CN113117093B - 一种适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂 - Google Patents
一种适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,由粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂组成,粘液分泌抑制剂为ONO‑5046、西维来司钠中的一种或几种,粘液溶解剂为溴环己胺醇和SP中的一种或几种;流感疫苗与促进剂的含量比为1:50。本发明提供的适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,选择特定种类与含量的粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂,使得鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗过程中疫苗更容易透过鼻粘液,且疫苗的活性不被破坏,大大提高了生物利用度。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及流感疫苗给药技术领域,具体涉及一种适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,能够在流感疫苗活性不被破坏的条件下促进流感疫苗穿过鼻粘液的鼻粘膜递送。
背景技术
许多目前批准的流感疫苗是注射剂,其主要诱导强烈的全身免疫应答。然而,大多数病原体优先通过胃肠道,呼吸道或泌尿生殖道或眼睛的延伸的粘膜表面感染它们的宿主,而使用针和注射器对传染病的常规全身递送疫苗不能诱导强烈的粘膜免疫应答。鼻疫苗不仅可以诱导全身性IgG抗体反应,还可以诱导粘膜IgA抗体反应。值得一提的是,鼻粘膜有M细胞相较于口腔粘膜,眼周粘膜等,更有利于抗原的捕获与呈递。
众所周知,鼻粘膜对药物的吸收量是有限的,如何提高鼻粘膜给药的生物利用度是在研究鼻粘膜疫苗时必须面对的问题。
目前已经有对提高鼻粘膜药物生物利用度的研究,但现有的改善方法主要针对提高药物透过粘膜进而被吸收。与普通的鼻粘膜药物不同的是,鼻粘膜流感疫苗抗原从上皮细胞的内侧到基底外侧吸收,然后将它们加工并由抗原呈递细胞(APC)如树突细胞(DC)呈递给免疫活性细胞,包括幼稚淋巴细胞。DC迁移至MALT的T细胞区域,然后将表位肽形式的摄取抗原呈递给幼稚T细胞。在B细胞区域,发生生发中心形成和抗体分泌(Sato S,KiyonoH.The mucosal immune system of the respiratory tract[J].Current Opinion inVirology,2012,2(3):0-0.)。简而言之,鼻流感疫苗刺激产生的免疫反应主要在粘膜上发生。因此,在设计流感疫苗促进剂的时候目标不在于使抗原穿透粘膜,而在于使抗原在粘膜表面滞留进而被抗原呈递细胞捕获。
目前常用的鼻粘膜流感疫苗制剂多为滴鼻剂。而滴鼻剂在给药时存在以下几种阻碍:①滴鼻给药的药液液滴较大,主要沉积在鼻咽部消除的较快;②气道上皮表面上覆盖着由95%水分、2%~3%粘液蛋白、0.1%~0.5%蛋白质、0.3%~0.5%脂质以及1%的无机盐的形成粘液毯,粘液中含有氧化酶、肽酶、聚合酶、蛋白酶等对流感病毒免疫活性造成影响;③粘液中含有黏蛋白,黏蛋白组成的网状结构不易于流感疫苗通过。
因此,寻找一种流感疫苗顺利穿过气道粘液进而滞留在鼻粘膜上的促进剂可以使鼻粘膜流感疫苗药效得到提高。
公开号CN108653719A的中国发明专利,涉及一种在口服时能抵抗胃酸及胃肠道酶对多肽蛋白类药物的降解,同时具有粘液穿透及结肠定位效果,能有效促进多肽蛋白在肠道的吸收。而本发明主要针对气道粘液纤毛清除(mucociliary clearance,MCC)对于流感疫苗鼻粘膜递送的影响,对鼻粘液的分泌和鼻粘液的流变学性质进行改变进而促进鼻粘膜流感疫苗的递送。
气道粘液能黏附吸入的尘粒和微生物等,进而通过纤毛转运系统清除,是呼吸系统的重要防御机制之一。气道粘液纤毛清除功能由粘液和纤毛两部分构成。生理条件下,气道表面分泌的粘液量较少,维持着正常粘液的黏弹性和MCC功能。气道炎症等病理状态下,粘液流变学性质发生改变,即不但粘液分泌量增多,而且粘液的理化特性和成分也发生显著改变。粘液作为纤毛发挥作用的媒介,这些变化不但可以直接引起MCC功能障碍,而且可以影响纤毛运动频率、振幅及协调性,间接加重局部防御功能的损害,最终导致粘液滞留和炎症状态的持续和进展。黏蛋白是粘液的主要成分,是粘液理化特性的主要来源,对维持粘液的黏滞性、黏附性和弹性起重要作用,而且在以粘液分泌异常为主要特征的疾病中,粘液流变学性质的改变又各有不同。
因此本发明从抑制鼻粘液分泌和改变粘液流变学性质两个角度对比流感疫苗递送进行促进。
目前,抑制神经性粘液分泌是抑制鼻粘液分泌的主要方法之一,粘液分泌抑制剂根据抑制机制来分类,通常包括抗组胺药物、糖皮质激素、抗胆碱能药物、蛋白酶抑制剂等。其中蛋白酶抑制剂包括:弹力酶抑制剂(如:西维来司钠、ONO-5046)、胰蛋白酶抑制剂(如:乌司他丁)、丝氨酸蛋白抑制剂(如:亮抑蛋白酶肽)等。ONO-5046(N-2-4-2-2-二肟基-丙氧基苯基磺酰氨基苯甲酸)是一种特异性的中性粒细胞弹性酶抑制剂,根据文献(Neutrophilelastascinhibitor,ONO-5046suppresses ozone-induced airwayrnucushypersecretion in guinea pigs)报道,ONO-5046可逆转臭氧诱导的豚鼠杯状细胞高分泌反应和中性粒细胞聚集进而抑制粘液分泌,但ONO-5046是否可以抑制人鼻粘液分泌,无法知悉。此外,流感病毒转录时需要借助蛋白酶的作用,因此考察蛋白酶抑制剂对流感疫苗活性的影响必不可少。
亦因此,选择何种蛋白酶抑制剂作为粘液分泌抑制剂需要慎重筛选,避免对流感疫苗活性、免疫原性等造成影响。
另一方面,粘液溶解剂能改变鼻粘液流变学性质,存在增加流感疫苗穿过鼻黏液的可能。常见的粘液溶解剂如:①N-乙酰半胱氨酸可利用自由的笳基破坏黏蛋白中的二硫键,使粘液黏度明显降低;②溴已新和溴环已胺醇可增加浆液分泌,增强纤毛运动,以改善粘液性质和促进外排作用而提高MCC功能;③鼻腔滴人高渗盐水,在渗透压作用下,使减少的纤毛周围液增加,也起到稀化粘液的作用,最终增加气道MCC功能。但前述的这三种粘液溶解剂或会破坏蛋白质二硫键,或会使流感疫苗失活,不适合应用于流感疫苗中。④肺表面活性物质(SP)可通过改变粘液的特性来影响气道功能(Rubin BK,Ramirez O,Heller J etal.Chest,1992;101(5):1080),与安慰剂组患儿比较,经SP治疗过的NRDS患儿气道粘液的运输能力明显增强,降低粘滞度和增强弹力,水合度增强。但将SP应用于鼻粘膜的流感疫苗递送尚未有文献报道,存在不确定性。
综上所述,如何选择粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂,使其与流感疫苗结合给药时,能够促进流感疫苗透过粘液层,以提高疫苗的生物利用度,是本领域技术人员尚未解决的技术难题。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题在于,提供了一种适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,通过选择合适的粘液分泌抑制剂、粘液溶解剂,来实现促进流感疫苗在鼻粘膜的递送中透过粘液层,提高疫苗的生物利用度,解决上述现有技术存在的不足之处。
为此,本发明采取了以下技术方案:
一种适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,由粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂组成,其中,粘液分泌抑制剂为ONO-5046、西维来司钠中的一种或几种,粘液溶解剂为溴环己胺醇和SP中的一种或几种;流感疫苗与促进剂的含量比为1:50。
优选的,粘液分泌抑制剂为ONO-5046。
优选的,粘液溶解剂为SP。
优选的,促进剂中ONO-5046与SP的比值为(1:2)-(1:4)。
更优选的,促进剂中ONO-5046与SP的比值为1:3。
优选的,流感疫苗与促进剂的含量比为1:50。
本发明还提供了一种如前所述的促进剂在制备流感疫苗中的应用,按如下方法制备:取处方量的粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂,共溶于磷酸缓冲溶液中,避光搅拌,搅拌结束收集,并缓慢加入适量的流感病毒疫苗。
本发明提供的适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,与现有技术相比,有如下有益效果:
①采用鼻粘液分泌抑制剂与粘液溶解剂相结合,既可抑制鼻粘液分泌又可使鼻粘液粘性减少,药物更容易透过鼻粘液;
②鼻分泌抑制剂对不稳定的大分子药物友善,流感疫苗在递送过程中活性不被破坏,同时流感疫苗滴鼻药效得到提高;
③粘液溶解剂在降低粘液粘性的同时,不破坏蛋白质二硫键,与常用粘液溶解剂相比更适宜流感疫苗的递送。
总之,本发明提供的适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,选择特定种类与含量的粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂,使得鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗过程中疫苗更容易透过鼻粘液,且疫苗的活性不被破坏,大大提高了生物利用度。
具体实施方式
结合实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,应该说明的是,下述说明仅是为了解释本发明,并不对其内容进行限定。
实施例1含促进剂的流感鼻疫苗制备
将粘液分泌抑制剂和/或粘液溶解剂在室温下一起溶于20mL pH=7.4的磷酸缓冲溶液(PBS)中,避光搅拌,搅拌结束收集。4℃磁力搅拌下,向已制备的促进剂溶液中缓慢加入1wt%流感病毒疫苗。
实施例2粘液分泌抑制剂对流感疫苗活性的影响
本实施例拟通过考察背景技术中所述的几种粘液分泌抑制剂对流感疫苗活性的影响,来筛选出最佳的粘液分泌抑制剂。
含粘液分泌抑制剂的流感疫苗的制备方法,同实施例1。设定处方中粘液分泌抑制剂用量为唯一固定值3%,流感疫苗用量为唯一固定值1%。
采用血凝实验检测流感疫苗的活性,方法如下:
通过测定加入粘液分泌抑制剂前后血凝素含量,来筛选粘液分泌抑制剂,筛选方法如下:标准抗原品用0.9%无菌氯化钠溶液进行原倍(4/4)、3/4、2/4、1/4倍稀释,每个稀释度加样一孔,疫苗样品每个稀释度加1孔,每孔12μl,置水平湿盒内,室温扩散至少18h以上。加样后,凝胶板浸于0.9%无菌氯化钠溶液中60min,取出凝胶,放置在滤纸上在水平条件下,用重物压板。将压薄的凝胶放置于50~60℃电烤箱中烤5~10min至待凝胶完全干透,用纯化水润湿,轻轻从滤纸上取下。再将凝胶浸于2%考马斯亮蓝染色液中染色3~5min。染色后,将凝胶浸于脱色液中直至凝胶背景清晰。用卡尺测量沉淀环直径,每个环横竖测量两次,计算凝胶抗原含量。实验将加入粘液分泌抑制剂后对血凝素含量进行比较,与空白组无明显差异,视为符合要求。测定的均值结果见表1。
表1.粘液分泌抑制剂对流感疫苗活性影响测定结果
由表1可知,加入ONO-5046和西维来司钠时,血凝素含量与空白组无明显差异,且使用ONO-5046时,血凝素含量更接近空白组,综合考量选择ONO-5046后续试验进一步验证。
实施例3粘液溶解剂对流感疫苗活性的影响
本实施例拟通过考察背景技术中所述的几种粘液溶解剂对流感疫苗活性的影响,来筛选出最佳的粘液分泌抑制剂。
含粘液溶解剂的流感疫苗的制备方法,同实施例1。
设定处方中粘液溶解剂用量为唯一固定值10%,流感疫苗用量为唯一固定值1%。
流感疫苗活性检测方法,同实施例2,测定的均值结果见表2。
表2.粘液溶解剂对流感疫苗活性影响测定结果
序号 | 名称 | 血凝素含量(μg/ml) |
1 | -(空白) | 375 |
2 | 溴环己胺醇 | 363 |
3 | 高渗盐水 | 256 |
4 | SP | 368 |
5 | N-乙酰半胱氨酸 | 283 |
由表2可知,加入溴环己胺醇和SP时,血凝素含量与空白组无明显差异,且使用SP时,血凝素含量更接近空白组。因此,从对流感疫苗活性影响方面考虑,SP为最优选择。
实施例4粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂的联用对流感疫苗活性的影响
综合上述结果,本实施例选择ONO-5046和SP联用作为复合促进剂,来验证其对流感疫苗活性的影响。含粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂的流感疫苗的制备方法,同实施例1。流感疫苗活性检测方法与,同实施例2,测定的均值结果见表3。
表3.粘液分泌抑制剂和溶解剂对流感活性影响结果
ONO-5046:SP | 血凝素含量(μg/ml) |
-(空白) | 375 |
1:1 | 368 |
1:2 | 368 |
1:3 | 366 |
1:4 | 342 |
1:5 | 309 |
根据表3可知:当加入的促进剂中ONO-5046与SP的比例大于1:4时,血凝素含量与空白组无明显差异。因此,从对疫苗活性影响方面考虑,加入的粘液分泌抑制剂中ONO-5046与SP的比值应大于1:4。
实施例5纤毛运输速率测试
进一步对ONO-5046:SP不同比例进行试验,验证其对鼻纤毛功能的影响,以判定最优处方。含粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂的流感疫苗的制备方法,同实施例1。
将切下的完整蛙的头朝.上放置在块充满MFR的纱布上,然后小心地从切开的组织边缘擦去血液。将一小块塑料放在游离的咽后上皮的后部下方,以收集内源性粘液,然后将上颚放在一个盘中,用保鲜膜松散覆盖,并置于4-6℃的冰箱中,持续18-24小时以耗尽粘液。借助于配备有网状目镜的立体显微镜来确定置于粘液耗尽的青蛙上的粘液样品的传输速度。粘液样品用石油醚冲洗以除去油,然后将其放置在味late表面。实验是在环境温(20-25℃)和100%湿度下通过2/3生理盐水(0.6%NaCl)的超声雾化提供的。实验将运输速度小于4.5mm/min,视为符合要求。测定的均值结果见表4。
表4.粘液分泌抑制剂和溶解剂对运输速度的影响结果
ONO-5046:SP | 运输速度(mm/min) |
1:1 | 5.2 |
1:2 | 4.9 |
1:3 | 4.2 |
1:4 | 4.0 |
1:5 | 3.8 |
由表4可知:当加入的促进剂中ONO-5046与SP的比例小于1:2时,运输速度小于4.5mm/min,符合要求。因此,从对纤毛运输速度影响方面考虑,加入的促进剂中ONO-5046与SP的比例应小于1:2。
实施例6粘液粘弹性测试
更进一步对ONO-5046:SP不同比例进行试验,验证其对鼻粘液弹性的影响,以判定最优处方。含粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂的流感疫苗的制备方法,同实施例1。
吸取鼻腔粘液,同时避免刺激鼻粘膜。置小试管中于-80℃冷藏后,磁流变仪测定粘液的流变性质试。将70至150μm的钢球小心地放在2至5μl的粘液样本中,并通过电磁体以不同的驱动频率进行振荡。确定球体的位移量及其相对于驱动力的相位滞后,以计算粘液的粘度和弹性。磁流变仪的结果表示为logG*(粘度和弹性的矢量和)。实验将logG*在1~1.5之间,视为符合要求。测定的均值结果见表5。
表5.粘液分泌制剂和溶解剂对粘液粘弹性影响测定结果
由表5可知,粘液粘弹性随着加入的促进剂中ONO-5046与SP的比值增大先增大后减小,当比值为1:3时粘弹性符合要求。
因此,从对粘液粘弹性影响方面考虑,加入的促进剂中ONO-5046与SP的比值应为1:3。
综合考虑前述实施例的筛选结果,当促进剂选择ONO-5046与SP的组合,且ONO-5046与SP的含量比为1:3时最合适,此时能够有效促进流感疫苗透过粘液层,且不影响流感疫苗的活性。
实施例7.疫苗有效性比较
含粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂的流感疫苗的制备方法,实施例1。通过测定免疫小鼠血清中抗体滴度,来评价流感疫苗的活性,方法如下:
将SPF级BALB/c小鼠(雌性、6~8周龄、体重14~16g)随机分组,每组5只。麻醉小鼠后进行实验,剂量为含流感病毒2μg的凝胶疫苗20μL。注射组注射相同剂量的流感病毒。分别于0d、14d各免疫一次,共免疫两次。于末次免疫后第14d,经小鼠尾静脉采血,分离血清,采用血凝抑制法测定抗体滴度。抗体滴度>4时视为阳性。
测定的均值结果见表6。
表6.不同疫苗与促进剂比例效果测定结果
流感疫苗:促进剂 | 抗体滴度 |
1:30 | 2.9 |
1:35 | 3.1 |
1:40 | 3.5 |
1:45 | 3.9 |
1:50 | 4.2 |
1:55 | 3.8 |
1:60 | 3.5 |
由表6可知,当流感疫苗与促进剂的比值1:50时,检测结果为阳性。证明本发明所获得的流感疫苗促进剂,能有效促进其鼻粘膜免疫,提升效果。
Claims (6)
1.一种适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,其特征在于,所述的促进剂由粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂组成,其中,粘液分泌抑制剂为ONO-5046,粘液溶解剂为肺表面活性物质SP;所述ONO-5046与肺表面活性物质SP的比值为(1:4)~(1:2),流感疫苗与促进剂的含量比为1:50。
2.根据权利要求1所述的适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,其特征在于,所述的促进剂中,ONO-5046与肺表面活性物质SP的比值为1:4。
3.根据权利要求1所述的适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,其特征在于,所述的促进剂中,ONO-5046与肺表面活性物质SP的比值为1:3。
4.根据权利要求1所述的适用于鼻粘膜递送流感疫苗的促进剂,其特征在于,所述的促进剂中,ONO-5046与肺表面活性物质SP的比值为1:2。
5.一种如权利要求1~4中任一项所述的促进剂在制备流感疫苗中的应用。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的流感疫苗按如下方法制备:取处方量的粘液分泌抑制剂和粘液溶解剂,共溶于磷酸缓冲溶液中,避光搅拌,搅拌结束收集,并缓慢加入适量的流感病毒疫苗,即得。
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