CN113396786A - Planting method for improving growth and yield of corn - Google Patents
Planting method for improving growth and yield of corn Download PDFInfo
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- CN113396786A CN113396786A CN202110869341.2A CN202110869341A CN113396786A CN 113396786 A CN113396786 A CN 113396786A CN 202110869341 A CN202110869341 A CN 202110869341A CN 113396786 A CN113396786 A CN 113396786A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
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- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a planting method for improving the growth and yield of corn, which is characterized in that the full-amount deep-turning treatment operation of straws is carried out after wheat is harvested; after the operation is finished, the corn is sowed, and the full-amount deep-turning depth of the straws is not less than 30 cm. The invention can improve the soil structure and permeability, is beneficial to the growth of corn root systems and the absorption and utilization of water and fertilizer, realizes high yield and high efficiency, and provides technical support for large-area high-efficiency green production of summer corn.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a planting method for improving the growth and yield of corn.
Background
The Huang-Huai-Hai region is the main production region of grains in China, particularly, a typical planting system of double cropping of winter wheat and summer corn in one year is the main grain planting mode of the region, and grain products produced by the crop rotation can greatly guarantee the grain safety of China no matter the planting area or the single yield level. The conventional corn planting mode is no-tillage planting and rotary tillage mixing, the no-tillage planting can complete multiple measures such as seeding, fertilizing, pressing and the like at one time, the method has the advantages of energy conservation, time conservation and the like, has certain development potential in North China plain, but the condition of unfavorable crop growth can be generated by single no-tillage all the year round, the growth and development of crops are influenced, and the main reason of influencing the no-tillage yield is that the seedling emergence is poor and the seedling emergence rate is low. The rotary tillage and mixing result in shallow plough layer, reduced storage capacity of soil nutrient and water, poor stress resistance and buffering capacity, easy lodging and difficult stable and high yield.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a planting method for improving the growth and yield of corn, which can improve the soil structure and permeability, is beneficial to the growth of corn root systems and the absorption and utilization of water and fertilizer, realizes high yield and high efficiency, and provides technical support for the large-area high-efficiency green production of corn.
The planting method for improving the growth and the yield of the corn is characterized in that the full-amount deep-turning treatment operation of the straws is carried out after the wheat is harvested; after the operation, the corn is sowed.
The total deep-ploughing depth of the straws is more than 30 cm.
The planting density of the corn is 5000 plants/mu.
And the corn is sown mechanically at the row spacing of 60 cm.
300kg/hm basal application before corn sowing2A compound fertilizer, wherein the mass ratio of N to P in the compound fertilizer2O5∶K2O is 15: 15, and the total nutrient is more than or equal to 45 percent.
After the corn is sown, 450kg/hm of urea is applied in the large-horn mouth period2。
The corn variety is denghai 605.
The period for sowing the corn is 6 months and 9 days-6 months and 25 days.
The whole mechanical production link of the whole corn is a link which needs high attention, and the change of solid, liquid and gas three-phase substances of soil can be caused by different farming modes, so that the soil microenvironment is changed, the good soil management is favorable for improving the physical and chemical properties and the micro-ecological environment of the soil, the water and fertilizer storage capacity is improved, a proper plough layer structure is created for the growth and development of crops, and the continuous high yield and stable yield of the crops are ensured. According to the invention, the whole layer deep ploughing of the straws is adopted, the straw returning and deep ploughing are combined, the deep ploughing can break the plough bottom layer, the plough layer thickness is deepened, the soil structure and permeability are improved, the corn root growth and the water and fertilizer absorption and utilization are facilitated, the leaf area is promoted to be increased, and the high yield and the high efficiency are realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of different farming measures on the dry weight of each organ and the whole plant of a plant in the jointing stage;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of different farming measures on the dry weight of each organ and the whole plant of a plant in the silking period;
FIG. 3 shows the effect of different cultivation measures on the dry weight of each organ and the whole plant of a plant in the mature period.
Detailed Description
1 materials and methods
1.1 general description of the test
The experimental plot was conducted at a long term fixed location base (35 ° 27 '15 "N, 116 ° 35' 11" E) in the agricultural scientific research institute of corning city, beginning in 2015. The annual average precipitation of the land is 597-820 mm, the annual average temperature is 13.3-14.1 ℃, and the frost-free period is 199 d. The soil of the test field is brown soil, and the main physicochemical characteristics of the soil of the plough layer are as follows: 15.1g/kg of organic matter, 58.6mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 48.3mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus and 128.5mg/kg of quick-acting potassium, and the pH value is 6.98. The previous crop is wheat.
1.2 test materials and designs
The corn variety is selected for the test and is planted in the sea 605, sowed 6-month-9-day in 2020, and harvested 6-month-10.
Design 1: after the wheat is harvested, deeply turning the whole layer of the straws, namely, carrying out the treatment operation of deeply turning the whole layer of the straws after the wheat is harvested; the total deep ploughing depth of the straws is not less than 30cm, and each treatment area is 120m2Mechanical seeding, 3 times of repetition and random block design. The planting density is 5000 plants/mu. Other field management is consistent. Mechanical seeding is carried out at the row spacing of 60cm, and 12 rows of regions are formed. 300kg/hm of basal application before sowing2Compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5∶K2O is 15: 15, total nutrient is more than or equal to 45%), and 450kg/hm of urea is applied in the large-horn mouth period2. Other management measures are carried out with the common high-yield field.
Design 2: after wheat is harvested, carrying out conventional rotary tillage and mixing, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 15cm, and carrying out rotary tillage operation twice after wheat straws are crushed and returned to the field; otherwise as in design 1.
Design 3: after the wheat is harvested, no tillage is performed, and after the wheat is harvested, the summer corn stubble is sown in a precise mechanical mode, and the other steps are the same as the design 1.
1.3 items and methods of measurement
1.3.1 the growth period records the specific date of emergence, jointing, large flare, emasculation, flowering, maturation, harvesting, etc. of each treatment plot. The emergence time is recorded by taking the date that 50% of seedlings emerge from the field and the emergence height is 2-3 cm as a standard. The other period judgment standards are that 1/2 plants in the population reach the standard of a certain growth period, and the emergence uniformity is investigated.
1.3.2 plants with consistent growth are marked in all the cells in the plant height, ear position and stem thickness jointing stage for positioning observation. Measuring plant height, ear position and stem base joint thickness in the spinning period, and continuously measuring 20 plants in each cell; the height of the ear is the distance from the ground to the lower section of the ear stalk; the stem thickness is the diameter of the third internode oblate surface of the stem base, and is measured by a digital vernier caliper.
1.3.3 leaf area in the jointing stage, flowering stage and mature stage, selecting 2 representative rows in each cell, continuously measuring 10 plants in each row, measuring the leaf length and the maximum leaf width of all the unfolded green leaves of each corn by using a graduated scale, multiplying by 0.75, calculating the area of each single leaf, and accumulating to obtain the area of the whole leaf.
1.3.4 accumulating the dry matter in the jointing stage, the flowering stage and the mature stage, selecting 2 representative rows in each cell, continuously selecting 3 plants in each row, dividing the plants into leaves, stems and ears, drying the leaves, the stems and the ears by a drying method to constant weight, and weighing the dried leaves, the stems and the ears.
1.3.5 soil temperature and moisture monitoring in seeding, seedling emergence, jointing, flowering and maturation stage, 3 levels of soil with the depth of 0-5 cm, 5-10cm and 10-20 cm are respectively taken, 3 points are selected on the diagonal line of each cell, the soil moisture content is measured by adopting a drying method, and simultaneously, the difference of the soil temperature of different soil layers is measured by adopting a WST digital thermometer.
1.3.6 seed yield and its constitutive character mature period each treatment selects 3 points of diagonal line, each point measures 10m row length, artificially harvests middle 2 rows of ears, naturally air dries, threshes and calculates the yield (the yield is converted according to 14% standard moisture content). Representative 20 fruit ears were selected for each cell and examined for ear properties including ear length, ear thickness, bald tip, ear row number, row grain number, thousand grain weight, etc.
1.4 data processing and analysis
Data organization and statistical analysis were performed using Microsoft Excel 2007 and DPS 7.05 software.
2 analysis of results
2.1 Effect of different farming measures on the growth period
As can be seen from Table 1, the influence of different farming and straw returning modes on the growth and development process of the corn at each stage is smaller, compared with no-tillage and conventional rotary tillage, the number of days from sowing to seedling emergence after deep tillage is delayed by 1 day in the androgenesis period, and the maturity period is delayed by 2 days. The effect of different treatments on the uniformity of emergence is shown as follows: deep ploughing and rotary tillage are larger than no tillage, the uniformity of seedling emergence is slightly worse in the traditional no-tillage direct seeding method, and the difference between other treatments is not obvious.
TABLE 1 differences in growth periods under different farming practices
2.2 Effect of different farming practices on agronomic traits of plants
As can be seen from Table 2, compared with the no-tillage treatment, the deep-tillage and rotary tillage treatments have less influence on the plant height and stem thickness of the corn, the ear height is slightly reduced by 11.0% and 5.7% respectively, but the difference between the treatments is not significant.
TABLE 2 differences in plant traits under different farming practices
2.3 influence of different farming measures on the dynamic behavior of the leaf area of maize
As seen from Table 3, the difference of the leaf area of each corn plant is small under different cultivation treatments in the stage of elongation and stage of silking. In the mature period, compared with no-tillage treatment, the leaf area of a single corn plant is increased by different tillage treatments, but the deep ploughing treatment is obviously increased.
TABLE 3 dynamic differences in plant leaf area (cm) at different growth periods for different farming practices2Per strain)
2.4 Effect of different farming measures on dry matter
As can be seen in fig. 1-3: in the jointing stage, different farming treatments have small influence on the dry weight of a single corn plant, the dry weight of leaves and the dry weight of stalks; in the spinning period, the heavy dry matter of a single corn plant is as follows: deep ploughing and rotary tillage are carried out for no tillage, the quantity is respectively increased by 14.9 percent and 11.0 percent compared with no tillage treatment, and the difference between the deep ploughing of the straws and the conventional rotary tillage treatment and the no tillage treatment reaches a remarkable level; the dry weight of the leaves is the highest in deep ploughing treatment, and the difference from no-tillage treatment is obvious; the difference between the dry weight of the stalks and the dry weight of the clusters is smaller between deep ploughing and conventional rotary tillage treatment, which is obviously higher than that of no-tillage treatment. In the maturation period, the weight of dry matter of a single corn plant and the weight of dry fruit cluster are obviously higher than those of no-tillage treatment by deep ploughing treatment, the difference between the other treatments is small, and the difference between the dry weight of leaves and the dry weight of stalks is small.
2.5 Effect of different farming practices on the variation of soil moisture content
As can be seen from Table 4, different farming measures have space-time difference on the influence of the soil water content, the difference of the soil water content of the soil layer with the depth of 0-5 cm in the seedling stage is the largest among the treatments, the difference of the soil water content is changed to 4.3-7.0%, the elongation stage is 0.1-3.0%, the spinning stage is 1.0-3.8%, and the maturation stage is 1.5-2.7%. During sowing, due to the fact that the disturbance degree of deep ploughing and rotary tillage treatment on soil is large, the water content of soil in soil layers of 0-5 cm and 5-10cm is respectively reduced by 1.4% and 1.8%, 1.1% and 1.3% compared with that of soil in a no-tillage (CK) treatment mode. In the seedling stage, compared with no-tillage treatment, the soil water content of different tillage treatments in each soil layer is obviously reduced, but the soil water content of soil layers deeply ploughed in 5-10cm and 10-20 cm is obviously higher than that of the soil layers deeply ploughed in rotary tillage treatment; in the jointing stage, the soil water content of 0-5 cm soil layer is obviously higher than that of deep ploughing and rotary tillage treatment by no-tillage treatment, but the soil layer of 5-20 cm is obviously higher than that of other treatments by deep ploughing treatment; in the spinning period, the influence of different farming treatments on the soil water content of each soil layer is consistent with the tendency of the jointing period; in the maturation stage, the water content of soil in each soil layer is obviously reduced compared with the silk spinning stage, the water content of soil in only 0-5 cm soil layer is the highest in no-tillage treatment, and the difference of the water content of soil in 5-20 cm soil layer is small.
Table 4 dynamic differences in soil moisture content (%) -for different farming practices at different growth periods
2.6 Effect of different farming measures on soil temperature variations
As shown in Table 5, different farming measures have space-time difference on the influence of soil temperature, the soil temperature difference of 0-5 cm soil layer in the seedling stage is the largest, the temperature difference amplitude is 5.1-0.3 ℃, the elongation stage is 1.6-0.1 ℃, the spinning stage is 1.5-0.1 ℃, and the temperature difference of each soil layer in the maturation stage is smaller. In the seedling stage, the soil temperature of each soil layer is highest after deep-turning treatment, and then rotary tillage mixing is carried out, so that the no-tillage soil temperature is lowest; in the jointing stage, the influence of different farming treatments on the temperature of different soil layers is consistent with that in the seedling stage, but the temperature difference in the soil layer of 0-10cm is large. In the spinning period, compared with no-tillage treatment, the deep-turning treatment obviously increases the soil layer temperatures of 5-10cm and 10-20c by 1.5 ℃ and 1.0 ℃ respectively, and the rotary tillage treatment increases by 0.9 ℃ and 0.5 ℃ respectively; in the mature period, the soil temperature difference of different soil layers in different farming treatments is small.
TABLE 5 soil temperature difference (. degree. C.) at different growth periods for different farming practices
2.7 Effect of different farming practices on yield and its constituent factors
Different farming treatments have different influences on the yield and the ear traits, compared with no-tillage treatment, the yield of deep ploughing treatment is increased by 10.6 percent, the yield is increased to a remarkable level, and the yield is increased by 4.3 percent through conventional rotary tillage treatment (Table 6). From the yield composition factor, compared with no-tillage, the ear length under deep ploughing treatment is increased by 17.5%, the grain number of ears is increased by 4.8%, the weight of hundred grains is increased by 6.8%, and the difference between the ear properties such as ear row number, ear thickness, bald tip and the like is small in each treatment.
TABLE 6 difference in yield and its constituent factors under different farming practices
3 discussion and conclusions
Dry matter is the product of crop photosynthesis, with crop yield being dependent on the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic products. Compared with no-tillage contrast, the dry weight of the leaves after the silking period of the deep-turning treatment is obviously increased and is consistent with the increase of the leaf area promoted by the deep-turning treatment, which shows that the deep-turning treatment is favorable for promoting the increase of the photosynthetic leaf area and the accumulation of dry matters of the leaves, so that the accumulation of the dry matters of the whole plant in the silking period and the mature period is obviously higher than that of the no-tillage treatment and the conventional rotary tillage treatment, and the dry matter production is an important material basis for forming the corn seed yield, therefore, the deep-turning treatment is favorable for increasing the leaf source supply capacity so as to increase the grain filling of the ears and obtain high yield.
The farmland soil moisture and temperature have important influence on the growth and yield formation of crops, and the action influence generated by different farming measures is larger. The corn yield is composed of three factors of the number of ears per unit area, the number of grains per ear and the grain weight, and the grain weight plays a crucial role in the yield under the condition of a certain number of ears and grains per ear. Different farming treatments are combined with straw returning to fields to generate different influences on the water content and soil temperature of different soil layers, the soil water content of 5-10cm and 10-20 cm deeper than the soil layers can be obviously increased after the deep-turning treatment is carried out in the spinning period, meanwhile, the soil temperature of different soil layers is increased, and therefore the good soil environment is created after the deep-turning treatment, the growth condition of corn individuals is favorably changed, the production of dry matters is promoted, the later-stage leaf senescence is favorably delayed, the transfer of the dry matters of all organs to grains is promoted, the grain length, the grain number and the grain weight of the grains in the harvesting period are obviously higher than those of other treatments, and the yield is increased by 10.6% compared with the no-tillage treatment. According to the heat balance, the evaporation of the soil is inhibited after the straw is covered, so that the soil humidity is improved, and the heat transfer is directly influenced by the high and low water content of the soil. In the research, the moisture of surface soil (0-5 cm) is relatively improved by the no-tillage treatment, but the reduction of the temperature of the plough layer soil in the seedling stage influences the seedling emergence time, the seedling emergence uniformity is reduced, and the dry matter accumulation, especially the reduction of leaf sources after the silking of the corn is not beneficial to the yield improvement.
Claims (8)
1. A planting method for improving the growth and the yield of corns is characterized in that the full-amount deep-turning treatment operation of straws is carried out after wheat is harvested; after the operation, the corn is sowed.
2. The planting method for improving the growth and the yield of the corns according to claim 1, wherein the full-depth deep plowing depth of the straws is not less than 30 cm.
3. The planting method for improving the growth and yield of corn according to claim 1, wherein the planting density of corn is 5000 plants/mu.
4. The planting method for improving the growth and yield of the corns according to claim 1, wherein the corns are sowed mechanically at equal row spacing of 60 cm.
5. The planting method for improving corn growth and yield as claimed in claim 1, wherein 300kg/hm of basal application is applied before corn sowing2CompoundingFertilizer, wherein in the compound fertilizer, the mass ratio of N to P is2O5∶K2O is 15: 15, and the total nutrient is more than or equal to 45 percent.
6. The planting method for improving the growth and yield of corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein after the corn is sowed, 450kg/hm of urea is applied at the large flare stage2。
7. The growing method of claim 1, wherein the corn variety is denghai 605.
8. The planting method for improving the growth and yield of the corn according to claim 1, wherein the period for sowing the corn is 6 months and 9 days to 6 months and 25 days.
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104322252A (en) * | 2014-10-24 | 2015-02-04 | 河南农业大学 | Winter wheat-summer maize rotation high-yield cultivation fertilizing method |
| CN108496717A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-09-07 | 安徽省农业科学院烟草研究所 | A kind of Shajiang black meadow soil area stalk crushes the cultural method of summer corn under total crop return |
| CN109348767A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2019-02-19 | 河南农业大学 | Soil improvement method under the Wheat Maize Rotation system of North China Meadow Soil |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104322252A (en) * | 2014-10-24 | 2015-02-04 | 河南农业大学 | Winter wheat-summer maize rotation high-yield cultivation fertilizing method |
| CN108496717A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-09-07 | 安徽省农业科学院烟草研究所 | A kind of Shajiang black meadow soil area stalk crushes the cultural method of summer corn under total crop return |
| CN109348767A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2019-02-19 | 河南农业大学 | Soil improvement method under the Wheat Maize Rotation system of North China Meadow Soil |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
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| 刘召俊: "小麦秸秆全量还田下夏玉米高产栽培技术", 《江西农业》 * |
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| 白建芳: "不同耕作方式对高产春玉米冠根衰老的影响", 《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库（硕士） 农业科技辑》 * |
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