CN113491717A - 一种提高鱼类免疫及抗病能力的海木耳萃取物、其制备方法及用途 - Google Patents
一种提高鱼类免疫及抗病能力的海木耳萃取物、其制备方法及用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种海木耳萃取物、其制备方法及用途;其中,该海木耳萃取物是经由包含取一海木耳(Sarcodia suiae),在30~50℃的温度条件下进行萃取,将所得到的萃取液离心,过滤其上清液而获得;该海木耳萃取物具有加强鱼类的吞噬作用及提高鱼类免疫相关基因的表达量的功效,很适合用于提高鱼类免疫及抗病能力的用途。
Description
【技术领域】
本发明是关于水产养殖领域,特别是关于提高鱼 类免疫能力及抗病能力的水产养殖领域。
【背景技术】
鱼类为人类重要的蛋白质来源之一,鱼类之鱼获 依其来源,可分为捕捞及水产养殖两大类。由联合国粮食及 农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations,FAO)所发布的《世界渔业和水产养殖状况》可知, 在过去20年,捕捞鱼获的成长量已呈停滞状态,现今鱼获增 长是以养殖鱼获为主,养殖鱼类已然在水产市场上占据重要 的一席之地。
然而,虽然鱼类的水产养殖方法已发展多年,但 在养殖时,仍常遭受因为鱼病而导致养殖成本增加和鱼获下 降等造成经济损失的状况。因此,在鱼类养殖过程中,需密 切注意并降低鱼病发生的机率。依据渔农自然护理署所发布 的资料可知,鱼病的成因包括环境中的病原体、不理想的水 体环境及鱼类免疫力下降等,据此可知,增强养殖鱼类的抗 病能力可成为防止鱼病发生的有力预防措施。因此,如何在 养殖过程中,提高鱼类的抗病及免疫能力,即成为水产养殖 领域急需解决的问题,也为本发明在此所要解决的问题。
中国台湾专利公开第201330779号虽公开一种红 藻萃取物用于提高甲壳类的免疫能力的应用。然而,甲壳类 为无脊椎动物,而鱼类为脊椎动物。脊椎动物具有免疫系统,能对体外侵入的大型分子产生反应,如产生抗体或刺激活化 其白血球,而对该外来侵入者产生高度特异性免疫反应,并 消灭之,故为避免病原性微生物的侵袭,鱼类可以识别自体与非自体组织,并有排除非自体组织的机制。而无脊椎的甲 壳类则为开放式循环系统,缺乏完整的特异性免疫,其免疫 机制以非特异性免疫反应为主,为立即而非缓慢诱发式的防御反应,以应付病原入侵及扩散,甲壳类的防御反应主要由 血细胞(hemocytes)产生的酚氧化酶原激活系统 (prophenoloxidase system,proPO system)来完成。所以,因 鱼类与甲壳类免疫机制的差异,现有技术所公开的红藻萃取 物难以被直接应用于提高鱼类的免疫能力。
【发明内容】
为了提供一可用于预防鱼病发生的解决措施,发 明人投入研发与改良,历经长期的反复试验与尝试后,终于 找到可有效用于提高鱼类免疫能力的活性物质。
本发明目的在于提供一种海木耳萃取物的制备 方法,其包括:
步骤一、取海木耳(Sarcodia suiae)在30~50℃的温度 条件下进行萃取,得到海木耳萃取液;
步骤二、将该海木耳萃取液离心,过滤离心后所得的上 清液,以获得海木耳萃取物。
本发明的另一发明目的在于提供一种海木耳萃 取物,其包括使用如前所述的方法制备而得的海木耳萃取物, 其中该海木耳萃取物具有提高鱼类抗病或免疫能力的功效。
本发明的另一发明目的在于提供一种组合物,其 包括如前所述的海木耳萃取物。
为达前述发明目的,其中该组合物包含水产类医 药组合物或饲料组合物。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种海木耳萃取物 用于提高鱼类抗病或免疫能力的用途,其包括对鱼类施予如 前所述的海木耳萃取物,以提高鱼类抗病或免疫能力。
为达前述发明目的,其中该免疫能力为吞噬作用 能力。
为达前述发明目的,其中该提高鱼类抗病或免疫 能力是指提高鱼类免疫相关基因的表达量。
为达前述发明目的,其中该抗病是指对抗病原 体。
为达前述发明目的,其中该病原体为细菌。
为达前述发明目的,其中该细菌为无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalatiae)。
为达前述发明目的,其中该海木耳萃取物的施予 方式包含口服、浸泡、喷洒或注射。
本发明为其所属技术领域长期存在的鱼病问题 提供了一个解决方法。本发明所提供的海木耳萃取物可增加 鱼类的免疫能力,更具体地说,可加强鱼类的吞噬作用能力及提高鱼类免疫相关基因的表达量。对鱼类施予本发明所提 供的海木耳萃取物,可提高鱼类受病原体侵袭后的抗病能力。 本发明所提供的海木耳萃取物是萃取自天然海藻,具有天然、 不会产生食品安全问题及对环境伤害疑虑较低的优势。
【附图说明】
图1是海木耳萃取物制备流程图;
图2是海木耳萃取物对细胞安全性的试验结果图;其中, 图2(A)是肝脏巨噬细胞,图2(B)是脾脏巨噬细胞;
图3是海木耳萃取物对鱼类吞噬作用能力的影响结果图; 其中,图3(A)是肝脏巨噬细胞,图3(B)是脾脏巨噬细胞, 图3(C)是THK细胞;
图4是海木耳萃取物对台湾鲷头肾细胞的免疫相关基因表 达量的影响结果图;
图5是海木耳萃取物对台湾鲷THK细胞株的免疫相关基因 表达量的影响结果图;
图6是处理海木耳萃取物的鱼类的细菌攻毒试验结果图。
【实施方式】
本说明书中所述的所有技术性及科学术语,除非 另外有所定义,皆为该所属专业人士领域可共同了解的意义, 其中单数用语“一”、“一个”、“该”、“所述”,除非 另有说明,皆可指涉多于一个对象,此外,用语“包含”、 “包括”皆为开放式连接词。
本说明书用语“有效剂量(effective amount)”, 是指涉有效活性物质的足够量,可使授予者预防或减轻一或 多项疾病症状或生理状况的剂量;其结果为降低和/或缓和征兆(sign)、症状(symptom)、或病因,或为其他生理 系统之有意图的改变。
本说明书用语“病原体”是指可引起鱼类疾病的 致病物质,其包括但不限于细菌、真菌、病毒或寄生虫。
本发明所使用的组合物,其剂型包含但不限于溶 液(Solution)、乳剂(Emulsion)、悬浮液(Suspension)、 粉末(Powder)、锭剂(Tablet)、丸剂(Pill)、片剂(Troche)或胶囊(Capsule)以及其他类似或适用本发明 的剂型。
本发明所述组合物,可进一步添加水产养殖添加 物,其包括但不限于疫苗、佐剂、免疫刺激物 (immunostimulant);其中该免疫刺激物包含但不限于化学 合成物、糖类或糖类衍生物。
本发明所述组合物适合的施予途径包含但不限 于浸泡、喷洒、药浴、口服或注射。
本发明实施例所使用的海木耳(Sarcodia suiae) 可从市面上购得,本发明所属技术领域中具有普通知识者也 可从天然海域取得本发明所指的海木耳。本发明实施例中用 于验证功效的细胞皆可于市面上购得或依据本发明所属技术 领域的普通知识从相对应的组织中分离而得。另外,除非另 有说明,本发明所用的材料皆市售易于取得。
本发明是以下面的实施例予以示范阐明,但本发 明不受下述实施例所限制。
实施例一、海木耳萃取物制备
使用固液萃取法(solid-liquid extraction,SLE) 制备海木耳萃取物。具体做法如图1所示,取海木耳(Sarcodia suiae),将其冻干、磨成粉末后,得到海木耳粉末;将该海木耳粉末,以海木耳粉末与水为1g:10~30mL的比例溶于水 后,置于30~50℃的水浴中萃取1~5小时,得到海木耳萃取液, 其中该海木耳粉末与水以1g:20mL的比例为最佳,其中该萃取以置于40℃的水中萃取3小时为最佳;接着,将该海木耳 萃取液以14000rpm离心10~30分钟(以20分钟为最佳),取其 上清液,以0.2μm过滤器过滤并冻干后,即可得到海木耳萃取物(Sarcodia suiae extraction,SSE)。
由前述方法所获得的海木耳萃取物,在经NMR 检测等检测法检验分析后,可知其糖/醣类成分如表1所示。海 木耳萃取物的成分以多糖为主,除此之外,还含有多酚、类 黄酮、类胡萝卜素及叶绿素等功能性成分。
表1
将依前述方法所得的海木耳萃取物溶解后,使用 无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)调节至所需浓度,用于后续 实施例中。
实施例二、细胞安全性试验
使用L-15培养基(含10%胎牛血清)将从台湾鲷 肝脏及脾脏分离的巨噬细胞的细胞数目调整为1×106细胞/ 毫升(cells/mL)后,分别于28℃预培养24小时,使细胞固 定于96孔细胞培养盘中。将不同浓度的海木耳萃取物(10、 100及100μg/mL)和固定好的细胞一起共培养12或24小时, 并以没有添加海木耳萃取物的细胞作为对照组(控制组), 接着使用商业细胞活性测试试剂盒(cell counting Kit-8, CCK-8)观察细胞是否有细胞凋亡情形发生。
细胞安全性试验结果如图2所示,以不同浓度的 海木耳萃取物处理肝脏巨噬细胞(图2(A))和脾脏巨噬细 胞(图2(B)),仅有最高浓度(1000μg/mL)的海木耳萃取 物对细胞有些许活性抑制的情形,较低浓度的海木耳萃取物 对细胞皆无毒性。
实施例三、海木耳萃取物对免疫能力的影响测试 (一)
鱼类的免疫系统机制可分成特异性免疫系统 (specific immune system)及非特异性免疫系统 (non-specific immune system),其中非特异性免疫系统又包 含由单核细胞(monocyte)及巨噬细胞(macrophage)等主导 的吞噬作用(phagocytosis)。本发明利用体外试验测试海木 耳萃取物对巨噬细胞,包含由台湾鲷肝脏及脾脏分离出来的 巨噬细胞、及THK细胞(Tilapia Head Kidney cell line,来自 罗非鱼头肾的黑色素巨噬细胞相关细胞系)的吞噬作用的影 响,作为评估海木耳萃取物是否能提高鱼类免疫能力的依据。
吞噬作用试验:使用L-15培养基(含10%胎牛 血清)将从台湾鲷肝脏及脾脏分离出来的巨噬细胞以及THK 细胞的细胞数目调整为1×106细胞/毫升(cells/mL)后,分 别于28℃预培养24小时,使细胞固定于96孔细胞培养盘中。 将10μg/mL的海木耳萃取物和固定好的细胞一起共培养12或 24小时,并以没有添加海木耳萃取物的细胞作为对照组,接 着使用商业吞噬作用试剂盒(pHrodoTM E.coli Green BioParticles Conjugate,Lifetechnologies)进行测定,判断 各组吞噬活性差异。
吞噬作用试验结果如图3所示,从肝脏巨噬细胞 (图3(A))、脾脏巨噬细胞(图3(B))和THK细胞(图3(C)) 的吞噬作用试验结果可发现,有处理海木耳萃取物的细胞, 其吞噬作用活性皆较显著地优于未处理的细胞。此结果显示, 海木耳萃取物具有提高吞噬作用活性的功效。
实施例四、海木耳萃取物对免疫能力的影响测试 (二)
在了解海木耳萃取物具有提高吞噬作用活性的 功效后,本发明更进一步分析海木耳萃取物对鱼类免疫相关 基因的表达量影响。具体做法为,将1×106细胞/毫升的头肾细胞(分离自台湾鲷)或THK细胞与10μg/mL的海木耳萃取物, 于28℃,以L-15培养基(含10%胎牛血清)体外共培养3小时, 并以未处理海木耳萃取物的细胞作为对照组;接着取共培养 完的细胞,提取其总RNA,并进行反转录作用,以制备各组 的cDNA基因库;然后利用实时定量聚合酶链式反应 (Real-Time PCR)检测各组细胞的免疫相关基因的表达量, 包含抗菌肽(tilapia piscidin(TP2,TP3,TP4))、白介素 (interleukin(IL-1β,IL-8,IL-10,IL-12b))及抗原辨识受体 (toll样受体,toll-like receptor(TLR5))等。
结果如图4、图5所示,头肾细胞及THK细胞在经 海木耳萃取物处理后,其TP2、TP4、IL-1β、IL-8、IL-12b及 TLR5等免疫相关基因表达量显著高于对照组。此结果显示, 海木耳萃取物具有提高鱼类免疫相关基因表达量的功效。
实施例五、海木耳萃取物对抗病能力的影响测试
以细菌攻毒试验确认海木耳萃取物对于鱼类抗 病能力的影响。具体做法为,将台湾鲷分为对照组及实验组 (处理组),每组各10只(鱼平均体重为163.1±8.7g), 先在对照组的台湾鲷腹膜内注射体重的0.5%的PBS,并在实验 组的台湾鲷腹膜内注射含有20000μg/mL海木耳萃取物的 PBS(等同于每克鱼体重施予100μg的海木耳萃取物);注射 8小时后,以每克鱼体重施予1×106CFU的剂量将无乳链球菌 (Streptococcus agalatiae)注射到各组台湾鲷腹部进行为期 21天的攻击试验;在试验期间,记录每组台湾鲷的存活只数, 并以下列公式计算存活率:
存活率(SR,%)=(存活的鱼数/总鱼数)×100%
细菌攻毒试验如图6所示,经过海木耳萃取物处 理的台湾鲷,在细菌攻击后72小时仍能存活,相反地,对照 组的鱼只,在攻击后24小时后即开始发生死亡。观察21天后, 实验组的总生存率(70%)高于对照组(40%)。此结果证实 海木耳萃取物可有效提高鱼类对抗细菌的能力。
综上所述,本发明提供了一种海木耳萃取物,其 制备方法及提高鱼类免疫和抗病能力的用途。本发明所提供 的海木耳萃取物可通过提升鱼类吞噬作用及免疫相关基因的表达量来提高鱼类的抗病及免疫能力。由本发明的实施例可 看出,对于鱼类施予本发明所提供的海木耳萃取物,可显著 提高鱼类的抗病能力,在经细菌攻击后,实验组的存活率(70%)比对照组(40%)高出许多。使用本发明所提供的海 木耳萃取物作为提高鱼类免疫和抗病能力的免疫刺激物,具 有不会产生食品安全问题及对环境产生危害的优势。
根据本说明书较佳实施例公开的内容,本发明所 属领域具有普通知识者可明显得知前述实施例仅为例示;具 本发明所属技术领域普通知识者可通过诸多变换、替换而实施,而不与本发明的技术特征有所差异。依据说明书实施例, 本发明可有多种变换仍无碍于实施。本说明书提供的权利要 求界定本发明的范围,该范围涵盖前述方法与结构及与其相 等的发明。
Claims (11)
1.一种海木耳萃取物的制备方法,其包含:
步骤一、取海木耳(Sarcodia suiae),在30~50℃的温度条件下进行萃取,得到海木耳萃取液;
步骤二、将所述海木耳萃取液离心,过滤离心后所得的上清液,以获得海木耳萃取物。
2.一种海木耳萃取物,其包含使用如权利要求1所述的方法制备而得的海木耳萃取物,其中所述海木耳萃取物具有提高鱼类抗病或免疫能力的功效。
3.一种组合物,其包含如权利要求2所述的海木耳萃取物。
4.如权利要求3所述的组合物,其中所述组合物为水产类医药组合物或饲料组合物。
5.一种海木耳萃取物用于提高鱼类抗病或免疫能力的用途,其包含对鱼类施予如权利要求2所述的海木耳萃取物,以提高鱼类抗病或免疫能力。
6.如权利要求5所述的用途,其中所述免疫能力为吞噬作用能力。
7.如权利要求5所述的用途,其中所述提高鱼类抗病或免疫能力是指提高鱼类免疫相关基因的表达量。
8.如权利要求5所述的用途,其中所述抗病是指对抗病原体。
9.如权利要求8所述的用途,其中所述病原体为细菌。
10.如权利要求9所述的用途,其中所述细菌为无乳链球菌(Streptococcusagalatiae)。
11.如权利要求5-10中任一项所述的用途,其中所述海木耳萃取物的施予方式包含口服、浸泡、喷洒或注射。
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