CN113348808B - Method for improving germination rate of apocynum venetum seeds - Google Patents
Method for improving germination rate of apocynum venetum seeds Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/08—Immunising seed
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving apocynum venetum seed germination rate, and aims to solve the problems that plants die under extreme conditions of snow storm, severe cold and the like, collected seeds have the phenomenon that mature seeds and immature seeds are mixed, the germination rate of the seeds is improved, and apocynum venetum genetic resources are effectively protected. Which comprises the following steps: (1) uniformly mixing apocynum venetum seeds to be treated with broken rice to obtain a first intermediate; (2) airing the first intermediate in the sun for 20-50 h without directly spreading the first intermediate on the ground, wherein the surface temperature of the first intermediate in the sun is 18-35 ℃ to obtain a second intermediate; (3) after the light curing is finished, sieving the second intermediate to separate the cured apocynum venetum seeds from the broken rice; (4) and (4) germinating the cured apocynum venetum seeds obtained by separation in the step (3). The method can realize the curing of the seeds, activate the enzymes in the seeds and achieve the aim of improving the germination rate of the seeds.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of seed germination, in particular to the field of pretreatment of seed germination, and specifically relates to a method for improving the germination rate of apocynum venetum seeds. The method can improve the curing proportion of the apocynum venetum seeds and further improve the germination rate of the apocynum venetum seeds, and has important scientific research value and significance for protecting endangered apocynum venetum varieties.
Background
Apocynum venetum (A)Apocynum ventumL.) is a plant of Apocynaceae, which is a rare wild plant, is mainly distributed in the temperate zone and the cold temperate zone of northern hemisphere, and most apocynum venetum grows in China in the east of Tamarimu basin in Xinjiang, with the highest yield. In the last 50 th century, when agricultural scientists Dongzheng Jun in Xinjiang apocynum were involved in agricultural investigation, the plant fiber of the genus was found to be excellent in variety, and in order to facilitate industrial popularization, reduce land competition between grains and cotton and meet the growing fiber demand, the plants of apocynum such as red and white Apocynum of Apocynaceae across the country were called apocynum (see Li, et al)+The influence of stress on apocynum venetum seed germination, seedling growth and ion distribution, high Steel, etc., China science of the hemp industry, vol.42, No. 1, p.11-17, 2020). Apocynum venetum is formally recorded in ' pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China ' in 1977, and the whole herb can be used as a medicine, so that the apocynum venetum has medical value; the fiber of apocynum is bast fiber, the cellulose content reaches 81.4 percent, and the fiber fineness and the strength can be comparable to those of the pelargonium graveolensBeautifying; meanwhile, apocynum venetum is also an excellent plant for desertification control and forestation and saline-alkali land transformation (see the influence of NaCl stress on apocynum venetum seed germination, Zhang Xiu Ling, China breed, 2007, (05), pages 48-49).
However, apocynum resources currently face an ever decreasing risk. The ecological characteristics and the industrialized research progress of apocynum venetum (the Chinese kender industry, 2001, (03), pages 23-26) record that the total area of wild apocynum venetum in China is more than 2000 ten thousand mu. The characteristics and development of Xinjiang apocynum varieties (Xuhong, New textile, 2005, 8 th edition, pages 15-19) records that the distribution area of Xinjiang wild apocynum in the 50 th century in 20 th century is about more than 800 ten thousand mu, and only about 270 ten thousand mu is left at present due to environmental deterioration. The development, utilization and prospect of apocynum plant resources (the Chinese kenaf industry 2001, (03), pages 23-26) records that the original apocynum wild resources are greatly damaged due to the increase of population and the development of industry and agriculture in China. Especially, in the eastern region (east of Wusphingosine of Gansu province), no wild apocynum venetum plant resource can be utilized; in western regions (including Hexi corridor of Gansu province, Qinghai Chailada, Xinjiang river basin, and inner Mongolia western region), the loss of Apocynum venetum plant resources is also serious. "
Apocynum venetum is used as an important plant resource and has extremely important biological value. The ecological characteristics and the industrialization of apocynum venetum (de-rain, China hemp, 2001, (03), pages 23-26) record that "apocynum venetum (white large leaf hemp)Apocynum hendersonii) Only Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu Hexi, inner Mongolia western region and middle Asia part of China grow all over the world, but Europe and America do not. The apocynum venetum grows best in south Xinjiang in China, and more pots of Qinghai chailai have more distribution but shorter growth. In the west of Gansu Hexi and inner Mongolia, the destruction of apocynum venetum in recent decades is large, and wild resources cannot be utilized. Therefore, the apocynum venetum resource in the southern Xinjiang area is particularly precious and has great development potential as a special product. Recently, apocynum venetum (bluish dogbane) has been found in the neighborhood of Aletai in North Xinjiang and is also a fiber variety with great development prospectOne ". At present, wild apocynum venetum has excellent types with a stem height of more than 3.5 m and less branches, and the fiber quality of the wild apocynum venetum is very excellent.
Based on the importance of apocynum venetum resources, the method is particularly important for protecting the genetic diversity of apocynum venetum, collecting the apocynum venetum resources of different types, and carrying out sorting, identification, cataloguing and preservation of the original habitat and the exotic habitat (in a nursery). In the construction and analysis of apocynum venetum germplasm resources AFLP fingerprint spectrums in different areas of inner Mongolia (Marigold, Master academic thesis, university of inner Mongolia agriculture), Marigold utilizes AFLP molecular marker technology to carry out fingerprint spectrum construction on apocynum venetum in inner Mongolia baotion, Tongliao and Balian areas, aims to explore apocynum venetum germplasm resource conditions, analyzes genetic background and genetic structure, provides theoretical basis for the protection, utilization and development of germplasm resources, and is also beneficial to partitioning the germplasm resources, thereby formulating breeding and reasonably developing and utilizing schemes.
However, apocynum venetum grows in a harsh environment. The present situation of apocynum venetum germplasm resource research and utilization (Xuzongchang et al, plant bulletin, 2018,53(03), page 382 plus 390) states that apocynum venetum is widely distributed around the world, and distribution is available in Russia, Zhongya, Mediterranean coast, Mongolia, North American isothermal zone and cold temperate zone (Zhang Guanlun et al, 2005). In China, apocynum venetum is mainly distributed in the wide areas (2000) in the north of Yangtze river, Huaihe river, Qinling mountain and Kunlun mountain, and is distributed in Xinjiang, Gansu, inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Jilin, Shandong and other provinces. Zhang Shashawu et al (2000) divide geographical distribution of apocynum venetum in China into 3 main areas according to the annual precipitation amount in a main apocynum venetum distribution area, namely a northwest inland white hemp and kenaf drought distribution area (mainly comprising areas such as a Gansu Hexi corridor, an inner Mongolian west area and a Xinjiang Tarim basin) with the annual precipitation amount of less than 250mm, a north kenaf semiarid distribution area (mainly comprising provinces such as Liaoning, Jilin, inner Mongolian southeast, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Ningxia) with the annual precipitation amount of about 400mm, and coastal and inland kenaf semimoist and moist distribution areas (mainly comprising areas such as Jiangsu North, Anhui, Henan North, Shanxi, Shandong and Jingjin) with the annual precipitation amount of 500-. The Poplar and maple (2017) utilizes a MaxEnt model to analyze the environmental factors of 44 apocynum venetum distribution points in China, the coldest month low temperature, the annual average temperature, the coldest season average rainfall and the wettest season average temperature are main environmental factors influencing the apocynum venetum distribution, and the region suitable for the growth of the apocynum venetum in China occupies 11.94% of the territorial area, which is basically consistent with the apocynum venetum distribution region divided by Zhang Shao et al (2000). Meanwhile, the Poplar and the like (2017) also predict that the suitable habitat of the apocynum venetum in China will be continuously reduced along with the irreversibility of global climate change, so that the collection and ex-situ protection of apocynum venetum germplasm resources are very important. "
In the developments of ecological and industrial studies on apocynum venetum (published as rain, China hemp, 2001, (03), pages 23-26), "annual degradation in Hexi, Qinghai Chaaida wood basin and Xinjiang Tarim wood basin is within 100mm, for example, the Tarim wood basin has a degradation of less than 50mm and an evaporation of 2500-3000 mm, apocynum venetum grows, even if the Turpan basin has a annual rainfall of less than about 15mm and an evaporation of 3000mm, and apocynum venetum still grows well, and in some apocynum fields in Xinjiang, the total salt content is up to 14.5%, wherein the chloride salt content is up to 6.3%, and in the apocynum field in Qinghai Chaihu wood basin, the surface layer is 30cm, the salt content is up to 50%, wherein the chloride salt content is up to 23.2% -38.05%, and the pH is 9.0, and in the wasteland in which the Qinghai and the Xinjiang are even 10-20 cm thick, apocynum venetum can grow. In Altai (northern latitude 47.5) in northern Xinjiang, the average temperature per year is 3-5 ℃, the lowest temperature is-47 ℃, the snow accumulation period is 130 days, the apocynum venetum can normally grow in famous cold regions in China, in Turpan basins, the highest temperature reaches 47.8 ℃ in summer, the ground temperature reaches above 52 ℃, the apocynum venetum grows well in famous hot regions in China, more than 10 grades of strong wind often appears in northern wasteland, Shandong coastal wasteland and other regions, and the apocynum venetum grows well. "
In the late 3 th to middle 4 th of each year, the overwintering bud begins to sprout, the bud turns green, the early flowering stage is started in the late 5 th to middle 6 th of each month, the late flowering stage is started in the late 8 th to middle 9 th of each month, and the whole flowering period is as long as more than 90 days. The seeds enter the mature period from late 8 to middle 9 months and grow for about 180 days in year.
In some areas, such as the Altai northern Xinjiang, extreme weather conditions, such as snowstorms and severe coldness, may occur in the autumn and winter. When apocynum venetum encounters extreme weather, plants die, and seeds on the plants are usually not fully mature; at this time, the seeds on the apocynum venetum plant must be collected, and particularly, the collection of rare apocynum venetum seeds is very important. Because the seeds on apocynum venetum plants are mature in time, the collected seeds are in a state of mixing mature seeds and immature seeds. How to improve the germination rate of the seeds is particularly important. For conventional seeds, when germination rate is measured, seeds which are full, consistent in shape and size and completely mature are selected by adopting a manual screening mode, and then a germination experiment is performed. For apocynum venetum seeds collected in the field, the apocynum venetum seeds are rare and precious, and the requirements of seed maturation and screening cannot be met at all; if the corresponding germination can not be realized, the collected apocynum venetum resources are likely to disappear from the process.
The existing research shows that the apocynum venetum stock is difficult to collect again. In experiments on the storage of apocynum venetum seeds (1965-1980), in Warelin et al, Notification of Chinese materia medica (1985, (09), pages 20-23), it is described that "the plants are widely distributed, the variety of the original material is very large, and the original seeds are difficult to collect again, so that it is necessary to search for an effective storage method for prolonging the life of the seeds".
Therefore, a new method is urgently needed to improve the germination rate of the apocynum venetum seeds.
Disclosure of Invention
Furthermore, the apocynum venetum seeds are short-lived seeds, which also puts new requirements on the timely germination of the collected apocynum venetum seeds. Seed longevity generally refers to the time that the viability of the entire seed population has significantly declined, and half of it has lost its ability to germinate completely. The apocynum venetum seeds are short-lived seeds, do not sleep again, have the characteristic of quick germination, and have the seed life of about 210 days. The apocynum venetum has the characteristic of rapid germination of seeds, occupies favorable living space as soon as possible before other plant populations, enlarges the population quantity, and is a reproduction strategy formed by adapting to unstable habitat and fierce living competition for a long time. As the apocynum venetum seeds are mostly short-lived seeds, the seeds stored at room temperature are not suitable for sowing in the 2 nd year and should be sowed at any time or refrigerated at low temperature to ensure that the seedlings emerge neatly in the next year.
The invention of the present application aims to: aiming at the problems that plants die under extreme conditions of snowfall, severe cold and the like of apocynum venetum, the phenomenon that mature seeds and immature seeds are mixed exists in collected seeds, the germination rate of the seeds is improved, and effective protection of apocynum venetum genetic resources is realized, the method for improving the germination rate of the apocynum venetum seeds is provided. The method can realize the curing of the seeds and activate the enzymes in the seeds, thereby achieving the purpose of improving the germination rate of the apocynum venetum seeds. The method can be used for cultivating the collected rare apocynum venetum seeds and has extremely important significance for saving the endangered apocynum venetum seeds. Meanwhile, the method can be applied to field planting of the apocynum venetum, improves the germination rate of the apocynum venetum seeds, is beneficial to promoting breeding and application of the apocynum venetum, and has high application value and economic value.
In order to achieve the purpose, the following technical scheme is adopted in the application:
a method for improving the germination rate of apocynum venetum seeds comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing
Uniformly mixing apocynum venetum seeds to be treated with broken rice to obtain a first intermediate;
(2) curing by illumination
Airing the first intermediate in the sun for 20-50 h without directly spreading the first intermediate on the ground, wherein the surface temperature of the first intermediate in the sun is 18-35 ℃ to obtain a second intermediate;
the airing conditions are as follows: shading the first intermediate by using a shading net to avoid direct sunlight;
or the airing conditions are as follows: irradiating the first intermediate with scattered light;
(3) separation of
After the light curing is finished, sieving the second intermediate to separate the cured apocynum venetum seeds from the broken rice;
(4) post-treatment
Germinating the cured apocynum venetum seeds obtained by separation in the step (3);
or storing the cured apocynum venetum seeds separated in the step (3) for subsequent germination.
In the step (1), the volume of the single broken rice is 6-10 times that of the single apocynum venetum seed.
In the step (1), the broken rice is the broken rice produced by husking and polishing the rice. The broken rice cannot be putrefactive and damp.
In the step (2), the first intermediate is placed in the sunlight for illumination treatment, and the sunlight is used for promoting the ripening of the apocynum venetum seeds in the first intermediate and activating the enzymes in the apocynum venetum seeds.
In the step (4), the cured apocynum venetum seeds are placed on a culture medium, and the germination of the apocynum venetum seeds can be realized by adjusting the humidity, the temperature and the illumination.
In the step (4), the environmental temperature of the apocynum venetum seeds is 10-35 ℃ in the germination process.
In the step (4), the environmental temperature of the apocynum venetum seeds is 25-30 ℃ in the germination process.
In the step (4), the culture medium contains a plant growth regulator.
In the step 4, the cured apocynum venetum seeds are disinfected and then placed on a culture medium, and the germination of the apocynum venetum seeds can be realized by adjusting the humidity, the temperature and the illumination.
In the step 4, 0.1-1.0% potassium permanganate solution and 0.1-0.5% HgCl are adopted2And (3) sterilizing the cured apocynum venetum seeds by using the solution for 0.5-5 min.
In the experiments on the storage of apocynum venetum seeds (1965-1980), L.angustifolia (Hoorelin et al, Notopterygium hybridum, 1985, (09), pages 20-23), it is described that apocynum venetum is a wild fiber and a medicinal plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae, and has very small seeds and a thousand-grain weight of about 0.5 g. In artificial propagation and cultivation of apocynum venetum (Wuhao et al, Jiangsu agricultural science, 1987, (06), pages 13-14), "2. sowing depth different sowing depth tests show that apocynum venetum has extremely poor top soil power due to small seeds (thousand seeds weight 0.37 g), is suitable for sowing depth of 0.5-1.5 cm, and can germinate but cannot emerge when the sowing depth exceeds 3 cm. The influence of different treatments on the physiological characteristics of apocynum venetum seeds (Liu Ping, Anhui agricultural science, 2009,37(33), 16357-16358) records that the apocynum venetum seeds are fine, have weak soil-bearing capacity, are not suitable for deep sowing and open-field direct sowing, and have extremely low emergence rate if direct sowing. The seeding and seedling protection need to master multiple links of temperature, humidity, ventilation, shallow earthing and the like, and strengthen fine management. Moreover, the price of apocynum venetum seeds is high, the market price is as high as about 9000 yuan/kg, and the germination rate of apocynum venetum seeds is also influenced if the apocynum venetum seeds are not stored properly.
The prior art shows that apocynum venetum seeds are very small and expensive. Therefore, the improvement of the germination rate of the seeds is particularly important, especially for rare apocynum venetum seed resources. In previous investigations, the inventors found that: in the prior art, the seeds are mainly treated by using a low-concentration salt solution so as to improve the germination speed and the uniformity of the seeds. As mentioned above, the apocynum venetum seeds have the problem of low overall germination rate due to the fact that all the seeds picked from the apocynum venetum plants are not mature and are mature. Therefore, the inventor does not find a similar or similar method to improve the germination rate of the apocynum venetum seeds.
In the application, the apocynum venetum seeds are subjected to catalytic curing through mixing, illumination curing and separation, so that the aim of improving the apocynum venetum seed germination rate is fulfilled. Although the apocynum venetum seeds are fine, the water absorption capacity is large, which is related to the microstructure of the apocynum venetum seeds, because the basic ornamentations on the surface of the apocynum venetum seeds are all in a net hole shape, and the secondary ornamentations are granular. The curing of the apocynum venetum seeds is closely related to the temperature, the water content and the illumination time; in the step of illumination curing, the apocynum venetum seeds are matched with the broken rice, so that the apocynum venetum seeds are guaranteed to have an adaptive temperature range and breathing conditions, the apocynum venetum seeds are further cured effectively, and the germination rate of the apocynum venetum seeds is finally improved.
Detailed Description
All of the features disclosed in this specification, or all of the steps in any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations of features and/or steps that are mutually exclusive.
Any feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by alternative features serving equivalent or similar purposes, unless expressly stated otherwise. That is, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
Example 1
1.1 Experimental materials
Kendir seed (A)Apocynum venetumL.) was collected by Sinkiang institute for ecology and geography of the Chinese academy of sciences in 2020, 10 months.
During collection, simulating a severe cold weather, placing the apocynum venetum plant containing immature seeds in an environment of-10 to-15 ℃ for 2 days, then collecting the seeds, placing the collected seeds in a ventilated place for airing, and then placing the seeds in a cloth bag for storage and standby in a heat preservation box at 4 ℃.
Dividing the stored apocynum venetum seeds into 12 parts, 50 grains each; taking 6 parts of the extract as blank control group; the remaining 6 portions were used as experimental groups for pretreatment of seeds before germination.
The selected broken rice is purchased from a supermarket, namely a rice spring rice brand. The volume of the single broken rice is 6-10 times of that of the single apocynum venetum seed.
1.2 Pre-treatment of seeds for Germination
And uniformly mixing the apocynum venetum seeds to be treated with the broken rice to obtain a first intermediate. The first intermediate body is placed on a moisture-proof pad and paved, the paving thickness of the first intermediate body is 0.5-1.0 cm, and the first intermediate body is prevented from being directly paved on the ground. The first intermediate is shielded by a shading net to avoid direct sunlight, the airing time is 36h (in the application, the airing time is the airing time of the first intermediate in the sun, and does not include the time of airing without illumination), and the surface temperature range of the first intermediate in the sun is 20-35 ℃, so that a second intermediate is obtained.
And sieving the second intermediate to separate the cured apocynum venetum seeds from the broken rice and obtain the cured apocynum venetum seeds.
1.3 Germination treatment
Seeds of a control group and an experimental group are taken for germination treatment respectively, and the specific operation is as follows:
1) sterilizing apocynum venetum seeds by using 0.1 percent potassium permanganate, washing the apocynum venetum seeds for 5-6 times by using sterile water, and absorbing water on the surfaces of the seeds by using absorbent paper for later use;
2) placing the apocynum venetum seeds in the step 1) in a clean culture dish, adding distilled water into the culture dish, soaking the apocynum venetum seeds for 12 hours, placing the apocynum venetum seeds in a constant-temperature incubator at 25 ℃ for culture, and counting the germination rate on the 9 th day.
2.1 test results
In this example, the average germination percentage of the blank control group was 76%, and the average germination percentage of the experimental group was 89%.
2.1 the results show
Compared with a blank control group, on the premise that apocynum venetum seeds are not manually screened, after the scheme is adopted, the germination rate of the apocynum venetum seeds is improved by about 13%, an excellent effect is shown, and the method has obvious progress significance.
It should be noted that, in the existing literature, the germination rate of apocynum venetum is disclosed to be as high as 91%, and the default seeds for germination are manually screened, and the specific operations are as follows: according to the appearance of the seeds, the maturity of the seeds is judged by naked eyes, and the fully mature apocynum venetum seeds are selected for carrying out corresponding germination experiments. For the application, because apocynum venetum seeds to germinate are not subjected to early-stage screening, the germination rate is inevitably lower than that of the apocynum venetum seeds subjected to manual screening. Meanwhile, in the application, the germination rate of apocynum venetum seeds is related to the overall condition of picked seeds and mainly depends on the proportion of immature seeds which are completely developed. Different picking results may cause fluctuations in experimental data. However, the comparative experiment results still show that the germination rate of the apocynum venetum seeds can be obviously improved by the method, which is undoubted.
The invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiments. The invention extends to any novel feature or any novel combination of features disclosed in this specification, and to any novel method or process steps or any novel combination of steps disclosed.
Claims (5)
1. A method for improving the germination rate of apocynum venetum seeds collected under extreme weather conditions is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) mixing
Uniformly mixing apocynum venetum seeds to be treated with broken rice to obtain a first intermediate;
(2) curing by illumination
Airing the first intermediate in the sun for 20-50 h without directly spreading the first intermediate on the ground, wherein the surface temperature of the first intermediate in the sun is 18-35 ℃ to obtain a second intermediate;
the airing conditions are as follows: shading the first intermediate by using a shading net to avoid direct sunlight;
or the airing conditions are as follows: irradiating the first intermediate by using scattered light;
(3) separation of
After the light curing is finished, sieving the second intermediate to separate the cured apocynum venetum seeds from the broken rice;
(4) post-treatment
Germinating the cured apocynum venetum seeds obtained by separation in the step (3);
or storing the cured apocynum venetum seeds separated in the step (3) for subsequent germination;
in the step (1), the apocynum venetum seeds to be treated collected under extreme weather conditions are in a state of mixing mature seeds and immature seeds;
in the step (1), the volume of the single broken rice is 6-10 times of that of the single apocynum venetum seed;
in the step (1), the broken rice is the broken rice produced by husking and polishing the paddy; the broken rice cannot adopt rotten and moistened broken rice;
in the step (2), the first intermediate is placed in the sunlight for illumination treatment, and the sunlight is used for promoting the ripening of the apocynum venetum seeds in the first intermediate and activating the enzymes in the apocynum venetum seeds.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the environmental temperature of the apocynum venetum seeds is 10-35 ℃ during germination.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein in the step (4), the environmental temperature of the apocynum venetum seeds is 25-30 ℃ during germination.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the apocynum venetum seeds after curing are disinfected and then placed on a culture medium, and the germination of the apocynum venetum seeds can be realized by adjusting humidity, temperature and illumination;
the medium contains a plant growth regulator.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein in step (4), 0.1% -1.0% potassium permanganate solution, 0.1% -0.5% HgCl is adopted2And (3) sterilizing the cured apocynum venetum seeds by using the solution for 0.5-5 min.
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