CN113291014A - 一种纤维增强复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种纤维增强复合材料的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN113291014A
CN113291014A CN202110392708.6A CN202110392708A CN113291014A CN 113291014 A CN113291014 A CN 113291014A CN 202110392708 A CN202110392708 A CN 202110392708A CN 113291014 A CN113291014 A CN 113291014A
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刘俊宁
吕玥曦
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Shandong Medical College
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种纤维增强复合材料，包括依次连接的抗磨阻燃层，结构层和减震层，其中抗磨阻燃层为热塑性树脂、结构层为纤维增强热固性树脂、减震层为热塑性橡胶，结构层和减震层之间通过互锁部连接。首先将抗磨阻燃层，结构层和减震层分别制备成型后，在热压机中依次铺设制备得到的各层，加压并加热，完成材料的整体成型。本发明将各功能层分开，阻燃抗磨层位于材料的外表面，提高了材料的表面强度。主体结构采用纤维增强树脂，主要提供强度并实现减重。同时在内部设置减震层，能有效进行减震和降噪，提高了使用寿命。

Description

一种纤维增强复合材料的制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及新材料技术领域，具体涉及一种纤维增强复合材料以及其制备方法。
背景技术
纤维增强复合材料(Fiber Reinforced Polymer，Fiber Reinforced Plastic，，FRP)是由增强纤维材料，如玻璃纤维、碳纤维、芳纶纤维等，与基体材料经过缠绕，模压或拉挤等成型工艺而形成的复合材料。纤维增强复合材料具有比强度高、比模量大、性能可设计性好、抗腐蚀性和耐久性能好等优点，近年来，在航空航天、汽车、舰船、建筑以及其他运输业中得到越来越广泛的应用。
目前纤维增强复合材料在应用时，往往面临多种使用环境，需要兼具强度、耐磨、阻燃、减震等多种功能，目前的通常做法是在复合材料中添加相应的填料对其进行改性得到，但由于材料本身是一个复杂的混合体系，制备过程中涉及各类反应，各组分之间相互作用，难以得到合理的组分工艺。因此改性的结果往往不好，同时各功能之间有可能相互影响，难以达到最优性能。
发明内容
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明提供了一种纤维增强复合材料。
本发明完整的技术方案包括：
一种纤维增强复合材料，包括依次连接的抗磨阻燃层，结构层和减震层，其中抗磨阻燃层为热塑性树脂、结构层为纤维增强热固性树脂、减震层为热塑性橡胶，结构层和减震层之间通过互锁部连接。
优选的，抗磨阻燃层的组分包括：热塑性树脂基体100份；阻燃剂12～20份；陶瓷强化材料15～20份。
优选的，结构层为纤维增强热固性树脂层，采用纤维进行三维立体编织形成待浸体，然后对待浸体采用热固性树脂胶液进行浸渍和固化后得到。
优选的，减震层的组分至少包括聚酰胺50-55份，热塑性丁基橡胶42-48份，硬脂酸3-5份，秋兰姆促进剂2-4份，4010NA防老剂2-3份。
优选的，制备方法为：
(1)抗磨阻燃层的制备：首先按照树脂基体：阻燃剂：陶瓷强化材料＝100:15:20的重量份数分别配置原料，混合、加热熔融、搅拌，使之形成物理共混状态，随后挤出造粒得到母料；随后在注塑机中合模，将母料熔融后注入模具中使之成型。
(2)结构层的制备：采用纤维进行三维立体编织形成待浸体，然后对待浸体采用热固性树脂胶液进行浸渍和固化。
(3)减震层的制备：首先将聚酰胺和热塑性丁基橡胶、防老剂、硬脂酸投料混炼排胶，冷却后加入促进剂混炼排胶，放置一定时间备用。
(4)整体模压成型，在热压机中依次铺设制备得到的抗磨阻燃层、结构层和减震层，使热压机上下加热模板加压并同时加热，完成材料的整体成型。
优选的，步骤1所用的树脂机体为聚丁乙烯树脂。
优选的，步骤1所用的阻燃剂可以采用硼酸锌、氢氧化铝或其混合物；
优选的，步骤1所用的陶瓷强化材料为氧化铝粉。
本发明相对于现有技术通过整体改性的方式，将各功能层分开，使具备耐磨和阻燃功能的阻燃抗磨层位于材料的外表面，提高了材料的表面强度。主体结构采用纤维增强树脂，主要提供强度并实现减重。同时在内部设置减震层，在安装时能有效进行减震和降噪，提高了使用寿命。阻燃抗磨层和减震层采用热塑性材料，方便后续的热压整体成型，同时由于减震层材料为橡胶，与结构层连接采用互锁结构，提高了连接强度。
附图说明
图1为本发明纤维增强复合材料结构示意图。
图2为本发明纤维增强复合材料制备装置示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本申请实施方式，对本申请的技术方案进行清楚、完整的描述，显然，所描述的实施方式仅仅是作为例示，并非用于限制本申请。
一种纤维增强复合材料，如图1所示，包括依次连接的抗磨阻燃层1，结构层2和减震层3，结构层2和减震层3之间通过工字形互锁部4连接，各层的厚度关系为1:5:1.8。
抗磨阻燃层1的组分包括：热塑性树脂基体100份；阻燃剂12～20份；陶瓷强化材料15～20份；结构层2为纤维增强热固性树脂层，采用纤维进行三维立体编织形成待浸体，然后对待浸体采用热固性树脂胶液进行浸渍和固化后得到。减震层3的组分至少包括聚酰胺50-55份，热塑性丁基橡胶42-48份，硬脂酸3-5份，秋兰姆促进剂2-4份，4010NA防老剂2-3份。
制备方法为：
(1)抗磨阻燃层的制备：首先按照树脂基体：阻燃剂：陶瓷强化材料＝100:15:20的重量份数分别配置原料，混合、加热熔融、搅拌，使之形成物理共混状态，随后挤出造粒得到母料；随后在注塑机中合模，将母料熔融后注入模具中使之成型。所用的树脂机体为聚丁乙烯树脂；阻燃剂可以采用硼酸锌、氢氧化铝或其混合物；陶瓷强化材料为氧化铝粉。
(2)结构层的制备：采用纤维进行三维立体编织形成待浸体，然后对待浸体采用热固性树脂胶液进行浸渍和固化。
(3)减震层的制备：首先将聚酰胺和热塑性丁基橡胶、防老剂、硬脂酸投料混炼排胶，冷却后加入促进剂混炼排胶，放置一定时间备用。
(4)整体模压成型，在热压机中依次铺设制备得到的抗磨阻燃层、结构层和减震层，使热压机上下加热模板加压并同时加热，完成材料的整体成型。
其中步骤(2)中结构层的过程具体为：采用增强纤维，利用三维立体编织方法编织待浸体，互锁部的纤维编织密度为主体部位纤维编织密度的4～6倍。具体的，互锁部的纤维编织密度可以为40～80根/cm2。
随后将制得的待浸体放入制备机构中，该制备机构如图2所示，包括上模板13和下模板12，上下模板通过导柱14和导柱套15连接固定，上模驱动电机16设于上模板上方，上模板通过上模固定板11连接上模6，下模板通过下模固定板10连接下模5，上模上部设有排气道8，排气道设于结构层浸渍空间的最高处，并且斜着通到上模外侧。下模上设有用以定位的台阶部9，同时模具内还设有模具加热装置。
将待浸体放入下模中，使结构层下部进入下模上定位部分的台阶部，实现定位。启动上模驱动机构，使上模板带动上模下降并实现合模，启动模具加热装置将模具加热到树脂固化温度。启动气泵，驱动树脂从进液通道进入，并逐步对其中的待浸体进行浸渍；该浸渍过程中，逐步增加气泵的压力，以使得树脂液面能逐步上升，同时浸渍空间内的气体从上模上部的排气道逐步排出。
在该过程中，需要考虑气泵压力增加的速度，该过程需要使树脂能快速且平稳上升，浸满待浸体纤维周围的空间，上升过快容易液面不平稳，气体不能及时排出，容易在待浸体中造成气泡。上升过慢则会影响生产效率。因此本发明采用变速增压的方式，在浸渍带有互锁部的部位时，由于该部位编织密度较大，空隙较小，气体不易排出，因而采用相对较小的增压速度P1。在没有互锁部的部分进行浸渍时，该部位编织密度较小，气体容易排出，因而采用相对较大的增压速度P2。经过实际验证，对P1宜采用1.8kPa/s的增压速度。P2的确定方法采用
Figure BDA0003017367080000051
的关系确定，L1为互锁部的纤维编织密度，L2为主体的纤维编织密度。在本实施例中，L1/L2为4～6，则P2的取值范围为3.6～4.4kPa/s。采用这种增压关系，既提高了效率，又避免了浸渍后的气泡残留，提高了浸渍后的结构层强度。浸渍完成后，继续维持模具的加热状态使树脂固化后开模将结构层取出。
以上申请的仅为本申请的一些实施方式。对于本领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本申请创造构思的前提下，还可以做出若干变型和改进，这些都属于本申请的保护范围。

Claims (8)

1.一种纤维增强复合材料，其特征在于，包括依次连接的抗磨阻燃层，结构层和减震层，其中抗磨阻燃层为热塑性树脂、结构层为纤维增强热固性树脂、减震层为热塑性橡胶，结构层和减震层之间通过互锁部连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种纤维增强复合材料，其特征在于，抗磨阻燃层的组分至少包括：热塑性树脂基体100份；阻燃剂12～20份；陶瓷强化材料15～20份。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种纤维增强复合材料，其特征在于，结构层为纤维增强热固性树脂层，采用纤维进行三维立体编织形成待浸体，然后对待浸体采用热固性树脂胶液进行浸渍和固化后得到。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种纤维增强复合材料，其特征在于，减震层的组分至少包括聚酰胺50-55份，热塑性橡胶42-48份，硬脂酸3-5份，秋兰姆促进剂2-4份，4010NA防老剂2-3份。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种纤维增强复合材料，其特征在于，制备方法为：
(1)抗磨阻燃层的制备：首先按照树脂基体：阻燃剂：陶瓷强化材料＝100:15:20的重量份数分别配置原料，混合、加热熔融、搅拌，使之形成物理共混状态，随后挤出造粒得到母料；随后在注塑机中合模，将母料熔融后注入模具中使之成型备用。
(2)结构层的制备：采用纤维进行三维立体编织形成待浸体，然后对待浸体采用热固性树脂胶液进行浸渍和固化。
(3)减震层的制备：首先将聚酰胺和热塑性丁基橡胶、防老剂、硬脂酸投料混炼排胶，冷却后加入促进剂混炼排胶，放置一定时间备用。
(4)整体模压成型，在热压机中依次铺设制备得到的抗磨阻燃层、结构层和减震层，使热压机上下加热模板加压并同时加热，完成材料的整体成型。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种纤维增强复合材料，其特征在于，步骤1所用的树脂机体为聚丁乙烯树脂。
7.根据权利要求5所述的一种纤维增强复合材料，其特征在于，步骤1所用的阻燃剂可以采用硼酸锌、氢氧化铝或其混合物。
8.根据权利要求5所述的一种纤维增强复合材料，其特征在于，步骤1所用的陶瓷强化材料为氧化铝粉。
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