CN113189218B - 一种色素的前处理方法及应用 - Google Patents
一种色素的前处理方法及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本申请公开了一种色素检测的前处理方法及应用,所述前处理方法包括以下步骤:步骤1、对含有色素的待测样品溶液与吸附剂混合,去除液体,得到吸附有色素的吸附剂;所述吸附剂选自金属有机框架材料;步骤2、采用洗脱剂对吸附有色素的所述吸附剂进行洗脱,得到洗脱液。本申请将金属有机框架材料与食品检测中前处理相结合,实现瞬时性的萃取。与广泛应用的液液萃取和固相萃取相比,本申请方法大量节省了前处理时间和实验成本。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及一种色素的前处理方法及应用,属于食品添加剂检测技术领域。
背景技术
为了增加食物的视觉美感,合成色素常常被添加到食品中。胭脂红是一种色泽鲜艳的偶氮类色素,针对其在食品中含量的把控我国有严格的规定,GB 2760-2014《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》中规定饮料内含胭脂红不能超过0.05 g·kg-1[1]。但仍有不良商家为了追求利益而忽视这些标准。人体摄入过量的色素后,会对肝脏和神经系统造成危害, 同时也存在致畸、致癌、致突变的风险。因此建立一套简单、高效的体系检测食品中胭脂红的含量对人类健康有着重大意义。
建立色素检测分析方法过程中, 研究者已经开发出了很多种应用于食品着色剂含量的成熟检测手段, 如薄层色谱法、反向高效液相色谱法[6]、离子对液相色谱法、液相色谱串联质谱法。由于食品基质较为复杂且色素含量一般较低,高效的前处理技术成为了关键。目前,合成色素常用的前处理方法包括液液萃取、固相萃取、液相微萃取、分子印迹固相萃取等。其中固相萃取技术应用最为广泛,其发展与吸附剂的性能密切相关。
金属有机框架(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs)作为一种高效的吸附剂受到了广泛的关注。MOFs是通过配位方式将金属团簇与有机配体相互连接的多孔配位晶体结构。由于具有分子尺寸的孔洞,使得它可以在吸附、催化、药物分散等不同领域有多种应用。但是其超高的比表面积导致材料本身质量超轻,即使高速离心也很难收集,因此将MOFs纳米材料应用在食品检测前处理技术中存在一定的困难。
发明内容
根据本申请的一个方面,提供了一种色素检测的前处理方法及应用,该方法采用金属有机框架材料进行色素吸附,大大节省了前处理时间和实验成本。
一种色素检测的前处理方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
步骤1、对含有色素的待测样品溶液进行固相萃取,得到吸附有色素的吸附剂;
所述吸附剂选自金属有机框架材料;
步骤2、采用洗脱剂对吸附有色素的所述吸附剂进行洗脱,得到洗脱液。
可选地,所述金属有机框架材料中的有机配体选自含有羧基取代的卟啉类化合物中的任意一种;
所述金属有机框架材料中的金属离子选自过渡金属元素中的任意一种。
可选地,所述有机配体包括四(4-羧苯基)卟啉;
所述金属离子包括Zr离子。
可选地,所述金属有机框架材料的微观形貌为棒状结构。
可选地,所述金属有机框架材料的直径在500 nm~700 nm。
可选地,所述吸附剂包括PCN-222。
可选地,所述步骤1包括:
将上述待测样品溶液加入填装有所述吸附剂的容器中,在压力作用下,滤除液体,得到吸附有色素的吸附剂。
可选地,所述方法包括:
1.1、将筛板装入注射器中,并在筛板上方填装吸附剂;
1.2、将所述待测样品溶液加入注射器中,通过压力使所述待测样品溶液流过所述吸附剂,得到吸附有色素的吸附剂。
可选地,步骤1中,所述吸附剂与待测样品溶液中所述色素的质量比为1:1~8:1。
具体地,所述吸附剂与待测样品溶液中所述色素的质量比下限可独立选自为1:1、1.5:1、2:1、2.5:1、3:1;所述吸附剂与待测样品溶液中所述色素的质量比上限可独立选自为4:1、5:1、6:1、7:1、8:1。
可选地,所述筛板的作用是为了使吸附剂能够停留在注射器中,因此筛板的孔径应当小于吸附剂粒度。
可选地,步骤1中,所述待测样品溶液的pH为2~9;
所述待测样品溶液的溶剂包括水。
具体地,所述待测样品溶液的pH可独立选自2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9,或上述两点之间的任意数值。
可选地,步骤2中,所述洗脱剂为有机溶剂;
所述有机溶剂选自甲醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的任意一种。
可选地,所述洗脱剂的pH为7~11;
具体地,所述洗脱剂的pH可独立选自7、8、9、10、11,或上述两点之间的任意数值。
优选地,所述洗脱剂为有机溶剂与碱性溶液的混合液。
可选地,步骤2中,所述洗脱剂用量为:
吸附剂与洗脱剂的质量体积比为0.5~4:1~5 mg/mL。
具体地,所述吸附剂与洗脱剂的质量体积比下限可独立选自0.5:5 mg/mL、0.5:4mg/mL、1:4 mg/mL、1:3 mg/mL、1:1 mg/mL;所述吸附剂与洗脱剂的质量体积比上限可独立选自2:1 mg/mL、2.5:1 mg/mL、3:1 mg/mL、3.5:1 mg/mL、4:1 mg/mL。
可选地,所述前处理方法用于含有色素的食品的处理;
所述色素选自胭脂红、柠檬黄、亚甲基蓝中的任意一种。
根据本申请的又一个方面,提供了一种色素含量的检测方法,所述方法包括:
对含有色素的样品前处理后,进行色谱分析;
所述前处理方法选自上述任一前处理方法。
本申请能产生的有益效果包括:
1)本申请所提供的前处理方法,将金属有机框架材料与食品检测中前处理相结合,将金属有机框架材料作为柱填料添加到注射式固相萃取针筒内,与目标物胭脂红分子之间存在静电和π-π 作用,实现瞬时性的萃取。与广泛应用的液液萃取和固相萃取相比,本申请方法大量节省了前处理时间和实验成本,是一种对人类健康以及环境保护大有裨益的高效检测方法。
2)本申请所提供的前处理方法中所采用的金属有机框架材料,具备高效的吸附性能,而且还可以重复利用,与其他固相萃取技术相比,节约了检测成本,是一种绿色环保的前处理技术。
3)本申请所提供的前处理方法,应用于食品中色素的实际含量检测中,在低浓度和高浓度下均具备良好的准确度和精密度,满足实际样品的测定需求。
附图说明
图1为本申请实施例1中制备的PCN-222的透射电镜图,其中图1A、图1B分别为不同标尺下的透射电镜图;
图2为本申请实施例1中制备的PCN-222粒径分布图(2A)、紫外可见光谱图(2B)、红外光谱图(2C)、X射线晶体衍射图(2D)、N2吸附/脱附曲线(2E)、pH与Zeta电位变化关系图(2F);
图3为本申请色素检测方法的流程示意图;
图4为本申请实施例3中吸附剂用量与吸附率关系图;
图5为本申请实施例4中待测样品溶液pH与吸附率关系图;
图6为本申请实施例5中洗脱剂种类与解吸率关系图;
图7本申请实施例6中洗脱剂pH与解吸率关系图;
图8为本申请实施例7中洗脱剂用量与解吸率关系图;
图9为本申请实施例8中吸附剂循环使用性能图;
图10为采用本申请前处理方法处理的加标样品与未处理的加标样品的色谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例详述本申请,但本申请并不局限于这些实施例。
如无特别说明,本申请的实施例中的原料均通过商业途径购买,其中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和苯甲酸(BA)购于上海阿拉丁试剂公司;四(4-羧苯基)卟啉(TCPP)和胭脂红购于日本TCI试剂公司;八水氯化锆(ZrOCl2·8H2O)购买于InnoChem科技公司;氨水(NH3·H2O)和乙醇(C2H5OH)购买于麦克林公司,甲醇购买于上海安谱公司;18.2 MΩ 超纯水通过Milli-Q(美国 Millipore 公司)超纯水仪制得。
本申请的实施例中分析方法如下:
利用JEM-2010 透射电子显微镜(日本电子光学公司)进行材料形貌分析。
利用Zetasizer Nano ZS粒度分析仪(英国马尔文科技公司)进行材料粒度分布和Zeta电位分析。
利用SPECORD 200 PLUS紫外/可见分光光度计(德国耶拿公司)进行材料紫外可见光谱分析。
利用Nicolet IS5傅里叶变换红外分光光度计(美国赛默飞公司)进行材料红外光谱分析。
利用X射线衍射仪(型号Smartlab 9K日本Rigaku公司)进行材料晶体衍射分析。
利用气体吸附仪(型号ASAP2020美国Micromeritics公司)进行材料N2吸附/脱附分析。
实施例1PCN-222的合成
取ZrOCl2·8H2O(150 mg)和苯甲酸(2.8 g)加入到圆底烧瓶(溶剂为50 mL DMF,含1% v/v水)配成溶液,向其中加入50 mg TCPP。经3 min的超声处理后,转移到90 ℃的油浴锅内加热搅拌4 h。最后,通过13000 rpm的高速离心机离心30 min后收集产物,用DMF洗涤三次,然后再分散在甲醇中以供进一步使用及表征。
用透射电镜观察制备好的PCN-222形貌,图1所示,由TEM图像可以看到,合成的MOFs材料为棒状结构,是一种形貌均一的纳米材料,沿长轴方向延伸。材料的直径约500 nm~700 nm,粒径分布图如图2A,其大小也与电镜图较为接近。
对所合成的PCN-222材料进行紫外可见光谱分析,如图2B所示,显示出卟啉型MOFs的典型吸收峰。PCN-222的主峰在435nm,四个Q带峰在500-700nm之间。通过红外光谱近一步分析样品组成,结果如图2C所示, 719、801和964 cm-1为卟啉环的伸缩震动峰;1019、1418和1603 cm-1为苯环骨架吸收峰。为了准确地分析样品晶体结构,对PCN-222进行了X射线衍射表征,如图2D所示,可以看到,所合成的材料的XRD曲线峰位置与标准PCN-222的峰位置一一对应,表明晶体结构完整。
为了验证所合成的材料具备较强的吸附能力,对材料进行了N2吸附-脱附表征。根据图 2E 中氮气吸附-脱附曲线计算可得材料的BET比表面积为979 m2g-1, 其较大的比表面积适用于食品中痕量存在色素的吸附。
Zeta电位可以对材料表面电荷情况进行探究,以考察静电作用对萃取性能的影响。如图2F所示,随pH值变化PCN-222表面电位逐渐发生变化,当pH<6时,由于氢离子在材料表面积累而呈正电荷。当pH>6时,MOFs表面整体呈负电荷,这是由于OH-在其表面积累。结果表明,本申请所合成的材料具有较大的正负电位跨度,通过控制其pH值就可以促进材料选择性吸附和分离,是一种具有电荷可调性的MOFs材料。
实施例2
1、标准溶液的配制
标准溶液储备液的配制:精确称取胭脂红粉末10 mg,用水溶解后转移至10 mL 棕色容量瓶中,稀释至刻度处,得到1g L-1的标准储备液,于-4 ℃下储存,使用时用流动相稀释成所需要的标准溶液。
2、样品检测
如图3所示,将制备的PCN-222作为吸附剂,加入到含有筛板的注射器中,吸附剂的加入量为3 mg,用甲醇为匀浆液通过湿法装柱,N2气吹干针筒吸附剂使其固定。
以含有胭脂红浓度为10 μg/mL的水溶液作为待测样品溶液。
将1 ml待测样品溶液稀释4倍加入到注射器中,通过推动活塞杆加压使待测样品溶液流过吸附剂,并使色素被截流在吸附剂上。然后加入3 ml含0.001 mol L-1NH3·H2O的DMF溶液进行洗脱,缓慢推动活塞以使色素从吸附剂上解吸下来,收集洗脱液。将洗脱液用45 ℃氮气吹干30 min,得到固体。对得到的固体用1 mL甲醇复溶后,用0.45 μm滤膜过滤后供HPLC分析。
液相色谱工作条件为:
ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 色谱柱 (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);色谱条件:柱温: 40℃;流动相A:乙酸铵溶液(0.02 mol L-1),流动相B:甲醇溶液;梯度洗脱程序:0~3 min时,B由5 %升至35 %;3~7 min时,B由35 %升至100 %,保持3 min;10~15 min时,B由100 %降至5%,保持5 min;流速:1 mL min-1;进样量:10 μL;检测波长:509 nm。
实施例3
本实施例检测过程与实施例2基本相同,不同之处在于,吸附剂的用量分别采用1mg、2 mg、3 mg、4 mg。
合适的吸附剂用量在保证柱容量的同时还可以节约实验成本。吸附剂用量与吸附效率的变化如图4所示,结果表明,随着吸附剂用量的增加,对胭脂红的吸附逐渐有升高,这是由于活性位点的增加对目标物的吸附能力逐渐增加。当用量超过3 mg后,吸附率基本不再变化。因此,优选采用的吸附剂填装量为3 mg。与其他材料相比在保证最大吸附效率的同时节约了柱容量。
实施例4
本实施例检测过程与实施例2基本相同,不同之处在于,通过在待测样品溶液中加入不同量的1M 盐酸,分别调节待测样品溶液的pH为2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9。
待测样品溶液的pH决定了吸附剂在溶液中所带的电荷的不同,导致其与胭脂红溶液之间的作用力也不同,从而影响到吸附率的大小。因此考察溶液pH值对吸附性能的影响具有重要的意义。本实施例探究了溶液pH分别2-9时吸附率的变化情况。结果见图5所示,待测样品溶液的吸附率随pH值增加而降低,由于在酸性条件下,正电荷逐渐在多孔材料PCN-222表面积累,对本身为阴离子色素的胭脂红的吸引力逐渐增加,考虑到材料的稳定性,因此,选择在pH为3的条件下进行萃取。
实施例5
本实施例检测过程与实施例2基本相同,不同之处在于,所采用洗脱剂分别为甲醇、乙醇、乙腈、丙酮和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺。
不同极性的有机溶剂对化合物的洗脱能力不同,因此为了达到最高的萃取效率有必要对洗脱剂种类进行优化。
如图6所示,五种有机溶剂中极性较高的溶剂甲醇和DMF对目标物的洗脱能力较强。优选采用解吸效果最佳的DMF溶剂作为洗脱剂,这是由于DMF的Log P值最小。但解吸率仍没有达到100%。
实施例6
本实施例检测过程与实施例2基本相同,不同之处在于,在DMF中加入少量氨水,调节洗脱剂的pH分别为7、8、9、10、11。
结果如图7所示,随着pH值升高,解吸率逐渐升高,选用pH为11的DMF为最佳洗脱剂,获得最高的萃取效率。
这是由于在碱性条件下吸附剂带负电荷,目标物在静电排斥作用下更容易洗脱下来。因此,向有机溶剂中加入少量氨水后进行实验,回收率大大提高。
实施例7
本实施例检测过程与实施例2基本相同,不同之处在于,洗脱剂为pH为11的DMF,洗脱剂的用量分别为1 mL、2 mL、3 mL、4 mL、5 mL。
洗脱剂用量影响待测物从吸附剂上洗脱下来的程度。洗脱剂用量太少会使目标物洗脱不完全,用量太多会增加后续的工作量不能实现富集的目的,因此本实施例考察了不同体积 (1-5 mL) 的洗脱剂对胭脂红染料的洗脱情况。结果如图8所示,当洗脱剂体积达到3 mL时,对目标物的回收率达到最大且后续没有明显的增加。综合考虑实验结果与实验成本,最终选择 3 mL氨化的DMF作为洗脱剂最佳用量。
实施例8
为了能够重复利用PCN-222吸附剂,以减少实际检测成本,本实施例对材料的重复利用率进行了探究。
本实施例检测过程与实施例2相同, 将使用过带有吸附剂的微注射式固相萃取柱(即注射器)经超纯水和甲醇反复5次洗涤后,再次用于样品前处理过程。结果如图9所示,在使用 4 次后带有填料的微注射式固相萃取柱回收率虽有所下降,但仍高于90%,说明PCN-222 不仅对阴离子胭脂红溶液具备高效的吸附性能,而且还可以重复利用。说明以PCN-222作为吸附剂的微注射式固相萃取柱,与其他固相萃取柱相比节约了检测成本,是一种绿色环保的前处理技术。
实施例9 考察检出限、定量限和线性范围和准确度
本实施例检测过程与实施例2基本相同,不同之处在于采用上述实施例所得的最佳处理参数,即待测样品溶液通过加入30wt%盐酸调节pH至3,吸附剂的用量为3 mg,洗脱剂为采用氨水调节pH至11的DMF,洗脱剂用量为3 mL。
对上述条件下得到的检测结果,以3倍信噪比(S / N = 3)计算出胭脂红的检出限为0.1 μg·L-1。将色素的标准溶液逐级稀释,以质量浓度为横坐标,对应的峰面积为纵坐标绘制标准曲线。目标物在50~ 10000 μg· L-1范围内表现出良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0. 999,表明方法适用于痕量胭脂红的检测。
通过向空白样品基质中加入高(10 μg·mL-1)、中(1.0 μg·mL-1)、低(0.1 μg·mL-1)3个不同水平的标准溶液进行加标回收试验,以回收率表示方法的准确度,同时测定6份平行样品验证精密度。结果如表1所示,样品中胭脂红的加标回收率为99.5%~109.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)介于0.55%~2.4%。表明本申请方法在低浓度和高浓度下均具备良好的准确度和精密度,满足实际样品的测定需求。
表1 添加、回收率与重现性实验结果表
实施例10
将本申请应用于市场上购买的青柠味脉动、鲜榨果汁、雪碧三种饮料中对胭脂红的分析,结果表明饮料中均未能检出胭脂红。
在青柠味脉动饮料中加入10 μg mL-1标准溶液,将样品分为两份A、B,样品A采用实施例2方法进行检测;样品B直接进行液相检测,对比两份样品的HPLC检测峰面积之间的差异,结果如图10所示,由于样品基质背景十分复杂,加标后直接进行液相检测的色谱图受杂质影响而使目标峰的响应值极低,而经过微注射式固相萃取后,图中胭脂红的峰响应明显增高,其他无关化合物的峰消失,说明PCN-222对样品中胭脂红实现富集作用使检测信号放大,有利于样品中痕量存在物质的检测。
实施例11
对比本申请检测方法与现有文献公开的3种方法,分别用于色素检测的效果。
表2 本方法与相关文献中方法的比较
其中参考文献[1]中方法源自周平勇,肖玲艳,李波,等. 中国标准化,2018, 34(S1): 164;参考文献[2]中方法源自Pi tkowska M, Jedziniak P, Olejnik M, et al. JVet Res, 2017, 61(3): 299;参考文献[3]中方法源自Qi P, Zeng T, Wen Z J, et al.Food Chem, 2011, 125(4): 1462。
从上表可以看出,本申请相比于现有色素检测方法,在最优的固相萃取条件下,PCN-222吸附剂展现出良好的富集能力,具备极低的检出限和精密度,能够有效的降低食品基质中杂质对液相色谱分离的影响,富集效率提高了10-20倍。说明本申请以金属骨架的纳米材料PCN-222作为吸附剂,应用微注射式的固相萃取设备,在保持超高萃取效率的同时大大的简化了萃取步骤,建立了检测食品中的偶氮类染料胭脂红的 μSPE-HPLC(微型注射式固相萃取与高效液相色谱结合)新方法,具备快速、灵敏、高效和环保等实用价值,为未来新型纳米材料与食品检测技术相结合提供参考。
以上所述,仅是本申请的几个实施例,并非对本申请做任何形式的限制,虽然本申请以较佳实施例揭示如上,然而并非用以限制本申请,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本申请技术方案的范围内,利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许的变动或修饰均等同于等效实施案例,均属于技术方案范围内。
Claims (9)
1.一种色素检测的前处理方法,其特征在于,所述前处理方法包括以下步骤:
步骤1、对含有色素的待测样品溶液进行固相萃取,得到吸附有色素的吸附剂;
所述吸附剂选自金属有机框架材料;
步骤2、采用洗脱剂对吸附有色素的所述吸附剂进行洗脱,得到洗脱液;
步骤1中,所述吸附剂与待测样品溶液中所述色素的质量比为1:1~8:1;
所述前处理方法用于含有色素的食品的处理;
所述色素选自胭脂红;
所述吸附剂包括PCN-222;
PCN-222的制备方法如下:
取150 mg ZrOCl2·8H2O和2.8 g苯甲酸加入到圆底烧瓶,溶剂为50 mL DMF含1% v/v水配成的溶液,向其中加入50 mg TCPP,经3 min的超声处理后,转移到90 ℃的油浴锅内加热搅拌4 h,最后,通过13000 rpm的高速离心机离心30 min后收集产物;
所述金属有机框架材料与目标物胭脂红分子之间存在静电和π-π作用,实现瞬时性的萃取;
所述金属有机框架材料为棒状结构,沿长轴方向延伸,直径为500 nm~700 nm;
当pH<6时,由于氢离子在所述金属有机框架材料的表面积累而呈正电荷,当pH>6时,所述金属有机框架材料的表面整体呈负电荷;
所述金属有机框架材料具有电荷可调性。
2.根据权利要求1所述的前处理方法,其特征在于,所述步骤1包括:
将上述待测样品溶液加入填装有所述吸附剂的容器中,在压力作用下,滤除液体,得到吸附有色素的吸附剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的前处理方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括:
1.1、将筛板装入注射器中,并在筛板上方填装吸附剂;
1.2、将所述待测样品溶液加入注射器中,通过压力使所述待测样品溶液流过所述吸附剂,得到吸附有色素的吸附剂。
4.根据权利要求1所述的前处理方法,其特征在于,所述待测样品溶液的pH为2~9;
所述待测样品溶液的溶剂包括水。
5.根据权利要求1所述的前处理方法,其特征在于,步骤2中,所述洗脱剂包括有机溶剂;
所述有机溶剂选自甲醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的任意一种。
6.根据权利要求5所述的前处理方法,其特征在于,所述洗脱剂为有机溶剂与碱性溶液的混合液。
7.根据权利要求6所述的前处理方法,其特征在于,所述混合液的pH为7~11。
8.根据权利要求1所述的前处理方法,其特征在于,所述洗脱剂用量为:
吸附剂与洗脱剂的质量体积比为0.5~4:1~5 mg/mL。
9.一种色素含量的检测方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括:
对含有色素的样品前处理后,进行色谱分析;
所述前处理方法选自权利要求1-8任一项所述的前处理方法。
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