CN113181086A - 雪莲菌发酵物在抑制酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素生成中的应用 - Google Patents
雪莲菌发酵物在抑制酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素生成中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113181086A CN113181086A CN202110367742.8A CN202110367742A CN113181086A CN 113181086 A CN113181086 A CN 113181086A CN 202110367742 A CN202110367742 A CN 202110367742A CN 113181086 A CN113181086 A CN 113181086A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种雪莲菌发酵物在抑制酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素生成中的应用,所述雪莲菌发酵物通过下述方法制备得到:将雪莲菌与牛奶共发酵后,经离心过滤后获得乳清液体,将乳清冷冻干燥后,即获得具有多功效的雪莲菌发酵物。本发明的发酵物对于自由基ABTS及DPPH具有很好的去除率,对一氧化氮也有很好的去除效率,具有一定程度的抗发炎效果;本发明发酵物在一定浓度条件下不仅具有很好的酪氨酸酶抑制能力,而且能有效抑制小鼠黑色素瘤细胞黑色素生成;另外,本发明雪莲菌发酵物的有机酸成分中的琥珀酸、L‑焦谷氨酸、3‑苯基乳酸、葡萄糖醛酸对于酪氨酸酶都具有非常好的抑制效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种雪莲菌发酵的应用,具体地说是涉及一种雪莲菌发酵物在抑制酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素生成中的应用。
背景技术
人体皮肤会因为照射过量的紫外线造成皮肤黑色素细胞过度增殖及色素沉着等变化,并导致皮肤色斑的生成,若出现在脸部,则会间接影响到外貌的美观,因此美白淡斑等功效性化妆品的需求日渐增加,新型黑色素抑制剂的研究也不曾间断,如何开发出天然、低毒及高效率的黑色素抑制剂则成为研究人员所要解决的难题。黑色素生成过程中,牵涉到许多酶催化的反应,其中酪氨酸酶是黑色素生成的关键酶,黑色素生成一般是透过三种不同的信号通路,包含cAMP-依赖、Wnt和ERK信号通路,最后经过酪氨酸酶(TYR)及其相关蛋白(TRP-1及TRP-2)生合成出黑色素,因此若能有效抑制酪氨酸酶,则开发成为黑色素抑制剂的潜能将大幅增加。
雪莲菌又称为西藏灵菇(Tibetan kefir grains),通常作为一种天然的发酵剂,与牛奶共发酵后,生成黄白色不规则的团块,大小从几毫米到厘米不等,这种天然发酵剂也在不同国家地区中普遍的被使用,包含中国、俄罗斯、土耳其、巴西阿根廷及高加索等,成为家庭常用的自制乳酸饮料发酵剂。
雪莲菌经过长久的研究发现具有多种健康益处,包含抗过敏、抗菌、抗氧化及抗发炎等不同的功效,这些功效推测是雪莲菌经发酵后产生的胞外多糖造成,而胞外多糖也已经被证实具有抗氧化、抗发炎和血管生成活性,以及调节肠道中关键微生物代谢的能力(Jeong,D,Kim,D-H,Kang,I-B,Kim,H,Song,K-Y,Kim,H-S,Seo,K-H.2017.Characterization and antibacterial activity of a novelexopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens DN1 isolated fromkefir.Food Control.48:436-442.Zhang,J,Zhao,X,Jiang,Y,Zhao,W,Guo,T,Cao Y,Teng,J,Hao,X,Zhao,J,Yang,Z.2017.Antioxidant status and gut microbiota change in anaging mouse model as influenced by exopolysaccharide produced byLactobacillus plantarum YW11 isolated from Tibetan kefir.Journal of DairyScience.100:6025-6041.Diniz,RO,Garla,LK,Schneedorf,JM,Carvalho,JCT.2003.Studyof anti-inflammatory activity of Tibetan mushroom,a symbiotic culture ofbacteria and fungi encapsulated into a polysaccharide matrix.PharmacologicalResearch.47:49-52)。除此之外,雪莲菌是一种独特的微生物菌群共生关系,大部分的研究显示雪莲菌是由乳酸菌、醋酸菌及酵母菌所组成,乳酸菌的种类包含有Lactobacillus,Lactococcus及Lenconostoc,醋酸菌为Acetobacter,酵母菌则包含Kluyveromyces,Candida,Saccharomyces,Torula及Pichia(Liu,W,Zhang,M,Xie,J,Wang,H,Zhao,X,Chen,B,Suo,H.2019.Comparative analyses of microbial community diversities ofTibetan kefir grains from three geographic regions.International Journal ofDairy Technology.72:536-544)。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种雪莲菌发酵物在抑制酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素生成中的应用;本发明的雪莲菌发酵物不仅具有抗氧化、抗发炎的作用,而且具有抑制酪氨酸酶及黑色素生成的作用。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案为:
一种雪莲菌发酵物在抑制酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素生成中的应用。
作为优选,所述雪莲菌发酵物通过下述方法制备得到:将雪莲菌与牛奶共发酵后,经离心过滤后获得乳清液体,将乳清冷冻干燥后,即获得具有多功效的雪莲菌发酵物。
作为优选,将雪莲菌接种至纯牛奶中,于室温静置培养发酵,分别在第3天及第6天将牛奶的发酵液离心过滤后,获得乳清液体,将乳清冷冻干燥后得到雪莲菌发酵物。
作为优选,所述雪莲菌由乳酸菌、醋酸菌及芽孢杆菌组成。
作为优选,在发酵第3天时,乳酸菌、醋酸菌及芽孢杆菌的组成比例分别为56%、30%及14%。
作为优选,在发酵第6天时,乳酸菌、醋酸菌及芽孢杆菌的组成比例分别为23%、75%及2%。
作为优选,所述雪莲菌发酵物中包含有机酸,所述有机酸包括泛酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、3-苯基乳酸、L-焦谷氨酸、葡萄糖醛酸、苹果酸、3-羟基-3-甲基谷氨酸、苯丙酮酸、马尿酸、己二酸、柠檬酸及3-吲哚乙酸。
作为优选,所述琥珀酸、L-焦谷氨酸、3-苯基乳酸及葡萄糖醛酸具有抑制酪氨酸酶的作用,且琥珀酸、L-焦谷氨酸、3-苯基乳酸、葡萄糖醛酸对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用依次降低。
本发明的有益效果在于:
本发明的发酵物对于自由基ABTS及DPPH具有很好的去除率,对一氧化氮也有很好的去除效率,具有一定程度的抗发炎效果;在一定浓度条件下不仅具有很好的酪氨酸酶抑制能力,而且能有效抑制小鼠黑色素瘤细胞黑色素生成;另外,本发明雪莲菌的有机酸成分中的琥珀酸、L-焦谷氨酸、3-苯基乳酸、葡萄糖醛酸对于酪氨酸酶都具有非常好的抑制效果。
附图说明
图1是不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物对人皮肤表皮角质形成细胞(HaCaT)的影响结果图;
图2是不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞(B16)的影响结果图。
图3是不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物清除ABTS·自由基的分析结果图;
图4是不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物清除DPPH自由基的分析结果图;
图5是不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物抗发炎能力分析结果图;
图6是不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物抑制酪氨酸酶的分析结果图;
图7是不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物抑制小鼠黑色素瘤细胞黑色素生成能力的分析结果图;
图8是利用高通量测序分析雪莲菌菌群分布结果图;
图9是不同有机酸抑制酪氨酸酶的分析结果图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明,但本发明所要保护的范围并不限于此。
本发明选用的原料组成如无特殊说明,均购于市场。
雪莲菌发酵物的制备
将雪莲菌接种至纯牛奶(全脂灭菌的生牛奶)中,于室温静置培养发酵,分别在第3天及第6天将牛奶的发酵液离心过滤后,获得乳清液体,将乳清冷冻干燥后得到雪莲菌发酵物。
细胞毒性分析
利用MTT检测进行安全评估。于37℃及5%CO2培养箱中进行人皮肤表皮角质形成细胞(HaCaT)及小鼠黑色素瘤细胞(B16)培养24小时,加入不同浓度发酵物,反应1小时后,移除上清液,并利用PBS清洗及换上新的培养液,加入10μL的MTT溶液反应,于37℃及5%CO2反应4小时后移除培养液,加入100μL的DMSO溶解沉淀物,以分光亮度计分析570nm吸光值。
不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物对人皮肤表皮角质形成细胞(HaCaT)的影响如图1所示,不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞(B16)的影响如图2所示。
从图1可以看出,本发明第3天及第6天的雪莲菌发酵物,在浓度为10mg/mL的条件下,对人皮肤表皮角质形成细胞(HaCaT)的存活率仍然超过91%,显示此发酵物对人皮肤表皮角质形成细胞不具有毒性影响。
从图2可以看出,本发明第3天及第6天的雪莲菌发酵物,在浓度为5mg/mL的条件下,对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞(B16)的存活率超过83%,在浓度为10mg/mL的条件下,对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞(B16)的存活率则超过70%。
抗氧化分析
抑制DPPH自由基评估:定量瓶中加入0.3943g DPPH及100mL甲醇,配成10mM DPPH的甲醇溶液,此溶液再稀释成1mM DPPH溶液。取0.4mL不同浓度提取物,加入0.8mL 1mMDPPH溶液,震荡混合,并于室温静置30分钟。使用分光亮度计分析517nm吸光值。计算清除率(%)=[控制组于517nm吸光值-样品反应后于517nm吸光值/控制组于517nm吸光值]*100。
不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物清除ABTS·自由基的分析结果如图3所示。
从图3可以看出,本发明第3天及第6天的雪莲菌发酵物,在浓度为1.25mg/mL的条件下即可具有超过90%去除ABTS·自由基的能力。
抑制ABST自由基评估:利用总抗氧化能力检测试剂盒(ABTS法)(碧云天生物公司)进行分析,首先配置ABTS工作母液,于室温避光存放12~16小时,将工作母液用PBS稀释成ABTS工作液,取不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物加入200μL的工作母液,使用分光光度计监测OD405 nm吸光值的变化。ABTS清除率(scavenging effects)(%)=[控制组于405nm吸光值-样品反应后于405nm吸光值/控制组于405nm吸光值]*100。
不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物清除DPPH自由基的分析结果如图4所示。
从图4可以看出,本发明第6天的雪莲菌发酵物,在浓度为5mg/mL的条件下具有50%去除DPPH自由基的能力,当浓度为10mg/mL的条件下具有85%去除DPPH自由基的能力。
抗发炎分析
于37℃及5%CO2培养箱中进行巨噬细胞(RAW 264.7)培养24小时,加入不同浓度雪莲菌发酵物,反应1小时后,使用LPS(1μg/mL)刺激24小时,之后离心并收集培养基,以一氧化氮检测试剂盒(碧云天生物公司)进行一氧化氮的测定。使用分光亮度计分析540nm吸光值。计算清除率(%)=[控制组于540nm吸光值-样品反应后于540nm吸光值/控制组于540nm吸光值]*100。
不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物抗发炎能力分析结果如图5所示。
从图5可以看出,本发明第3天及第6天的雪莲菌发酵物,在浓度为10mg/mL的条件下,与巨噬细胞(RAW 264.7)反应1小时,即可具有超过76%去除一氧化氮的效率,显示此发酵产物具有抗发炎的能力。
抑制酪氨酸酶分析
将不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物添加到96孔板中,取100μL蘑菇酪氨酸酶(400U/mL)及L-DOPA(2.5mM)加入混合物中,将其在室温下静置10分钟。用分光光度计在OD490(BioTek,SynergyTM Neo 2,USA)检测吸光度,抗坏血酸用作阳性对照。酪氨酸酶的抑制作用计算如下:蘑菇酪氨酸酶活性的相对抑制率(%)=[控制组于475nm吸光值-样品反应后于475nm吸光值/控制组于475nm吸光值]*100。
不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物抑制酪氨酸酶的分析结果如图6所示。
从图6可以看出,本发明第6天的发酵产物,在浓度为2.5mg/mL的条件下具有82%抑制酪氨酸酶的能力,在浓度超过5mg/mL的条件下则有92%以上的酪氨酸酶抑制能力。本发明第3天的发酵产物,在浓度为10mg/mL的条件下则有91%抑制酪氨酸酶的能力。
抑制黑色素分析
于37℃及5%CO2培养箱中进行小鼠黑色素瘤细胞(B16)培养24小时,将雪莲菌发酵物及空白对照组加入细胞中,反应24小时(200μL细胞,发酵物最终浓度为10、5、2.5、1.25mg/mL),加入α-MSH(最终浓度为1μM)反应48小时,吸去培养液,用0.25%胰酶消化,离心5min弃上清液,每个处理后的细胞加入200ul的NaOH(1mol/L)溶液,于60℃水浴完全溶解黑色素颗粒(20分钟),于405nm波长测定吸光值。
不同浓度的雪莲菌发酵物抑制小鼠黑色素瘤细胞黑色素生成能力的分析结果如图7所示。
从图7可以看出,本发明第6天的发酵产物,在浓度为5mg/mL的条件下,能有效抑制小鼠黑色素瘤细胞黑色素生成达68%,第3天的发酵产物,在浓度为5mg/mL的条件下也有32%抑制小鼠黑色素瘤细胞黑色素的产生。
雪莲菌菌群分析
细菌基因组总DNA的提取
雪莲菌培养后收集菌体,利用Preparation Kit with Spin Column(碧云天生物公司)提取试剂盒,根据制造商的说明方式提取基因组DNA,并以分光光度计侦测样品的OD260/OD280,使其比例达到1.8~2.0之间。
基因核苷酸序列测定
将提取的总基因组DNA送交苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司利用高通量测序(Illumina MiSeq)进行16S rDNA的序列测定,测序完的基因组再进行每个物种的注释。
利用高通量测序分析雪莲菌菌群分布结果如图8所示,其中,3d-1、3d-2、3d-3为发酵第3天三重复的雪莲菌群比列,6d-1、6d-2、6d-3为发酵第6天三重复的雪莲菌群比列。
从图8可以看出,本发明的雪莲菌由乳酸菌、醋酸菌及芽孢杆菌所组成,并无酵母菌或其他真菌,在发酵第3天时的雪莲菌,乳酸菌、醋酸菌及芽孢杆菌的组成比例分别约为56%、30%及14%,在发酵第6天时的雪莲菌,乳酸菌、醋酸菌及芽孢杆菌的组成比例分别约为23%、75%及2%。
雪莲菌发酵物中有机酸的分析
有机酸的分析实验流程如下:取500μL 30%甲醇溶液(含0.1%甲酸)加入大约50mg的发酵物中,以组织研磨仪研磨后,经离心取上清液进行LC/MS的检测,色谱柱采用ACQUITYBEH C18色谱柱(2.1×100mm,1.7μm,美国Waters公司),A流动相为水溶液(含0.1%甲酸),B流动相为甲醇(含0.1%甲酸),梯度洗脱条件为0~3分钟,10~30%B流动相;3~5分钟,30~50%B流动相;5~7分钟,50~90%流动相;7~9分钟,90%流动相;9~12分钟,90~30%B流动相;12~13分钟,30~10%B流动相。流速为0.4mL/min。质谱采用电喷雾电离(ESI)源,负离子电离模式。
第3天及第6天雪莲菌发酵物中的有机酸成分结果如表1所示。
表1
有机酸 | 第三天发酵物(μg/g) | 第六天发酵物(μg/g) |
泛酸 | 15549.86±929.47 | 15623.95±651.12 |
乳酸 | 8617.15±1283.84 | 9224.28±944.90 |
琥珀酸 | 449.04±19.64 | 442.81±17.16 |
3-苯基乳酸 | 140.33±6.24 | 145.18±10.43 |
L-焦谷氨酸 | 54.70±43.53 | 79.22±42.73 |
葡萄糖醛酸 | 23.33±5.66 | 26.41±6.26 |
苹果酸 | 12.62±1.86 | 14.77±2.33 |
3-羟基-3-甲基谷氨酸 | 11.26±2.01 | 12.84±2.57 |
苯丙酮酸 | 4.36±0.87 | 5.86±0.89 |
马尿酸 | 0.48±0.82 | 0.94±0.82 |
己二酸 | 0.31±0.08 | 0.31±0.01 |
柠檬酸 | 0.08±0.13 | 0.11±0.18 |
3-吲哚乙酸 | 0 | 0.34±0.30 |
本发明分析雪莲菌发酵物中的有机酸,发现发酵物中包含的机酸有泛酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、3-苯基乳酸、L-焦谷氨酸、葡萄糖醛酸、苹果酸、3-羟基-3-甲基谷氨酸、苯丙酮酸、马尿酸、己二酸、柠檬酸及3-吲哚乙酸。
进一步分析含量比例较高的有机酸抑制酪氨酸酶的能力,各种不同有机酸抑制酪氨酸酶的分析结果如图9所示,包含泛酸钠、泛酸钙、乳酸、琥珀酸、3-苯基乳酸、L-焦谷氨酸、葡萄糖醛酸及苹果酸。发现琥珀酸在抑制酪氨酸酶的表现上最好,其次是L-焦谷氨酸、苹果酸、乳酸、3-苯基乳酸、葡萄糖醛酸及泛酸,根据现有文献的搜查,琥珀酸、L-焦谷氨酸、3-苯基乳酸及葡萄糖醛酸是第一次发现具有抑制酪氨酸酶的能力。
以上结合实施例对本发明进行了详细说明,但所述内容仅为本发明的具体实施方式,但并不能因此而理解为对本发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,凡依本发明申请范围所做出的若干变形与改进等,均应仍属于本发明的专利涵盖范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种雪莲菌发酵物在抑制酪氨酸酶活性及黑色素生成中的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述雪莲菌发酵物的应用,其特征在于所述雪莲菌发酵物通过下述方法制备得到:将雪莲菌与牛奶共发酵后,经离心过滤后获得乳清液体,将乳清冷冻干燥后,即获得具有多功效的雪莲菌发酵物。
3.根据权利要求2所述雪莲菌发酵物的应用,其特征在于:将雪莲菌接种至纯牛奶中,于室温静置培养发酵,分别在第3天及第6天将牛奶的发酵液离心过滤后,获得乳清液体,将乳清冷冻干燥后得到雪莲菌发酵物。
4.根据权利要求3所述雪莲菌发酵物的应用,其特征在于:所述雪莲菌由乳酸菌、醋酸菌及芽孢杆菌组成。
5.根据权利要求4所述雪莲菌发酵物的应用,其特征在于:在发酵第3天时,乳酸菌、醋酸菌及芽孢杆菌的组成比比例分别为56%、30%及14%。
6.根据权利要求4所述雪莲菌发酵物的应用,其特征在于:在发酵第6天时,乳酸菌、醋酸菌及芽孢杆菌的组成比例分别为23%、75%及2%。
7.根据权利要求3所述雪莲菌发酵物的应用,其特征在于:所述雪莲菌发酵物中包含有机酸,所述有机酸包括泛酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、3-苯基乳酸、L-焦谷氨酸、葡萄糖醛酸、苹果酸、3-羟基-3-甲基谷氨酸、苯丙酮酸、马尿酸、己二酸、柠檬酸及3-吲哚乙酸。
8.根据权利要求7所述雪莲菌发酵物的应用,其特征在于:所述琥珀酸、L-焦谷氨酸、3-苯基乳酸及葡萄糖醛酸具有抑制酪氨酸酶的作用,且琥珀酸、L-焦谷氨酸、3-苯基乳酸、葡萄糖醛酸对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用依次降低。
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