CN113091923B - Double-pulse superposition avalanche signal extraction method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for extracting a double-pulse superposed avalanche signal, which adopts a channel to provide a gate pulse signal of an APD (avalanche photo diode) and adopts a positive phase pulse signal for superposing and highlighting the avalanche signal under the working condition of a normal gate signal. The method is suitable for extracting the avalanche signal under the conventional and deformed SPADs capacitance spike noise signals, and has wide application range; an amplifier is not needed when the avalanche signal is extracted, so that the circuit is simplified, and extra noise generated by introducing an amplifier element into the circuit is avoided; the method can work in a gated quenching circuit with smaller gating width, and compared with a synchronous gate method, the method requires flatness between an upper capacitor peak and a lower capacitor peak of the APD, can effectively extract avalanche signals, and greatly improves the working frequency of the APD; the design cost and the circuit arrangement limit of the circuit are reduced, and the cost of the SPADs is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of avalanche detection monitoring, and relates to a method for extracting a double-pulse superposition avalanche signal.
Background
Single photon avalanche diode detectors (SPADs) utilize the semiconductor avalanche effect in high electric fields for single photon detection, i.e. operating in Geiger mode, the bias voltage V on the avalanche photodiode needs to be higher than its breakdown voltage VBDSo that the multiplication layer has enough electric field to carry out continuous impact ionization process, thereby detecting a large amount of avalanche charges induced by single photon. At the moment, the avalanche current has the characteristic of self-maintenance, so that in order to avoid complete breakdown and damage of the device caused by overlarge avalanche current, the electric field of the multiplication layer needs to be rapidly reduced through an external circuit to quench the avalanche event, and preparation for detecting a next single photon is made. In summary, quenching of SPADs detectorsThe circuit and the signal extraction circuit are indispensable parts for single photon detection, and play a vital role in the performance of SPADs.
At present, the mainstream quenching circuit is a gated quenching circuit, and has the advantages of high detection efficiency and low dark counting rate. Gated quenching (Gated quenching) refers to the application of a voltage V not exceeding the breakdown voltage across SPADsBDD.c. bias VBLThe avalanche of the device is mainly controlled by the applied gate pulse, when the gate pulse is high Vgate (gate width T)ONOn the order of nanoseconds to microseconds) the applied bias on the SPADs is: vgate + VBLThe amplitude is higher than the breakdown voltage, the SPADs start to avalanche and count, and the SPADs are in the off state otherwise.
The problem that the application of the gating quenching circuit is limited at present is the capacitance spike noise problem caused by gate pulse, because an Avalanche Photodiode (APD) has junction capacitance, and parasitic capacitance generated by various electronic devices in the circuit can generate capacitance spike signals (the amplitude of the capacitance spike signals is far higher than that of avalanche current signals under most conditions) when gating pulse is applied to SPADs, and the detection of the avalanche signals is seriously influenced. Through the miniaturization and integration of electronic components, parasitic capacitance can be reduced to several picofarads, junction capacitance of SPADs can be optimized through structural design and material growth, but spike noise accompanying a gated quenching circuit is always a main problem for restricting avalanche signal extraction. In order to effectively extract the avalanche signal and obtain higher detection efficiency or high working frequency, researchers in various countries around the world have proposed various solutions in recent years, such as time delay counting methods, self-differentiation, capacitance balancing, synchronous gates, and sine filtering. However, these methods all aim to suppress the capacitance spike noise generated by the SPADs, and the capacitance of the SPADs also changes along with the change of the external bias during operation, so that the capacitance spike noise is difficult to remove by adopting a self-differential scheme and a capacitance balancing method; meanwhile, due to impedance mismatch, phase difference and the like in the circuit, the capacitance spike signals of the SPADs are distorted in shape, and difficulty in processing spike noise signals is increased. In addition, these methods require an extra amplifier to amplify the avalanche signal in order to detect the avalanche signal (in mV order) so that the avalanche signal can be detected more easily by a counter or the like, which increases the complexity of the circuit and may also introduce circuit noise.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above problem, a method for extracting a double-pulse superimposed avalanche signal is proposed, which is different from a conventional method for suppressing spike noise in that an avalanche signal is made higher than a spike noise signal by superimposing a pulse signal, and the spike noise is removed by setting a threshold level. The method can solve the problem that avalanche signals are difficult to extract due to overlarge peak capacitance noise amplitude and distortion caused by gating, and simultaneously, the problem of circuit noise caused by the introduction of an amplifier is solved.
The specific technical scheme is as follows: under the working condition of normal gating signals, one channel is used for providing gating pulse signals of APDs, and the other channel is used for providing positive phase pulse signals for superposition and protrusion of avalanche signals.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, setting a gating amplitude value and a gating frequency according to a required gating frequency, observing the avalanche signal output condition of the APD under the gating quenching circuit by adopting an oscilloscope, and determining and recording the approximate position of the avalanche signal;
s2, coupling the output signal of the APD with a positive phase pulse signal having a frequency equal to the gate control pulse, the signal initially set to a pulse width less than the avalanche pulse width;
s3, adjusting the time delay between the APD output signal and the positive phase pulse signal, and simultaneously observing the display effect on the oscilloscope to ensure that the pulse signal is effectively superposed at the position where the avalanche signal occurs; finely adjusting the amplitude and the pulse width of the normal-phase pulse signal, observing through an oscilloscope, and ensuring that the superposed avalanche signal is at the peak value of an APD output signal;
s4, setting the sum of the DC bias voltage and the gate pulse amplitude of the APD below the breakdown voltage, and observing the level value V of the APD peak output on an oscilloscopePeak(s)And recording;
s5, connecting the output signal of APD to the counter, and setting the threshold level to VPeak(s)To zero the counter count;
s6, increasing the DC bias voltage on the APD, and enabling the sum of the DC bias voltage and the gate control pulse amplitude to be larger than the breakdown voltage, wherein avalanche occurs at the moment, and the counter starts counting, namely dark counting;
s7, after the dark count is read, the laser is turned on, the light of the laser is output to the APD through the optical fiber, the count of the counter is increased at the moment, the count of the light at the moment is recorded, and the effective light count is obtained after the dark count is subtracted from the light count;
and S8, adding an additional direct current bias, repeating S6 and S7 to obtain dark counts, light counts and effective light counts under different biases, and finishing the test.
The positive phase pulse settings for superposition need to satisfy the following basic requirements:
(1) time of occurrence of pulse: the avalanche frequency is the same as the avalanche frequency when the avalanche signal is positioned near the position where the avalanche signal occurs;
(2) pulse amplitude: the amplitude is at least greater than the APD capacitance spike noise amplitude.
The method for extracting the double-pulse superposition avalanche signal has the following technical effects:
(1) the method is suitable for extracting avalanche signals under conventional and deformed SPADs capacitance spike noise signals, and has wide application range;
(2) an amplifier is not needed when the avalanche signal is extracted, so that the circuit is simplified, and extra noise generated by introducing an amplifier element into the circuit is avoided;
(3) the superimposed pulse may be a square pulse or even a triangular spike pulse, and its purpose is to project the avalanche pulse signal from between the capacitor spikes. The method has the advantages that the method can work in a gated quenching circuit with smaller gating width, and compared with a synchronous gate method, the method requires that the gap between the upper and lower two capacitance peaks of the APD needs to be flat, so that the working frequency of the APD is greatly improved;
(4) the requirements for circuit parasitic capacitance, impedance matching and the like are greatly reduced, and the use of the method cannot be influenced even if capacitance noise signal distortion occurs due to circuit reasons. This advantage has the beneficial effect of reducing the cost of circuit design and circuit layout limitations, resulting in lower costs for SPADs.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a double-pulse superposition system according to the present invention
FIG. 2a is a typical capacitive noise signal in an embodiment;
FIG. 2b is a pulse signal obtained by the pulse superposition method corresponding to FIG. 2a in the embodiment;
figure 3 shows that the avalanche signal exceeds 624mV when avalanche occurs in the embodiment.
Detailed Description
The specific technical scheme of the invention is described by combining the embodiment.
The specific implementation method of the double-pulse superposition method of the invention adopts a system as shown in figure 1: under normal gating signal operating conditions, one channel is used to provide the APD gating pulse signal, and the other channel provides the positive phase pulse signal for the avalanche signal overlap protrusion.
In this embodiment, FIG. 2a shows the output noise of SPADs in typical gated quench pulse mode, where the maximum peak-to-peak value V of the noise is shownp-pAlready over 900mV, the avalanche signal only appears in the circle position in the figure, and the amplitude of the avalanche signal itself is only in the order of tens of millivolts, so to speak, completely submerged in the noise and cannot be extracted.
Fig. 2b shows the superimposed pulse signal with an amplitude of 2.6V, a pulse width of 6.9ns, and a rising and falling edge of 3.9ns and 1ns, respectively, with a delay of 12.8ns compared to the gating pulse applied to the APD. After the signals on the left side and the right side are superposed, the signal at the position (the circle part) where the avalanche signal is generated is highlighted to the highest peak of the signal, the amplitude is higher than 600mV and is larger than other noise signals, at the moment, if the avalanche signal comes, the avalanche signal can be displayed on more than 600mV, the avalanche signal can be easily identified and detected, and only one detection threshold level which exceeds 600mV, for example 624mV, is used for extracting the avalanche signal.
The specific effect of the double pulse superposition method after the signals in fig. 2a and 2b are superposed and the delay is adjusted is shown in fig. 3, in which the inside of the circle is the avalanche signal emitted by the APD.
Claims (3)
1. The method for extracting the double-pulse superposition avalanche signal is characterized in that under the working condition of a normal gate control signal, one channel is adopted to provide the gate control pulse signal of the APD, and the other channel provides a positive phase pulse signal for superposition protrusion of the avalanche signal;
the method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, setting the amplitude and frequency of the gate control pulse signal according to the required gate control pulse signal frequency, observing the avalanche signal output condition of the APD under the gate control pulse signal quenching circuit by adopting an oscilloscope, and determining and recording the approximate position of the avalanche signal;
s2, coupling the output signal of the APD with a positive phase pulse signal having a frequency equal to the gate control pulse signal;
s3, adjusting the time delay between the APD output signal and the positive phase pulse signal, and simultaneously observing the display effect on the oscilloscope to ensure that the pulse signal is effectively superposed at the position where the avalanche signal occurs; finely adjusting the amplitude and the pulse width of the normal-phase pulse signal, observing through an oscilloscope, and ensuring that the superposed avalanche signal is at the peak value of an APD output signal;
s4, setting the sum of the DC bias voltage and the gate pulse amplitude of the APD below the breakdown voltage, and observing the level value V of the APD peak output on an oscilloscopePeak(s)And recording;
s5, connecting the output signal of APD to the counter, and setting the threshold level to VPeak(s)To zero the counter count;
s6, increasing the DC bias voltage on the APD, and enabling the sum of the DC bias voltage and the gate control pulse amplitude to be larger than the breakdown voltage, wherein avalanche occurs at the moment, and the counter starts counting, namely dark counting;
s7, after the dark count is read, the laser is turned on, the light of the laser is output to the APD through the optical fiber, the count of the counter is increased at the moment, the count of the light at the moment is recorded, and the effective light count is obtained after the dark count is subtracted from the light count;
and S8, adding an additional direct current bias, repeating S6 and S7 to obtain dark counts, light counts and effective light counts under different biases, and finishing the test.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein in S2, the positive phase pulse signal is initially set to have a pulse width smaller than the avalanche signal pulse width and an amplitude at least larger than the amplitude of the capacitive spike noise output from the APD.
3. The method for extracting a double-pulse-superimposed avalanche signal according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the time of occurrence of the positive-phase pulse signal is determined to be near the position where the avalanche signal occurs, and the frequency is the same as the avalanche frequency.
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