CN113092208A - Preparation method of metallographic sample of metal honeycomb sintered body of aero-engine - Google Patents
Preparation method of metallographic sample of metal honeycomb sintered body of aero-engine Download PDFInfo
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- CN113092208A CN113092208A CN202110360624.4A CN202110360624A CN113092208A CN 113092208 A CN113092208 A CN 113092208A CN 202110360624 A CN202110360624 A CN 202110360624A CN 113092208 A CN113092208 A CN 113092208A
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- metal honeycomb
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- preparation
- cleaning
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/32—Polishing; Etching
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/34—Purifying; Cleaning
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
- G01N2001/2866—Grinding or homogeneising
Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method of a metallographic specimen of a metal honeycomb sintered body of an aero-engine, which comprises the following steps: 1) polishing a metal honeycomb sintered body sample; 2) ultrasonically cleaning a metal honeycomb sintered body sample; 3) preparing a polishing suspension; 4) polishing a metal honeycomb sintered body sample; 5) preparing a lubricating and cleaning suspension; 6) and (5) finishing the preparation of the metallographic specimen of the metal honeycomb sintered body. The invention can ensure Cr2O3The adhesion capability of the cut material on a metallographic specimen and polishing cloth is greatly reduced mainly through the lubricating effect of a solid lubricant while the particle micro-cutting effect is achieved, the problem that the cut material is easy to adhere and transfer to the inside of the hole of the porous material is solved, and the real metallographic structure of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aero-engine is obtained; and the whole preparation process is machine automated operation, and the preparation toolThe process can be regulated and controlled, the influence of human factors is avoided, and the quality stability of metallographic preparation is improved while the real microstructure is ensured to be obtained.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of metallographic phase preparation, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a metallographic phase sample of a metal honeycomb sintered body of an aero-engine.
Background
The metal honeycomb is an important sealing structure of a modern aeroengine and is formed by sintering a nickel-based honeycomb and nickel-aluminum metal powder filled in the pores of the honeycomb, wherein a sintered body obtained after the nickel-aluminum powder is sintered is a typical porous material. The metallographic preparation and detection of the metal honeycomb are key links for controlling the sintering quality of the honeycomb parts, and the aviation maintenance manual specifies that in the sintering process of each batch of honeycomb parts, honeycomb samples are required to be sintered in the same batch along with a furnace for preparing the metallographic sample of the honeycomb and carrying out metallographic detection. The metallographic detection of the honeycomb sample comprises index requirements of metal content, pore distribution and size, loose layer depth, brazing point integrity, whether diffusion occurs, whether layering and oxidation occur on the honeycomb wall and the like, and the accurate metallographic detection is carried out on the premise that a qualified (the authenticity of the structure of the metal honeycomb metallographic sample is ensured) metallographic sample is prepared.
For the metal honeycomb sintered body, because the nickel-aluminum metal powder is a nickel-coated aluminum structure, a closed gap can be formed between the nickel-aluminum powder due to mutual diffusion in the high-temperature sintering process, and simultaneously, the nickel-aluminum powder can be changed from a solid sphere into a hollow sphere due to self-diffusion, so that a large number of closed holes are also formed in the sintered metal honeycomb except for some non-closed holes. For the non-closed holes, a vacuum embedding mode is adopted, so that bubbles generated in the resin stirring and shrinkage curing process can be eliminated, the filling of the resin to the non-closed holes of the porous material and the protection of the edges of the sample are promoted, and the structural authenticity in the metallographic specimen preparation process is ensured. For the closed holes, the embedded resin can not perform permeation protection on the closed holes, so that the authenticity of the metallographic structure is ensured, which is one of the difficulties in the field of metallographic preparation. The most troublesome problem is that in the polishing process of the metallographic specimen, the cut nickel-aluminum metal is easily rolled and then transferred to the inside of the metal honeycomb holes, so that a real metallographic structure cannot be obtained.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a preparation method of a metallographic sample of a metal honeycomb sintered body of an aero-engine.
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of a metallographic sample of a metal honeycomb sintered body of an aero-engine is characterized by comprising the following steps: the preparation method comprises the following steps which are carried out in sequence:
1) sequentially grinding the metal honeycomb sintered body samples by adopting an automatic grinding method according to the sequence of metallographic abrasive paper of 400#, 600#, 800#, 1000#, and 1200 #;
2) placing the metal honeycomb sintered body sample polished in the step 1) into an ultrasonic cleaning machine for ultrasonic cleaning;
3) will analytically pure Cr2O3Mixing the powder, water and polyphenyl ester according to a proportion, and stirring and mixing the mixture at room temperature by adopting a magnetic stirrer to prepare polishing suspension with lubricating and cleaning functions;
4) wetting polishing cloth with the polishing suspension, polishing the metal honeycomb metallographic specimen cleaned and lubricated in the step 2) on an automatic polishing machine, continuously conveying the polishing suspension into a polishing disc by using a peristaltic pump in the polishing process, and preliminarily lubricating and cleaning the metallographic specimen while removing fine scratches on the surface of the metal honeycomb metallographic specimen;
5) mixing polyphenyl ester and water in proportion, and stirring and mixing at room temperature by using a magnetic stirrer to prepare lubricating and cleaning suspension;
6) and (3) replacing a new polishing cloth, and performing final lubrication and cleaning treatment on the metal honeycomb metallographic specimen polished and preliminarily cleaned and lubricated in the step (4) on an automatic polishing machine by using the lubricating and cleaning suspension prepared in the step (5), so as to prepare the metal honeycomb sintered body metallographic specimen with a real microstructure.
In step 1), the process parameters of the polishing process are as follows:
disc rotation speed: 200 to 250 r/min;
sample rotation speed: the disc is in the same direction of 180-220 r/min;
pressure: 5-10N;
sanding time per grit sandpaper: 0.5-1 min.
In step 2), the ultrasonic cleaning process is as follows:
temperature: 20-40 ℃;
cleaning medium: 100% KBM401 lubricant;
cleaning time: 0.5-1 h;
furthermore, in step 3), Cr is contained in the polishing suspension2O3The mass percentages of the powder, the water and the polyphenyl ester, and the rotating speed and the stirring time of the magnetic stirrer after mixing are respectively as follows:
Cr2O3：7～10％；
water: 85-90%;
polyphenyl ester: the granularity is 800 meshes and is 3-5%;
rotating speed: 400 to 500r/min
Stirring time: not less than 30 min.
In step 4), the process parameters of the polishing process are respectively as follows:
disc rotation speed: 200 to 250 r/min;
sample rotation speed: the direction of the disc is opposite to that of the disc, and the speed is 180-220 r/min;
pressure: 10-15N;
peristaltic pump flow: 20-30 ml/min;
polishing time: 3-4 min.
In step 5), the mass percentages of water and the polyphenyl ester in the lubricating and cleaning suspension, the rotating speed of the magnetic stirrer after mixing and the stirring time are respectively as follows:
water: 90-95%;
polyphenyl ester: the granularity is 800 meshes and is 5-10%;
rotating speed: 400 to 500r/min
Stirring time: not less than 30 min.
In step 6), the process parameters of the lubrication cleaning process are respectively as follows:
disc rotation speed: 250-300 r/min;
sample rotation speed: the direction of the disc is opposite to that of the disc, and the speed is 180-220 r/min;
pressure: 5-10N;
peristaltic pump flow: 50-60 ml/min;
cleaning time: 1-1.5 min.
Moreover, in the step 4) and the step 6), the polishing cloth is short-fluff canvas.
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
1. the preparation method of the metallographic specimen of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aero-engine can ensure the micro-cutting effect of Cr2O3 particles, greatly reduce the adhesion capacity of the cut material on the metallographic specimen and polishing cloth mainly through the lubricating effect of the solid lubricant, solve the problem that the cut material is easy to adhere and transfer to the inside of the holes of the porous material, and obtain the real metallographic structure of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aero-engine.
2. According to the preparation method of the metallographic specimen of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aero-engine, the whole metallographic preparation process is machine automated operation, the preparation process is adjustable, the influence of human factors is avoided, and the quality stability of the metallographic preparation is improved while the fact that a real microstructure is obtained is ensured.
Drawings
FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) are a scanning electron microscope image and a composition analysis result image of a nickel-aluminum metal powder before and after sintering, respectively;
FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) are a splice view and a partial enlarged view, respectively, of an abnormal metallographic phase of a metal honeycomb sample obtained by a conventional polishing method;
fig. 3(a) and 3(b) are a splicing diagram and a partially enlarged diagram of the metallographic phase of the nickel aluminum honeycomb obtained by the polishing method of the invention for the same metal honeycomb sample in fig. 2.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative, not limiting and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The preparation method of the metallographic sample of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine provided by the embodiment comprises the following steps in sequence:
1) setting a disc rotating speed of 220r/min, rotating the sample and the disc in the same direction, wherein the rotating speed is 200r/min, the pressure is 5N, and the time is 1min, and sequentially polishing the metal honeycomb sintered body sample by adopting an automatic polishing method according to the sequence of metallographic abrasive paper of 400#, 600#, 800#, 1000# and 1200 #;
2) placing the metal honeycomb sintered body sample polished in the step 1) into an ultrasonic cleaning machine for ultrasonic cleaning, wherein the temperature is 30 ℃, the cleaning medium is 100% KBM401 lubricant, and the cleaning time is 0.7 h;
3) mixing 14g of analytically pure Cr2O3 powder, 180g of water and 6g of polyphenyl ester, and stirring and mixing for 30min at 30 ℃ and 400r/min by using a magnetic stirrer, thereby preparing a polishing suspension with lubricating and cleaning functions;
4) wetting short-fluff canvas serving as polishing cloth by using the polishing suspension prepared in the step 3), and then polishing a polished metal honeycomb sintered body sample on an automatic polishing machine, wherein the rotating speed of a disc is 220r/min, the sample and the disc rotate in the same direction, the rotating speed is 200r/min, the pressure is 10N, the time is 4min, and the flow of a peristaltic pump is 30 ml/min;
5) mixing 180g of water and 20g of polyphenyl ester, and stirring and mixing for 30min at 30 ℃ and 400r/min by using a magnetic stirrer, thereby preparing lubricating and cleaning suspension;
6) replacing a new short-fluff canvas serving as polishing cloth, wetting the canvas by using the suspension prepared in the step 5), and finally lubricating and cleaning the metal honeycomb sintered body sample obtained in the step 4), wherein the rotating speed of a disc is 270r/min, the rotating speed of the sample and the disc rotate in a different direction, the rotating speed is 200r/min, the pressure is 5N, the time is 1min, and the flow of a peristaltic pump is 50 ml/min.
Example 2
The preparation method of the metallographic sample of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine provided by the embodiment comprises the following steps in sequence:
1) setting the rotation speed of a disc to be 200r/min, rotating the sample and the disc in the same direction, setting the rotation speed to be 180r/min, the pressure to be 10N and the time to be 1min, and sequentially polishing the metal honeycomb sintered body sample by adopting an automatic polishing method according to the sequence of metallographic abrasive paper of 400#, 600#, 800#, 1000# and 1200 #;
2) placing the metal honeycomb sintered body sample polished in the step 1) into an ultrasonic cleaning machine for ultrasonic cleaning at the temperature of 20 ℃ for 1h, wherein the cleaning medium is 100% KBM401 lubricant;
3) 20g of analytically pure Cr2O3 powder, 170g of water and 10g of polyphenyl ester are mixed, and then stirred and mixed for 30min at the temperature of 20 ℃ and the rotating speed of 450r/min by using a magnetic stirrer, so that polishing suspension with the functions of lubrication and cleaning is prepared;
4) wetting short-fluff canvas serving as polishing cloth by using the polishing solution prepared in the step 3), and then polishing a polished metal honeycomb sintered body sample on an automatic polishing machine, wherein the rotating speed of a disc is 200r/min, the sample and the disc rotate in the same direction, the rotating speed is 180r/min, the pressure is 15N, the time is 4min, and the flow of a peristaltic pump is 30 ml/min;
5) mixing 190g of water and 10g of polyphenyl ester, and stirring and mixing for 30min at the temperature of 20 ℃ and the rotating speed of 400r/min by using a magnetic stirrer, thereby preparing lubricating and cleaning suspension;
6) replacing a new short fluffy canvas serving as polishing cloth, wetting the canvas by the suspension prepared in the step 5), and finally lubricating and cleaning the metal honeycomb sintered body sample obtained in the step 4), wherein the rotating speed of a disc is 250r/min, the sample and the disc rotate in a different direction, the rotating speed is 180r/min, the pressure is 10N, the time is 1.5min, and the flow rate of a peristaltic pump is 60 ml/min.
Example 3
The preparation method of the metallographic sample of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine provided by the embodiment comprises the following steps in sequence:
1) setting the rotation speed of the disc to be 250r/min, rotating the sample and the disc in the same direction, wherein the rotation speed is 220r/min, the pressure is 5N, and the time is 0.5min, and sequentially polishing the metal honeycomb sintered body sample by adopting an automatic polishing method according to the sequence of metallographic abrasive paper of 400#, 600#, 800#, 1000# and 1200 #;
2) placing the metal honeycomb sintered body sample polished in the step 1) into an ultrasonic cleaning machine for ultrasonic cleaning at 40 ℃ with a cleaning medium of 100% KBM401 lubricant for 0.5 h;
3) mixing 17g of analytically pure Cr2O3 powder, 175g of water and 8g of polyphenyl ester, and stirring and mixing for 30min at 40 ℃ and 500r/min by using a magnetic stirrer, thereby preparing a polishing suspension with lubricating and cleaning functions;
4) wetting short-fluff canvas serving as polishing cloth by using the polishing solution prepared in the step 3), and then polishing a polished metal honeycomb sintered body sample on an automatic polishing machine, wherein the rotating speed of a disc is 250r/min, the sample and the disc rotate in the same direction, the rotating speed is 220r/min, the pressure is 10N, the time is 3min, and the flow of a peristaltic pump is 20 ml/min;
5) 185g of water and 15g of polyphenyl ester are mixed and stirred and mixed for 30min by a magnetic stirrer at 40 ℃ and the rotating speed of 500r/min, so that lubricating and cleaning suspension is prepared;
6) replacing a new short-fluff canvas serving as polishing cloth, wetting the canvas by using the suspension prepared in the step 5), and finally lubricating and cleaning the metal honeycomb sintered body sample obtained in the step 4), wherein the rotating speed of a disc is 300r/min, the sample and the disc rotate in a different direction, the rotating speed is 220r/min, the pressure is 10N, the time is 1min, and the flow rate of a peristaltic pump is 60 ml/min.
In order to verify the effect of the preparation method of the metallographic sample of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine, the metallographic sample prepared according to the embodiment and the metallographic sample of the metal honeycomb sintered body obtained by adopting the traditional polishing method are respectively observed and subjected to component analysis under a scanning electron microscope and a metallographic microscope.
FIG. 1(a) and FIG. 1(b) are a scanning electron microscope image and a composition analysis result image of a nickel aluminum metal powder before and after sintering, respectively. As can be seen from fig. 1(a), the nickel aluminum powder before sintering is in a solid sphere structure of nickel-coated aluminum, and as can be seen from fig. 1(b), the nickel aluminum powder after sintering is in a hollow sphere structure with a single structure, and a closed gap is formed at the interdiffusion position of the nickel aluminum powder.
Fig. 2(a) and 2(b) are a splice view and a partially enlarged view, respectively, of an abnormal metallographic phase of a metal honeycomb sample obtained by a conventional polishing method. As can be seen from fig. 2(a), a large amount of cut ni-al metal adheres to the entire metallographic specimen, and as can be seen from fig. 2(b), most of the pores in the metallographic specimen are filled with the cut ni-al metal, resulting in a non-true metallographic structure.
Fig. 3(a) and 3(b) are a splicing diagram and a partial enlarged view of the metallographic phase of the nickel-aluminum honeycomb obtained by the polishing method according to the present invention for the same metal honeycomb sample in fig. 2, respectively, and it can be seen from fig. 3(a) that almost no cut nickel-aluminum metal is adhered to the entire surface of the metallographic sample, and it can be seen from fig. 3(b) that the metallographic sample recovers the original pore morphology to obtain a true metallographic structure.
Although the embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying drawings are disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that: various substitutions, changes and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and the appended claims, and therefore the scope of the invention is not limited to the disclosure of the embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
Claims (8)
1. A preparation method of a metallographic sample of a metal honeycomb sintered body of an aero-engine is characterized by comprising the following steps: the preparation method comprises the following steps which are carried out in sequence:
1) sequentially grinding the metal honeycomb sintered body samples by adopting an automatic grinding method according to the sequence of metallographic abrasive paper of 400#, 600#, 800#, 1000#, and 1200 #;
2) placing the metal honeycomb sintered body sample polished in the step 1) into an ultrasonic cleaning machine for ultrasonic cleaning;
3) will analytically pure Cr2O3Mixing the powder, water and polyphenyl ester according to a proportion, and stirring and mixing the mixture at room temperature by adopting a magnetic stirrer to prepare polishing suspension with lubricating and cleaning functions;
4) wetting polishing cloth with the polishing suspension, polishing the metal honeycomb metallographic specimen cleaned and lubricated in the step 2) on an automatic polishing machine, continuously conveying the polishing suspension into a polishing disc by using a peristaltic pump in the polishing process, and preliminarily lubricating and cleaning the metallographic specimen while removing fine scratches on the surface of the metal honeycomb metallographic specimen;
5) mixing polyphenyl ester and water in proportion, and stirring and mixing at room temperature by using a magnetic stirrer to prepare lubricating and cleaning suspension;
6) and (3) replacing a new polishing cloth, and performing final lubrication and cleaning treatment on the metal honeycomb metallographic specimen polished and preliminarily cleaned and lubricated in the step (4) on an automatic polishing machine by using the lubricating and cleaning suspension prepared in the step (5), so as to prepare the metal honeycomb sintered body metallographic specimen with a real microstructure.
2. The preparation method of the metallographic specimen of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 1), the process parameters of the polishing process are as follows:
disc rotation speed: 200 to 250 r/min;
sample rotation speed: the disc is in the same direction of 180-220 r/min;
pressure: 5-10N;
sanding time per grit sandpaper: 0.5-1 min.
3. The preparation method of the metallographic specimen of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 2), the ultrasonic cleaning process comprises the following steps:
temperature: 20-40 ℃;
cleaning medium: 100% KBM401 lubricant;
cleaning time: 0.5 to 1 hour.
4. The preparation method of the metallographic specimen of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step 3), Cr is contained in the polishing suspension2O3The mass percentages of the powder, the water and the polyphenyl ester, and the rotating speed and the stirring time of the magnetic stirrer after mixing are respectively as follows:
Cr2O3：7～10％；
water: 85-90%;
polyphenyl ester: the granularity is 800 meshes and is 3-5%;
rotating speed: 400 to 500r/min
Stirring time: not less than 30 min.
5. The preparation method of the metallographic specimen of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step 4), the process parameters of the polishing process are respectively as follows:
disc rotation speed: 200 to 250 r/min;
sample rotation speed: the direction of the disc is opposite to that of the disc, and the speed is 180-220 r/min;
pressure: 10-15N;
peristaltic pump flow: 20-30 ml/min;
polishing time: 3-4 min.
6. The preparation method of the metallographic specimen of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step 5), the mass percentages of the water and the polyphenyl ester in the lubricating and cleaning suspension, the rotating speed of the magnetic stirrer after mixing and the stirring time are respectively as follows:
water: 90-95%;
polyphenyl ester: the granularity is 800 meshes and is 5-10%;
rotating speed: 400 to 500r/min
Stirring time: not less than 30 min.
7. The preparation method of the metallographic specimen of the metal honeycomb sintered body of the aircraft engine according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step 6), the process parameters of the lubricating and cleaning process are respectively as follows:
disc rotation speed: 250-300 r/min;
sample rotation speed: the direction of the disc is opposite to that of the disc, and the speed is 180-220 r/min;
pressure: 5-10N;
peristaltic pump flow: 50-60 ml/min;
cleaning time: 1-1.5 min.
8. The polishing method of the pore-closed type porous material metallographic specimen according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the steps 4) and 6), the polishing cloth is short-fluff canvas.
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105628479A (en) * | 2015-12-18 | 2016-06-01 | 中国民航大学 | Polishing method aiming at metallographic specimen of of pore-closed type porous material |
| CN106289855A (en) * | 2016-08-26 | 2017-01-04 | 北京星航机电装备有限公司 | Brazing metal honeycomb texture welding quality metallographic detection method |
| US20170074755A1 (en) * | 2012-11-13 | 2017-03-16 | Ues, Inc. | Automated high speed metallographic system |
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2021
- 2021-04-02 CN CN202110360624.4A patent/CN113092208A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20170074755A1 (en) * | 2012-11-13 | 2017-03-16 | Ues, Inc. | Automated high speed metallographic system |
| CN105628479A (en) * | 2015-12-18 | 2016-06-01 | 中国民航大学 | Polishing method aiming at metallographic specimen of of pore-closed type porous material |
| CN106289855A (en) * | 2016-08-26 | 2017-01-04 | 北京星航机电装备有限公司 | Brazing metal honeycomb texture welding quality metallographic detection method |
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| 彭成红: "《机械工程材料综合实验》", 31 March 2017, 华南理工大学出版社 * |
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Application publication date: 20210709 |