CN113453876A - 使用单组分聚氨酯的注射成型方法 - Google Patents
使用单组分聚氨酯的注射成型方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种使用可热固化的单组分聚氨酯(PU)组合物通过低温和低压注射成型制备成型制品的方法,以及使用所述方法获得的成型制品。
Description
本发明涉及使用可热固化的单组分聚氨酯(1K polyurethane)(PU)组合物通过低温和低压注射成型制备成型制品的方法,以及使用所述方法获得的成型制品。
成型制品通常使用可注射聚合物组合物通过注射成型形成,即,将所述可注射组合物注入由模具形成的腔体(cavity)中,然后固化。热熔成型或低压成型是一种注射成型技术,其主要用于密封电气和电子部件,诸如电缆、连接器、传感器和印刷电路板,以抵御诸如水和油的恶劣环境。同时,它们通过成型(molding)形成结实的外壳来提供机械保护。
通常用于这些技术的热塑性非反应性材料通常基于聚酰胺。这些现有方法具有一些缺点,这些缺点限制了应用数量。首先,它们在某些基材诸如金属上的粘合力较差。这导致水、油等泄漏,进而会导致相应物品的故障。第二,聚酰胺容易吸收高水分。这对于电子应用来说是个风险。虽然存在替代的聚合物诸如湿固化聚氨酯,但它们具有其他缺点。第三,现有材料的耐湿性较差,这意味着它们会因在升高的温度和升高的湿度下水解而破坏。这也会导致施用失败。此外,这些材料与PVC的相容性差,因为在高于100℃的温度下,HCl(来自PVC)和聚酰胺之间会发生不希望的反应。虽然这些可以通过使用不同的热塑性材料来避免,但如上所述它们还有其他缺点。最后,聚酰胺材料的耐化学流体性差,这些化学流体诸如醇类、二醇、汽油、车用尿素溶液(add blue)和酸。
虽然反应性注射成型(诸如双组分PU成型)代表了克服某些上述缺点的替代方法,但它还有其他缺点。首先,它需要混合两种组分。由于它们彼此反应,因此此类组合物在混合后具有短的开放时间。它还需要在烤箱中进行热固化,这耗费时间。最后,此类材料通常难以脱模并粘在模具上。
另一种替代物是收缩管,它尤其用于电缆成型。这些表现出与上述聚酰胺热熔成型材料类似的粘附问题。此外,这些不能覆盖形状复杂的物品。
虽然单组分聚氨酯湿反应性组合物代表了另一种替代物,但这些的缺点是表皮形成抑制了材料内部的深度固化。因此,这种技术只可能用于厚度为2毫米或更薄的层,否则由于固化不完全,材料仍旧柔软。
灌封(potting)、包壳(housing)和形成垫圈(gasketing)概念需要额外的外壳,并且取决于所用材料的类型,具有与上面针对常用材料所列出相同的优点。
因此,本领域仍然需要克服现有技术的上述缺点的通过注射成型制备成型制品的改进的方法。
本发明人现已发现,现有技术的缺点可通过在注射成型方法中使用可热固化的单组分PU组合物来克服。本发明方法的特征在于相对较低的温度和压力以及较短的生产周期。
因此,在第一方面,本发明涉及一种用于制备成型制品的方法,其包括:
(1)提供反应性可热固化的单组份聚氨酯(PU)组合物;
(2)提供注射模具组件,其限定腔体和与所述腔体连通的注射口;
(3)将所述反应性可热固化的单组份PU组合物注入所述腔体以填充所述腔体;和
(4)通过加热所述注射模具组件来固化所述反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物,以形成成型制品。
在另一方面,本文提供了可使用本文所述的方法获得的成型制品。
下面更详细地阐述了该主题的其他特征和方面。
本文所用的“一个(种)或多个(种)”是指至少一个(种)并且包括1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9个(种)或更多个(种)所提及的物类。类似地,“至少一个(种)”是指一个(种)或多个(种),即1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或更多个(种)。本文中涉及任何组分所使用的“至少一个(种)”是指化学上不同的分子的数目,即指不同类型的所提及的物类的数目,而不是指分子的总数目。例如,“至少一种多元醇”是指使用至少一种落入多元醇定义内的分子类型,但也可以存在两种或更多种不同的落入该定义内的分子类型,但并不意味着只存在所述多元醇的一个分子。
本文所用的与数值相关的“约”是指所述值±10%、优选±5%。
本文所用的与注射成型方法相关的“低温”和“低压”是指在该方法的任何阶段的温度不超过150℃,特别是注射温度至多为66℃,以及注射压力为10巴或更低,通常至多8巴,优选至多6巴。
如果在本文中提及分子量,如果没有另外明确说明,则这是指数均分子量Mn。聚合物的数均分子量Mn可基于端基分析来计算(OH值根据DIN EN ISO 4629确定,NCO含量根据EN ISO 11909确定)或可根据DIN 55672、特别是DIN 55672-1用THF作为洗脱液通过凝胶渗透色谱法来确定。如果没有另外说明,所有给定的分子量都是根据DIN 55672-1用THF作为洗脱液通过凝胶渗透色谱法确定的那些分子量。重均分子量Mw可以如针对Mn所述通过GPC确定。
如果没有另外明确说明,本文给出的与组合物或配制物相关的所有百分比都是涉及相对于相应组合物或配制物的总重量而言的重量%。
本发明涉及一种用于制备成型制品的方法,其包括:
(1)提供反应性可热固化的单组份聚氨酯(PU)组合物;
(2)提供注射模具组件,其限定腔体和与所述腔体连通的注射口;
(3)将所述反应性可热固化的单组份PU组合物注入所述腔体以填充所述腔体;和
(4)通过加热所述注射模具组件来固化所述反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物,以形成成型制品。
反应性聚氨酯组合物已广泛用于结构应用和组件。然而,常用的粘合剂主要由异氰酸酯官能的聚氨酯预聚物组成,该预聚物与表面或环境湿气反应以扩展主链并因此形成聚氨酯聚合物。异氰酸酯官能的聚氨酯预聚物常规地通过使二醇与二异氰酸酯反应获得。通过湿气从大气或基材扩散到粘合剂中并随后反应,异氰酸酯官能的聚氨酯预聚物在大气条件下固化。所得粘合剂产物是主要通过脲基团和氨基甲酸酯基团结合在一起的交联材料。基于异氰酸酯官能的聚氨酯预聚物的反应性热熔粘合剂例如描述于H.F.Hüber和H.Müller的“Shaping Reactive Hotmelts Using LMW Copolyesters”,Adhesives Age,1987年11月,32至35页。
然而,如上所述,这种湿固化PU组合物的缺点是它们对于结构应用并不理想,因为在表面上形成表皮后难以确保深度固化。因此,它们并不理想地适用于其中形成成型制品或垫圈的应用。
虽然双组分PU组合物可以克服这些缺点中的一些,但它们的缺点是对在固化之前需要混合的两种单独的组合物的处理要求更高且更费力,并且这些组合物一旦混合具有有限的开放时间。
现已发现,通过使用可热固化的单组分聚氨酯组合物克服了上述缺点,原因是该组合物允许一种简单的方法,其中将该组合物注入由模具形成的腔体中并且然后通过施加热固化。由于该固化相对快速且有效并且可以通过温度调节进行控制,因此该方法提供了一种快速、简单且成本高效的用于制备成型制品的方法。此外,在这样的实施方案中,固化速度完全不受湿度影响。
在本发明的方法中使用的可热固化的单组分PU组合物在本领域中是众所周知的,但目前用作粘结性粘合剂而不是用作结构材料。通常,此类PU组合物在树脂基质中包含潜伏性硬化剂,该硬化剂通过升高的温度活化,然后开始固化反应。在各种实施方案中,潜伏性硬化剂是包封在合适的胶囊中的多异氰酸酯,其壁可以由任何合适的材料制成,诸如基于脲的聚合物,包括与该待包封的异氰酸酯反应的特殊的(多)胺。这在图1中示意性地示出。在各种实施方案中,潜伏性硬化剂基于固体诸如结晶粉末形式的特定的多官能异氰酸酯,其被专用的非空间位阻胺包封。在各种实施方案中,包封的多异氰酸酯是甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)二聚体。在各种实施方案中,胺是单胺诸如脂族单胺,诸如C1-C20烷基胺,包括但不限于直链烷基胺,例如正丁基单胺、正戊基单胺、正己基单胺、正庚基单胺、正辛基单胺、正壬基单胺、正癸基单胺、正十一烷基单胺或正十二烷基单胺。如图1所示,胺可以是式H2N-(CH2)3-R的胺,其中R是任何合适的部分,诸如具有至多15个碳原子、例如3-7个碳原子的取代或未取代的烷基部分。然而,在各种实施方案中,优选用于胶囊形成的胺是具有至少两个伯胺基的多胺。这些多胺也可以与单胺组合使用,诸如上面公开的那些。合适的二胺和多胺包括但不限于二乙胺、异佛尔酮二胺(3-氨基甲基-3,5,5-三甲基环己胺)、4,4'-二氨基二环己基甲烷、三甲基六亚甲基二胺(2,2,4-三甲基六亚甲基二胺或2,4,4-三甲基六亚甲基二胺)和基于聚醚特别是聚氧乙烯或聚氧丙烯的二胺、三胺和多胺,包括但不限于非空间位阻多胺,诸如以商品名诸如T403和D400(Huntsman)市售的那些。
包封剂的种类和含量对可热固化的单组分PU的活化温度有很大影响。此外,在一些实施方案中,粉状多官能异氰酸酯可具有特定的粒度分布,以获得稳定且可再现的包封结果。
通常,通过将所需尺寸和形状的颗粒或聚集体形式的多异氰酸酯暴露于胺组分来实现包封。在接下来的反应中,暴露在多异氰酸酯颗粒或聚集体表面上的异氰酸酯基团而不是在颗粒/聚集体内部区域中的那些与胺反应,胺与异氰酸酯基团形成脲键,胺束缚于形成胶囊壳的表面上。例如,如果使用的胺是脂族/聚醚胺,则会形成表面上具有脂族/聚醚链的脲壳(参见图1)。
在各种实施方案中,硬化剂还可包含NCO封端的预聚物或由其组成,所述NCO封端的预聚物通常是NCO封端的PU预聚物,其可通过多元醇与摩尔过量的多异氰酸酯的反应获得。在这样的实施方案中,所得预聚物应该是固体,特别是结晶固体。在上下文中使用的“固体”是指所述材料在标准条件即20℃和1013毫巴下是固体。
这种潜伏性硬化剂在本领域中是已知且可获得的。合适的此类硬化剂例如在国际专利公开WO 98/13406A1和专利公开中有描述,这些文献的内容通过引用整体并入本文。
潜伏性硬化剂/包封的异氰酸酯本身配制在树脂基质中,该树脂基质含有多元醇和/或多胺,它们在环境温度下不会与包封的异氰酸酯发生反应。在硬化剂是多异氰酸酯的情况下,树脂是多元醇或多胺,通常是多胺或多胺/多元醇组合,优选多胺。
一旦达到活化温度,则可以释放包封的异氰酸酯,并立即开始交联,从而实现彻底的固化过程,而无论存在的环境湿气的水平如何。这在图2中示意性地示出。在高于80℃的温度下发生活化,确保产品在至多40℃的温度下具有良好的储存稳定性。通常优选本发明的PU组合物在至多50℃的温度范围内、特别是在约40℃的温度下不被活化,以确保在处理过程中不发生活化。活化优选在高于80℃的温度下、优选在约85℃-100℃的温度范围内发生。应当理解,可以使用比实际活化温度更高的温度来确保适当的固化。
尽管本文参考示例性组合物描述了PU组合物,其中多异氰酸酯是硬化剂,多元醇和/或多胺是树脂基质,但应理解其中使用多元醇或多胺用作硬化剂且多异氰酸酯或NCO-封端的预聚物用作树脂的组合物也是可能的。因此本发明还旨在涵盖这样的实施方案。
含有两个或更多个异氰酸酯基团的任何合适的化合物可用于本发明的PU组合物中。可用于实施本发明的有机多异氰酸酯包括亚烷基二异氰酸酯、亚环烷基二异氰酸酯、芳族二异氰酸酯和脂族-芳族二异氰酸酯。合适的含异氰酸酯化合物的具体实例包括但不限于亚乙基二异氰酸酯(ethylene diisocyanate)、亚乙基二异氰酸酯(ethylidenediisocyanate)、亚丙基二异氰酸酯、亚丁基二异氰酸酯、三亚甲基二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、甲苯二异氰酸酯、亚环戊基-1,3-二异氰酸酯、亚环己基-1,4-二异氰酸酯、亚环己基-1,2-二异氰酸酯、4,4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,2-二苯基丙烷-4,4'-二异氰酸酯、亚二甲苯基二异氰酸酯、1,4-萘二异氰酸酯、1,5-萘二异氰酸酯、间亚苯基二异氰酸酯、对亚苯基二异氰酸酯、联苯-4,4'-二异氰酸酯、偶氮苯-4,4'-二异氰酸酯、二苯基砜-4,4'-二异氰酸酯、2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯、二氯六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、呋喃亚甲基二异氰酸酯(furfurylidene diisocyanate)、1-氯苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯、4,4',4"-三异氰酸根合三苯基甲烷、1,3,5-三异氰酸根合-苯、2,4,6-三异氰酸根合-甲苯、4,4'-二甲基二苯基-甲烷-2,2',5,5-四异氰酸酯等。尽管此类化合物可商购获得,但合成此类化合物的方法是本领域公知的。优选的含异氰酸酯化合物是在室温下为(结晶)固体的那些化合物,包括但不限于亚甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯(MDI)和甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)聚合物,诸如二聚体或三聚体,特别是具有脲或脲二酮桥的TDI二聚体。在其中潜伏性硬化剂是包封在合适胶囊中的多异氰酸酯的实施方案中,多异氰酸酯通常是固体且结晶的,因此在这种情况下特别优选TDI二聚体。
在本发明中,在固化时,多元醇和/或多胺与异氰酸酯反应以产生聚氨酯聚合物。
合适的多元醇包括但不限于多羟基醚(取代或未取代的聚亚烷基醚二醇或多羟基聚亚烷基醚)、多羟基聚酯、多元醇的环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷加成物以及甘油的单取代酯,以及“聚合物多元醇”(即原位聚合的含有一定比例的乙烯基单体的接枝多元醇)及其混合物。尽管此类化合物可商购获得,但合成此类化合物的方法是本领域公知的。在本发明的各种实施方案中,多元醇选自聚酯多元醇、聚醚多元醇及其组合。
合适的聚醚多元醇包括具有多个醚键和至少两个羟基的线性和/或支化的聚醚,并且除了羟基之外基本上不含官能团。聚醚多元醇的实例可包括聚氧化烯多元醇,诸如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚四亚甲基二醇、聚丁二醇等。此外,也可以使用聚氧化烯多元醇的均聚物和共聚物或其混合物。特别优选的聚氧化烯多元醇的共聚物可以包括至少一种选自乙二醇、丙二醇、二乙二醇、二丙二醇、三乙二醇、2-乙基-1,3-己二醇、甘油、1,2,6-己三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基乙烷、三(羟苯基)丙烷、三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺的化合物与至少一种选自环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷和环氧丁烷的化合物的加成物。尽管此类化合物可商购获得,但合成此类化合物的方法是本领域公知的。可用于实施本发明的市售多元醇的非限制性实例包括聚醚诸如聚醚三醇,诸如分子量为约6000的那些;OH-封端的聚丁二烯,诸如分子量为约2800的那些;蓖麻油;和以商品名Loctite UK 8201HF(Henkel)获得的OH-封端的预聚物。
合适的聚酯多元醇由一种或多种具有约2至约15个碳原子的多元醇与一种或多种具有约2至约14个碳原子的多元羧酸缩合形成。合适的多元醇的实例包括乙二醇、丙二醇诸如1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇、甘油、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷、1,4,6-辛三醇、丁二醇、戊二醇、己二醇、十二烷二醇、辛二醇、氯戊二醇、甘油单烯丙基醚、甘油单乙醚、二乙二醇、2-乙基己二醇、1,4-环己二醇、1,2,6-己三醇、1,3,5-己三醇、1,3-双-(2-羟基乙氧基)丙烷等。尽管此类化合物可商购获得,但合成此类化合物的方法是本领域公知的。可用于本发明的市售半结晶聚酯多元醇包括例如Dynacoll 7130、7240和7360(Creanova);Fomrez 66-32(Crompton)和Rucoflex S-105-30(Bayer)。
合适的羟基聚碳酸酯可以通过碳酸衍生物例如碳酸二苯酯、碳酸二甲酯或光气与二醇的反应获得。此类二醇的合适实例包括乙二醇、1,2-和1,3-丙二醇、1,3-和1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,8-辛二醇、新戊二醇、1,4-双羟甲基环己烷、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2,2,4-三甲基-1,3-戊二醇、二丙二醇、聚丙二醇、二丁二醇、聚丁二醇、双酚A、四溴双酚A以及内酯改性的二醇。二醇组分优选地含有40重量%至100重量%的己二醇、优选1,6-己二醇和/或己二醇衍生物。更优选地,二醇组分包括除了末端OH基团之外还显示醚或酯基团的实例。
羟基聚碳酸酯应该是基本上线性的。然而,它们任选地可以通过引入多官能组分、特别是低分子多元醇而略微支化。合适的实例包括甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、1,2,6-己三醇、1,2,4-丁三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、对环己二醇、甘露醇和山梨糖醇、甲基糖苷、1,3,4,6-二脱水己糖醇(1,3,4,6-dianhydrohexites)。
通常,对用于本发明的多元醇的选择没有限制,只要它们与其他任选存在的组分相容并且对PU组合物的所需性能没有负面影响即可。在各种实施方案中,优选的是所使用的多元醇不是高极性的。
作为多元醇的替代物,或除了多元醇之外,还可将多胺用于树脂中或用作树脂。多胺可以是二胺、三胺或高级胺,通常优选空间位阻多胺。适用于树脂中或用作树脂的示例性多胺包括但不限于二乙基甲苯二胺和以商品名(Huntsman)出售的聚醚胺,特别是基于聚丙二醇(PPG)主链或含PPG主链的二胺或三胺,诸如T 3000和T5000。聚酯胺也是合适的。通常,优选的是,与用于形成潜伏性硬化剂包封物的胺相比,树脂多胺的反应性较低。这例如可以通过使用与用于包封异氰酸酯的胺相比具有更大空间位阻的多胺用于树脂来确保。此外,优选地,树脂多胺不是高极性的。
在各种实施方案中,优选使用上述多胺作为树脂或作为树脂组分。
在各种实施方案中,可热固化的单组分聚氨酯组合物包含
(i)至少一种多元醇或多胺,优选多胺;
(ii)至少一种多异氰酸酯,所述至少一种多异氰酸酯包封在可热活化的胶囊中;且
其中所述多异氰酸酯(ii)的NCO基团与所述多元醇或多胺(i)的羟基或胺基的总和的摩尔比小于1.00:1。
根据本发明的PU组合物具有小于1:1的NCO与羟基/胺基的比率。在优选的实施方案中,该比率在具有选自小于0.99:1、0.975:1、0.95:1、0.9:1、0.85:1、0.8:1、0.75:1或0.7:1的上限与具有选自0.65:1、0.7:1、0.75:1、0.8:1、0.85:1、0.9:1的下限的任意组合的范围内。在更优选的实施方案中,NCO与羟基/胺的比率在0.65至0.95:1的范围内。在甚至更优选的实施方案中,该比率为0.7至0.9:1。在上下文中使用的NCO与羟基/胺的比率是指用于生产TPU的组分中NCO基团与羟基和胺基的摩尔比。羟基或胺基过量意味着固化后获得的PU优选是羟基或胺封端的。
可选地,所述比率可以使得所得PU是NCO封端的。为此,所述多异氰酸酯(ii)的NCO基团与所述多元醇或多胺(i)的羟基或胺基的总和的摩尔比大于1.00:1.00,例如为1.1:1。在这样的实施方案中,羟基/胺基与NCO基团的比率可以在具有选自小于0.99:1、0.975:1、0.95:1、0.9:1、0.85:1、0.8:1、0.75:1或0.7:1的上限与选自0.65:1、0.7:1、0.75:1、0.8:1、0.85:1、0.9:1的下限的任意组合的范围内。在更优选的实施方案中,该比率在0.65至0.95:1的范围内。在甚至更优选的实施方案中,该比率为0.7至0.9:1。
包含在根据本发明使用的PU组合物中并且通常用于PU配制物领域以满足不同性质且满足特定应用要求的对其他组分呈惰性的其他添加剂可任选地以0重量%至约40重量%、例如至多约20重量%包括在根据本发明使用的单组分PU组合物中。此类添加剂例如包括稀释剂、增塑剂、填料、干燥剂、流变改性剂、颜料、染料、固化催化剂、粘合促进剂,其可根据目的以少量或较大量掺入粘合剂配制物中。合适的催化剂包括但不限于已知的基于金属的催化剂,诸如基于Sn或Bi的那些。在本发明的上下文中,在各种实施方案中可以使用基于Bi的催化剂。
在一个实施方案中,PU组合物在40℃至60℃或50℃至60℃范围内的注射温度下为液体/糊状。优选地,在室温(20℃或25℃)下为液体/糊状。在各种实施方案中,本发明中使用的PU组合物在23℃下的粘度为150Pas至300Pas,用流变仪诸如Physica MCR 302、PP25测量。在各种实施方案中,制备PU组合物使其在室温下呈糊状,从而不需要加热使其可流动。这可以通过使用适当比率的聚合物以及任选存在的填料来实现。本文所用的“糊状”是指优选为剪切稀化和/或触变液体的基本上为液体的组合物,即其粘度在受到剪切力时降低。糊状物通常具有屈服点,即在室温(20℃)和标准压力(1013mbar)下,只要不施加外力诸如剪切力,它们基本上不会流动或蠕变。
在各种优选的实施方案中,PU组合物不含溶剂,特别是不含有机溶剂。在上下文中使用的“不含”是指未有意添加该相应组分,优选地,相对于组合物的总重量,其量(如果存在)低于1%重量、优选低于0.1或低于0.01%重量。
在各种实施方案中,可固化组合物的玻璃化转变温度Tg低于-20℃,优选在-20℃和-60℃之间。
所述PU组合物的活化温度优选在75℃和100℃之间、优选在80℃和95℃之间的范围内。
在本文所述方法的各种实施方案中,将所述反应性可热固化单组分PU组合物注入腔体的步骤在约10℃至约66℃、优选约40℃至约65℃、优选50℃至60℃或约60℃的模具温度(mold temperature)下进行。应理解,选择该温度使得其低于PU组合物中潜伏性硬化剂的活化温度,优选比活化温度低至少10℃,优选比硬化剂的活化温度低至少20℃。本文所用的“活化温度”是指硬化剂与树脂的反应开始并进行通常直到实现完全固化的温度。将模具预热至高于环境温度的优势在于,这确保在固化步骤期间完全固化并缩短固化周期时间。
注射通过合适的构件诸如泵来进行,所有这些都是本领域技术人员已知的。注射通过使用与所述腔体连通的注射口来完成。在各种实施方案中,模具组件可包括与所述腔体连通的多于一个的注射口和/或一个或多个出口,以允许多余的材料流出腔体。
模具组件的选择取决于待形成的成型制品的类型。用于注射成型的典型模具组件由金属诸如铝制成。模具组件可以设计用于形成垫圈,诸如在国际专利公开WO 2006/086324中描述的那些,不同之处在于它们不需要适合通过光化辐射固化。
在各种实施方案中,所述方法不涉及高温、高压液体注入,而是涉及在如上所定义的中等温度注入,以及0.1巴至10巴、优选0.5巴至10巴、更优选1巴至10巴、最优选1巴至10巴或1巴至8巴或1巴至6巴的压力。在各种实施方案中,下限是1巴、1.5巴或2巴。在各种实施方案中,上限是10巴,优选8巴,更优选6巴,最优选5巴或4巴。因此,该方法优选为低压成型法。这避免了高能耗和对模具材料和设备成本以及对于高温/压力法已知的复杂性的高要求。
在各种实施方案中,因此将所述反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物注射到腔体中在至多60℃、诸如40℃至60℃或50℃至60℃的注射温度下进行,注射压力至多10巴,优选至多8巴,更优选至多6巴。使用这些温和的工艺条件降低了能耗并缩短了生产周期,并允许使用针对这些温和条件设计的设备。
固化优选在低于150℃、诸如100℃至140℃、优选110℃至130℃的温度下进行。该温度可以通过加热模具来达到。因此,注射模具组件可配备必要的构件以允许将其加热至所需温度。同样,这种相对的低温具有上述优点。还应理解,选择固化温度使其高于PU组合物中潜伏性硬化剂的活化温度,优选比该活化温度高至少10℃,优选比硬化剂的活化温度高至少20℃。
因此,在各种实施方案中,所要求保护的方法的特征在于,步骤(3)在至多60℃,诸如40℃至60℃或50℃至60℃的注射温度下,以及至多10巴、优选至多8巴、更优选至多6巴的注射压力下,将所述反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物注射到腔体中;以及步骤(4)在低于150℃、优选100℃至140℃、更优选110℃至130℃的温度下固化所述组合物。
在各种实施方案中,所述方法还包括步骤(5)冷却注射模具组件,优选地冷却至注射温度范围内或更低的温度。
在各种实施方案中,完整的加热/固化以及任选存在的冷却周期(cooling cycle)需要少于3分钟,优选至多65秒,或30秒至60秒或30秒至55秒。如果完整周期的时长至多为65秒,优选为30秒至60秒或30秒至55秒,则它可以包括5秒至25秒的加热阶段、5秒至15秒的在固化温度下的停留时间(dwell time),以及5秒至25秒的冷却阶段。加热速率和任选存在的冷却的速率优选在约0.1K/s至约40K/s、优选3K/s至9K/s的范围内。
在各种实施方案中,本发明的方法的特征在于,步骤(3)在至多60℃、诸如40℃至60℃或50℃至50℃的注射温度,以及至多10巴、优选至多8巴、更优选至多6巴的注射压力下,将所述反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物注射到腔体中;以及步骤(4)在低于150℃、优选100℃至140℃、更优选110℃至130℃的温度下,通过将注射模具组件加热至选定温度来固化组合物,其中加热/固化步骤通常进行至多60秒、通常10秒至40秒。在这样的实施方案中,加热/固化步骤(4)可细分为5秒至25秒的加热阶段和5秒至15秒的在固化温度下的停留时间。如上所述,所述方法还可包括冷却步骤(5),优选时长为5秒至25秒。特别有利的是,完整的加热/固化/冷却周期需要不超过65秒、通常为30秒至60秒或30秒至55秒。
在各种实施方案中,模具组件包含制造品(article of manufacture)。在这样的实施方案中,将制造品放置在模具组件的腔体内部,所述模具组件可以由第一和第二部件形成,如果将第一和第二部件组合则形成模具腔体。模具腔体可形成为使其与制造品的形状吻合,并进一步在制造品周围形成腔体,从而可形成垫圈。在该方法的各种实施方案中,将制造品置于模具中,然后进行步骤(1)至(4)/(5),使得反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物在所述制造品上原位固化,以在其上提供整体垫圈。所述制造品可选自电缆、连接器、传感器和印刷电路板,但不限于此。
所述方法可以在市售的典型的成型设备中进行,例如以商品名OM 655、755、760、2000和2002购自Optimel的那些。
在本发明的方法中,可以提供合适的仪器(equipment)来处理可热固化的单组分聚氨酯组合物,例如作为成型设备的一部分。如上所述,所述设备还可以包括用于控制和调节注射模具组件温度的仪器。因此,在本发明的方法中,还可提供允许控制和调节注射模具组件的温度的仪器。
实施本发明方法的设备和仪器示意性地示于图3中。
模具可以涂有防粘涂层以防止成型制品在固化后粘附。合适的防粘涂层是本领域技术人员已知的。
本发明还涉及可使用所述方法获得的成型制品、特别是垫圈。
应当理解,在此公开的与本发明的方法相关的所有实施方案类似地适用于成型制品,在适用范围内,反之亦然。
给出以下实施例以说明本发明。因为这些实施例仅用于说明目的,所以不应认为本发明限于此。
实施例
使用TEMPRO plus D Vario 180作为温度控制单元(tempering unit)、OPL071作为成型工具、Teroson 1510(Henkel)作为成型材料,且印刷电路板作为待提供整体垫圈的制造品进行实验。使用PTFE脱模喷雾或配备有永久脱模涂层对成型嵌件进行测试。
将板放置在模具组件中并将模具加热到60℃的温度。然后将成型材料注入注射模具组件中。将模具加热至115℃以固化12秒,然后经30秒冷却至60℃。获得可容易地从模具组件移除的经固化的成型制品。
成型电子制品的老化测试在85℃和85%相对湿度下进行500小时,没有观察到腐蚀并保留了全部功能。
Claims (13)
1.用于制备成型制品的方法,其包括:
(1)提供反应性可热固化的单组份聚氨酯(PU)组合物;
(2)提供注射模具组件,其限定腔体和与所述腔体连通的注射口;
(3)在约40℃至约60℃、优选50℃至60℃的温度和至多10巴、优选至多8巴、更优选至多6巴的压力下,将所述反应性可热固化的单组份PU组合物注入所述腔体以填充所述腔体;和
(4)在低于150℃的温度下通过加热所述注射模具组件来固化所述反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物,以形成成型制品。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述可热固化的单组分聚氨酯组合物包含潜伏性硬化剂和树脂,所述潜伏性硬化剂优选为包封的多异氰酸酯,并且所述树脂优选地包含至少一种多元醇和/或多胺,或由至少一种多元醇和/或多胺组成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述反应性可热固化的单组分聚氨酯组合物在20℃下是可流动的,优选具有150Pas至300Pas的粘度。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中将所述反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物注入腔体中的步骤在(i)50℃至60℃的温度下;和(ii)1巴至6巴的压力下进行。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中固化所述反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物的步骤在100℃至140℃、优选110℃至130℃的温度下进行。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(4)的时长至多为60秒,优选时长为10秒至40秒。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中将步骤(4)细分为5秒至25秒的加热阶段和5秒至15秒的在固化温度下的停留时间。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法还包括步骤(5)冷却所述注射模具组件。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中完整的加热/固化/冷却周期需要至多65秒、优选30秒至60秒,更优选地包括5秒至25秒的加热阶段、5秒至15秒的在固化温度下的停留时间,以及5秒至25秒的冷却阶段。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(3)、(4)以及任选存在的步骤(5)合计需要至多70秒、优选30秒至60秒。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法,其中所述模具组件包含制造品,并且所述反应性可热固化的单组分PU组合物在所述制造品上原位固化,以在其上提供整体垫圈。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述制造品选自电缆、连接器、传感器和印刷电路板。
13.可根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的方法获得的成型制品。
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