却元件包括本体，该本体具有适于接纳热源的表面，其中，本体由具有敞开端部的挤制型材形成。冷却元件还包括附接至本体的敞开端部以封闭本体的塞子和用于填充封闭的本体内部的工作流体的端口。

Description

冷却元件和制造冷却元件的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种冷却元件，尤其涉及一种用于高功率电气部件的冷却元件。
背景技术
电力电子开关部件或电力电子开关模块在操作时需要进行冷却。通常通过将部件或模块附接至散热器或冷却元件来进行冷却。来自热源的损失被引导至冷却元件的表面。诸如电力电子模块之类的热源牢固地附接至冷却元件的表面。冷却元件将热量从热源传递出去，并进一步传递至诸如空气或液体之类的外部冷却流体。
存在各种类型的冷却元件。冷却元件可以由一块诸如铝或铜之类的金属形成，并带有例如冷却肋。金属块用作所产生的热量的吸收器，并且热量被传递至大质量物。来自金属块的热量利用增加了冷却元件的表面积的冷却肋进一步传递至周围的介质。
在某些应用中，使用金属块作为冷却元件无法给出令人满意的结果。通过使用具有相变液体的冷却元件设计可以获得更有效的热传递。来自诸如电力电子模块之类的热源的热量加热了保持在冷却元件的内部的液体。封闭体积中的液体由于热量而蒸发，并将热量有效地传递至封闭体积内的较冷的地方。蒸气在较冷的地方冷凝并散发热量。基于相变特性的冷却元件比常规的金属块更有效。然而，更有效的冷却元件也更加复杂，并且因此生产起来更昂贵。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种冷却元件和一种制造冷却元件的方法，以减轻上述缺点。本发明的目的通过一种以独立权利要求中所述的内容为特征的冷却元件和方法来实现。在从属权利要求中公开了本发明的优选实施方式。
本发明基于在冷却元件的形成中使用金属挤制型材的思想。该挤制型材是中空的且具有两个敞开端部。端部用合适的结构封闭，从而获得中空的封闭体积结构。冷却元件还设置有用于在封闭结构内部填充工作流体的端口。在一实施方式的冷却元件中，在中空结构内部设置有插入件以提供毛细管吸液芯(capillary wick)的功能，该功能确保适当的相变操作。
本发明的优点在于，以简单的结构获得有效的冷却元件。由于冷却元件是由挤制型材制成的，因此可以通过使用不同长度的型材容易地更改冷却元件的尺寸。
附图说明
下面将参照附图通过优选实施方式更详细地描述本发明，在附图中：
图1示出了一实施方式的冷却元件的正视图，
图2示出了图1的冷却元件的侧视图；以及
图3、图4、图5、图6、图7和图8示出了冷却元件的各实施方式。
具体实施方式
图1示出了本发明的冷却元件的实施方式的正视图。众所周知，冷却元件旨在以机械的方式连接至热源、比如容纳多个开关部件的电力电子开关部件或电力电子开关模块。在图1中，热源1被示出为附接至冷却元件2的表面。根据本发明，冷却元件2包括本体，该本体具有适于接纳热源1的表面3。如图1中所示，适于接纳热源的表面基本上是平坦的表面，使得从热源到冷却元件的热传递尽可能高效。
在本发明中，冷却元件的本体由具有敞开端部的挤制型材形成。图1示出了冷却元件的正视图。正视图是指在挤制方向上的视图。如所理解的，由于本体是挤制结构，因此开口延伸穿过型材。
本发明的冷却元件还包括附接至本体的敞开端部以封闭本体的塞子4。冷却元件的塞子4是紧固至型材的敞开端部使得端部被封闭并且在冷却元件内部形成气密的中空结构的元件。图1示出了塞子4，该塞子4被紧固至挤制型材的一个端部。在图1的结构中，塞子总体上呈T形，并且塞子覆盖型材的端部的开口。
此外，根据本发明，冷却元件还包括用于将工作流体填充在封闭的本体内部的端口5。该端口大体上是在冷却元件的本体上形成的可封闭的开口。该开口穿过本体延伸到本体的中空内部，从而可以将工作流体引入到结构内部。理想地，在流体填充之后，该开口被密封成不存在从冷却元件表面延伸的结构。这使得开口更不易受到故障的影响。
结构内部的工作流体是指由于来自附接至冷却元件的表面的热源的热量而蒸发的流体。工作流体进一步在中空结构内部冷凝。通过工作流体的两相运行，形成了有效的冷却元件。热源附接至T形型材的水平定向的部分。该部分用作蒸发器6。蒸发后的流体将流向较冷的地方并冷凝。T形型材的竖向定向的部分用作冷凝器7。
如图1中所示，冷却元件还包括冷却翅片8。该翅片通过与冷却元件的本体同时进行挤制而形成。因此，冷却翅片8是挤制型材的一部分。由于冷却翅片是型材的组成部分，因此从本体到冷却翅片的热传递是高效的。
图2示出了图1的冷却元件的侧视图。由于冷却元件的本体是挤制的，因此本体的结构以型材的形式延伸。
根据一实施方式，对本体的内表面进行机加工以增加流体循环。经机加工的内表面、即封闭的腔体的表面可以包括凹槽。经机加工的内表面也可以进行处理以增加表面的粗糙度。
根据另一实施方式，用于封闭本体的端部的塞子包括表面处理部分以增加流体循环。如所理解的，对塞子的面向本体并形成腔体的内表面的表面进行处理以增加流体循环。应用于该表面的处理还可以包括诸如吸液芯之类的其他结构，以增加流体循环。
根据另一实施方式，冷却元件包括布置在本体内部的插入件。图3示出了本发明的实施方式的横截面，在横截面中，插入件31被插入冷却元件的本体内部。在横截面中示出了所形成的腔体的内部结构。插入件31布置在腔体中，工作流体也布置在腔体中。插入件的目的是增加流体循环，从而提高冷却性能。插入件还可以在以下方面提高散热器的性能：更高的热通量、总瓦数以及在冷却元件的运行方向上的更大的自由度。插入件可以使工作流体向冷却元件的传递特性得到改善。在该实施方式中，插入件31被示出为波浪形结构，该波浪形结构例如通过结构的张紧力而被保持在适当的位置。在图3中，仅在冷却元件的蒸发器部分显示了插入件。在图4的实施方式中，插入件既位于蒸发器部分41中，又位于冷凝器部分42中。应当理解的是，插入件31、41、42可以在结构的整个长度上延伸。此处，长度是指型材在挤制方向上的长度。
可以以几种方式制造插入件部分。其可以例如由能够插入挤制型材内部的金属线和线型网状部件构成。插入件可以是多孔的烧结金属粉末零件、固体金属合金件和固体金属合金板、已经形成为优选形状的模切及冲压金属薄板合金部件、以及具有弹簧状和/或海绵状特征的不同金属合金。具有上述性能的多者中的一部分或若干者也可以由诸如石墨和石墨烯的碳材料、聚合物、聚合物复合材料和陶瓷制成。
插入件部分或其中的若干者在冷却元件中并非是必需的，并且对于它们的需求取决于例如工作流体的选择、总热损(Watts)和热通量(W/cm2)级别、运行方向、环境温度范围以及其他设计特征。然而，这些内部毛细管状结构(即各部件)可以在以下方面提高散热器的性能：更高的热通量、总瓦数以及在运行方向上的更大的自由度。这也适用于塞子部分的与工作流体接触的表面。还能够对塞子部分的表面进行表面处理或将附加部件附接至塞子部分的表面，以增强散热器的性能。
可以通过几种技术、比如通过焊接或使用张紧力、即使用在将插入件部分组装到挤制部分中时使其略微压缩所产生的张紧力将插入件部分固定或安装到挤制型材中。
根据本发明的实施方式，冷却元件的本体由挤制铝材制成。根据另一实施方式，冷却元件的本体由挤制铜材或挤制钢材制成。
众所周知，水是用于两相热传递的高性能工作流体，并且通常与铜基冷却系统一起使用。然而，水与铝发生反应并产生氢气，这会导致两相热传递的失败。因此，可以将例如丙酮、乙醇、甲醇或R1233zd制冷剂用于铝热交换器。然而，根据实施方式，在热交换器最终组装之前或之后，会用特定材料处理铝制冷却元件的单独部件(挤制件、塞子、插入件部分)的表面。用于处理铝制部件的一种合适的材料是镍。该处理可以使得能够使用各种工作流体，例如水。
根据本发明的方法，制造包括具有表面的本体的冷却元件的方法包括：提供具有敞开端部的挤制型材，将塞子附接至本体的敞开端部以封闭本体，以及提供用于填充封闭的本体内部的工作流体的端口。
在该方法中，提供了合适的挤制金属件。将型材、即具有连续横截面的结构设计为具有期望的特性。将诸如铝或铜之类的挤制金属切成期望的长度。根据实施方式，插入件布置在中空挤制件的内部。此外，可通过对表面进行涂覆和/或对内表面进行机加工来处理挤制件的内表面，以提供与冷却性能有关的增强的性能。
此外，塞子被附接至本体的敞开端部。当塞子被附接时，形成封闭的结构并且该结构具有腔体。在本体上设置有用于填充封闭的本体内部的工作流体的端口。当工作流体被引入到还处于真空状态的封闭的本体内部时，冷却元件可以用于两相冷却操作。
根据本发明的实施方式，在将挤制的本体封闭之前，将插入件插入到本体内部。此外，插入件的数量不限于一个，而是可以根据冷却元件的设计以及根据期望的特性而变化。一些应用可能不需要插入件，而表面处理就能够提供足够的冷却性能。
在本发明的冷却元件的制造中，应用了常规的制造技术并且可以将其用于生产。铝的挤制工艺非常适合于批量生产且具有成本效益。
铝制的挤制型材可以容易地包含多个冷凝器部件。图6示出了具有两个冷凝器部件61的冷却元件。冷却元件在挤制方向上的长度实际上是不受限制的。因此，可以通过相同的基线挤制型材容易地生产不同长度的冷却元件。
附图中所示的示例示出了其中冷却元件内部的工作流体空间呈矩形的结构。然而，流体空间的形状不限于矩形形状。型材的横截面可以具有各种形状，这些形状使得能够使用该形状作为设计选择。从冷却元件的外表面延伸的冷却翅片也可以具有各种复杂的形状。翅片甚至不必是直的。冷却翅片与冷凝器表面之间的接触是理想的，因为两者之间没有界限。图5示出了冷却元件的另一示例。在该冷却元件中，一个冷却翅片51的形状被示出为与其他冷却翅片不同。图5示出了实现冷却翅片与冷却元件的本体一起挤制的可能性。
图7和图8示出了本发明的另一实施方式。图7示出了从挤制型材的端部看到的结构，而图8示出了冷却元件的侧视图。在该实施方式中，用于液体冷却的通道71设置在挤制的冷却元件中。更具体地，本体包括被挤制的液体冷却通道71。冷却元件包括附接至本体的敞开端部的液体歧管72，如图8中所示。液体歧管具有液体端口73，以用于允许液体循环穿过液体冷却通道。
在该实施方式中，增加了液体循环以增加从冷却元件移除的热量。由于液体冷却通道紧邻每个冷却翅片，因此液体循环有效地将热量从冷却翅片中移除。液体歧管是使得冷却液体能够从液体端口传递到液体冷却通道并且能够从液体冷却通道传递到另一液体端口的结构。可以使用常用的紧固技术将歧管附接至型材的端部。
在图7和图8的示例中，冷却元件具有图4的示例的基本结构，其在本体内部具有插入件。在具有歧管的实施方式中，还可以在歧管内部提供用于填充工作流体的端口。当端口被放置在歧管内部时，该端口是不可见的，也不易受到机械冲击。
当在挤制型材中生产液体冷却通道时，从本体延伸的冷却翅片在其远端端部彼此附接。由于端部被附接，因此在挤制结构中形成封闭的通道。
在以上内容中，结合本发明的一些实施方式描述了本发明的冷却元件。实施方式的各种特征也可以组合。例如，腔体的内表面可以具有能够使用不同流体的处理，并且同时冷却元件可以在结构内部具有插入件以增强流体循环。
对于本领域技术人员而言明显的是，随着技术的进步，可以以各种方式来实现本发明的构思。本发明及其实施方式不限于上述示例，而是可以在权利要求的范围内变化。

Claims (13)

1.一种冷却元件，所述冷却元件包括本体，所述本体具有适于接纳热源的表面，其中，所述本体由具有敞开端部的挤制型材形成，并且所述冷却元件还包括：
塞子，所述塞子附接至所述本体的所述敞开端部以封闭所述本体，以及
端口，所述端口用于填充封闭的所述本体的内部的工作流体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的冷却元件，其中，所述冷却元件还包括布置在所述本体的内部的一个或更多个插入件。
3.根据权利要求2所述的冷却元件，其中，所述一个或更多个插入件布置成在所述本体的内部提供毛细管特性或增强所述本体的内部的流体循环。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3所述的冷却元件，其中，封闭的所述本体的内表面包括表面处理部分。
5.根据权利要求4所述的冷却元件，其中，所述表面处理部分是机加工表面或涂层。
6.根据权利要求5所述的冷却元件，其中，所述涂层为镍涂层。
7.根据权利要求1至6中的任一项所述的冷却元件，其中，将一个或更多个插入件附接至塞子，使得当塞子被附接至所述本体的敞开端部时，所述一个或更多个插入件处于封闭的所述本体的内部。
8.根据权利要求1至7中的任一项所述的冷却元件，其中，所述工作流体为水、丙酮、乙醇、甲醇或R1233zd冷却剂。
9.根据权利要求1至8中的任一项所述的冷却元件，其中，所述本体由挤制铝材、挤制铜材或挤制钢材形成。
10.根据权利要求1至9中的任一项所述的冷却元件，其中，所述本体还包括液体冷却通道，并且所述冷却元件还包括附接至所述本体的敞开端部的液体歧管，所述液体歧管具有用于允许液体循环穿过所述液体冷却通道的液体端口。
11.一种制造冷却元件的方法，所述冷却元件包括具有表面的本体，所述方法包括：
提供具有敞开端部的挤制型材，
将塞子附接至所述本体的所述敞开端部以封闭所述本体，以及
提供用于填充封闭的所述本体的内部的工作流体的端口。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中，所述方法还包括将工作流体填充到封闭的所述本体的内部。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的方法，其中，所述方法包括在将所述塞子附接至所述本体的所述敞开端部之前将插入件插入所述本体的内部。
CN202110372089.4A 2020-04-07 2021-04-07 冷却元件和制造冷却元件的方法 Pending CN113498301A (zh)

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