CN113069500B - 一种治疗痹痛的膏药及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种治疗痹痛的膏药及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN113069500B
CN113069500B CN202110524881.7A CN202110524881A CN113069500B CN 113069500 B CN113069500 B CN 113069500B CN 202110524881 A CN202110524881 A CN 202110524881A CN 113069500 B CN113069500 B CN 113069500B
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arthralgia
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孙瑞芬
陈鑫
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Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM
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Abstract

本发明提供一种治疗痹痛的膏药及其制备方法,包括(1)浸泡、(2)下药、(3)炼油、(4)熬制、(5)下丹、(6)去烟毒、(7)检查膏药老嫩、(8)去火毒、(9)膏药的摊涂。本发明提供的一种治疗痹痛的膏药及其制备方法,提高了药物利用率,减少了膏药制作过程中的浪费。此痹痛黑膏在减缓“痹证”症状上有明显的作用,在治疗此类疾病方面可能具有广阔的前景。

Description

一种治疗痹痛的膏药及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于中药技术领域,具体涉及一种治疗痹痛的膏药及其制备方法。
背景技术
膏药属于中国传统治疗方法之一,系中医丸、散、膏、汤、丹五大剂型之一。历代医家均崇尚“外治之理即为内治之理”,至今已流传几千年,它是全科治疗实行的一种内病外治的极佳方法,利用药物直接施于病者外表穴位或患处,借助经络的通路发挥药物的通径走络、行滞去瘀、开窍透骨、舒筋活血、消肿化瘀、驱风散寒的功能,从而达到治愈疾病的目的。膏药即是外治法最常见、效果最好的一种剂型,深受广泛群众的欢迎。
中医认为,痹证主要是因感受风、寒、湿、热之邪,使经络及气血津液运行受阻,引起关节肿胀、疼痛、酸楚麻木甚至屈伸不利为主要症状的病证。现代医学中的风湿性关节炎、退行性骨关节炎、痛风、腰颈椎病变等均属“痹证”范畴。可见风寒、湿热阻滞经络使气血津液运行受阻是痹证的主要病机,治疗应以祛邪通络为原则。《素问·痹论》曰:“风寒湿三气杂至,合而为痹也。其风气胜者为行痹,寒气胜者为痛痹,湿气胜者为著痹也。”痹证的主要病因为正虚邪侵,主要病机为风、寒、湿、热等邪气侵袭人体肌肤、筋肉、骨节等部位,导致气血闭阻、经络不通,即不通则痛。该病以正气虚衰为内因,风寒湿热之邪为外因。
传统黑膏药的制作方法,要领及注意事项:一丹二油,膏药呈稠,三上三下,熬枯去渣,滴水成珠,离火下丹,丹熟造化,冷水地下,其形黑似漆,热则软,凉则硬,贴之即粘,拔之即起。
详细步骤:
①基质原料的选择与药料的处理
植物油:以质地纯净的麻油为好。其优点是炼时泡沫少,有利于操作。且制成的膏药色泽光亮,性粘,质量好。亦可以采用棉子油、菜子油、花生油等,不宜用豆油。黄丹:又称章丹、铅丹、红丹、陶丹,橘黄色,质重,粉末状,主要成为为四氧化三铅,纯度要求在95%以上,且不含水分。药料的处理:药料可分为一般药料(粗料)与细料两类。粗料为一般性的中药根茎叶等,细料为贵重药与芳香药。粗料按处方取好,并进行适当的粉碎,为熬枯去渣作准备。细料如麝香等研成细粉备用,摊涂时撒在膏药表面;可溶性或挥发性的细料如冰片、樟脑、没药、乳香等可先研为细粉备用,在摊涂前投入熔化的膏药中混匀。(细粉要过120目筛);
②药料的提取(熬枯去渣):取植物油置锅中,微热后将药料投入,加热并不断搅拌,直至药料炸至表面深褐色内部焦黄为度。此时温度可达220度,炸好后可用铁丝筛捞去药渣,去渣后的油为药油(锅最好用铜锅,控制温度可用专用高温温度计)。
③炼油:取上述药油继续熬炼,待油温度上升到320度,改用中火。炼油的火候:一是看温度计,达到规定温度;二是看油烟,开始为浅青色,渐为黑而浓,进而为白色浓烟,无风时白烟直上;三是看油花:沸腾开始时,油花多在锅壁周边附近,当油花向锅中央聚集时为度;四是看滴水成珠:取少许药油滴于水中,不散开成珠状为度。
④下丹成膏:药油炼成后,离火下丹,一般500克油可加250克左右丹,黄丹在下前先干燥并过100目筛。少量加丹,边加边搅动,一定要向同方向搅拌。搅成粘稠的膏体,膏药不粘手,拉丝不断为好,过硬则老,过粘则嫩。
⑤滩涂:取膏药团置于容器中,在水浴或文火上熔化,将细料兑入,搅匀,用竹签取一定量的膏药在牛皮纸或膏药布上即可,麝香等特别贵重的药以及易挥发的冰片、樟脑、薄荷等可最后撒上。
由于上述传统制作工艺药物有效成分提取不完全且易被破坏,同时油浸药渣及同时煎炸造成很大浪费。
为此在传统制作工艺的基础上需要对其进行了工艺改进,使其既保留了铅皂的粘着力,又提高了药物治疗的有效性及经济效益。
发明内容
针对上述技术问题,本发明提供一种治疗痹痛的膏药及其制备方法。
具体的技术方案为:
一种治疗痹痛的膏药,包括以下药材:
生马钱子60g,生草乌50g,生川乌50g,生天南星50g,元胡60g,川芎50g,牛膝50g,杜仲50g,骨碎补50g,三七粉80g,蜈蚣50g,全蝎50g,乌蛇60g,蛴螬30g,威灵仙90g,桂枝60g,生甘遂30g,三分三30g,甘草50g,洋金花50g,辽细辛35g,乳香30g,没药30g,冰片20g,龙血竭80g;漳丹1400-2500g。
具体的制备方法为:
(1)浸泡
取上述剂量药材浸入五升植物油七日
(2)下药
药油分离后把香油入锅内加热熬至40-80℃后,按处方要求将应入的药物陆续下锅,根据处方要求,将用药秤准,配齐,分批入油中煎,先将生草乌、生川乌、生天南星、川芎、牛膝、杜仲、骨碎补、生甘遂、三分三放入油中,次下生马钱子、威灵仙、桂枝、甘草,最后下蜈蚣、全蝎、乌蛇、蛴螬;
细料,洋金花、辽细辛、乳香、没药、冰片、龙血竭、三七粉不能同油共熬,碾成细粉在膏成摊贴时掺入膏药内。
(3)炼油
下药后,如有漂浮在油面的药物,需用漏勺压沉,数分钟后将诸药翻搅一次再压沉,如此后复数次,即“三上三下”使诸药均能煎透以达到更好地提取药物有效成分;熬至诸药焦枯,即使诸药外表呈深褐色内部焦黄色为度,用漏勺将药渣捞出,把药渣与药油分离净尽;去药渣时油的温度;200-250℃;去渣后,将药油继续煎熬约10分钟;
(4)熬制
将熬成的药油倾人瓷盆内,等沉淀后再进行过滤,将滤过的药油复入锅内,以先小火后大火的火力,不停地搅动熬制5-6小时,熬油标准是所谓“滴水成珠”,即以搅棒蘸油滴冷水中,油滴在水中不散开并凝聚成一团呈饼状。如油滴散开须再熬,再试至油熬成时要举大火炼油,3-5分钟,温度在300-360℃;
(5)下丹
熬油时,以发生的烟色来判断成否。油熬至沸,发青色烟,烟很淡,当青烟由淡变浓并发灰白色时再熬,则烟又渐渐由青烟变白色并还有清香药味,此时表示油快要熬成。时间1-2分钟,下丹时将丹置在细筛内,持筛缓缓弹动,使丹均匀撒在油中,迅速搅拌;下丹时间,5-10分钟,用丹的标准,因膏药种类、季节不同而不同。但一般夏季每500毫升油用漳丹240克,冬季用120克,秋春两季用210克为宜,如因丹不纯可酌情增加、夏季用至300克。下丹后,丹与药油在高温下迅速发生化学变化,油立刻起沫沸腾。此时必须不住地搅动或酌情喷点冷水,则油沫自落。油由黄褐色稀浆变成黑褐色的稠膏,并逐渐变成黑亮的膏药,在这一系列的变化中,放出大量具有刺激性的浓烟(青烟);
(6)去烟毒
当烟由青色变成白色时,并有膏药的香味放出,表示膏药已成。这时倒入少量冷水入膏药中激之,则发生爆响声,烟大出,更须加强搅动3-5分钟,以除去烟毒,然后离火。
(7)检查膏药老嫩
滴水成珠:将膏油滴入水中成珠不散、膏色黑亮,表示火候适中;灰色表示未成需再熬。滴冷水中,冷后粘手发软拉不成丝者,表示太嫩,如象豆腐渣似的则为太老,火候适中,为捏之不粘而有力,色黑润而有光泽。
(8)去火毒
膏药熬成后,倾人备好的冷水盆中,倾倒时将水朝一个方向搅转,使膏药倾入后,集聚成整团,浸泡3-7天,并每日换新水以除去火毒;
(9)膏药的摊涂
把膏药被子准备好,把拔过火毒的膏药加热熔化,防止火大使膏药变质,在熔化过程中要勤搅动,受热均匀,温度为70-90℃之间,待膏药完全熔化后再加入细料,涂膏药时要由中央慢慢向四周摊涂为好,最后对折即可。
本发明提供的一种治疗痹痛的膏药及其制备方法,提高了药物利用率,减少了膏药制作过程中的浪费。
本发明提供的痹痛黑膏在坚持古法炮制的基础上改进创新制作工艺,辨证论治调整药方。所熬制出的膏药形黑似漆,热则软,凉则硬,贴之即粘,拔之即起。经SD大鼠动物实验验证,膏药在大鼠造模成功后,主观观察到给药组的大鼠炎症恢复期相比模型组要明显缩短。抗炎因子IL-10的水平可随给药时间延长表达逐渐升高,促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α在造模后明显升高,而给药后可明显抑制其表达。现代医学中的关节炎、腰颈椎病变等均属“痹证”范畴。历代医家均崇尚“外治之理即为内治之理”,至今已流传几千年,它是全科治疗实行的一种内病外治的极佳方法,利用药物直接施于病者外表穴位或患处,借助经络的通路发挥药物的通经走络、行滞去瘀、开窍透骨、舒筋活血、消肿化瘀、驱风散寒的功能,从而达到治愈疾病的目的。此痹痛黑膏在减缓“痹证”症状上有明显的作用,在治疗此类疾病方面可能具有广阔的前景。
附图说明
图1是本发明的流程示意图;
图2是本发明熬制的膏效果图;
图3是本发明制成的膏药;
图4是实施例SD大鼠造模后给药3天和7天的主观变化;
图5a是实施例SD大鼠血清促炎因子IL-6水平变化;
图5b是实施例SD大鼠血清促炎因子TNF-α水平变化;
图5c是实施例SD大鼠血清抗炎因子IL-10水平变化。
具体实施方式
结合实施例说明本发明的具体技术方案。
本发明的处方为:
生马钱子60g,生草乌50g,生川乌50g,生天南星50g,元胡60g,川芎50g,牛膝50g,杜仲50g,骨碎补50g,三七粉80g,蜈蚣50g,全蝎50g,乌蛇60g,蛴螬30g,威灵仙90g,桂枝60g,生甘遂30g,三分三30g,甘草50g,洋金花50g,辽细辛35g,乳香30g,没药30g,冰片20g,龙血竭80g;漳丹1400-2500g。
1器材、药物及辅料
①天平一台(称药配料用)、450℃温度计一支、过滤器—具、消毒纱布数块、细铁筛子和铁漏勺各一个(捞油渣和过滤药油用)、铁锅二个(口径二尺左右)、盛药的细瓷盆—个、水缸—个、搅膏药用的桑木棍一根、燃料用煤炭或木柴均可,一般古法常用桑、槐等木作燃料、炉灶安有前后锅,后锅煎药油,前锅熬膏药。
②植物油:芝麻油最好,或胡麻油、花生油、大豆油和菜籽油,古法中也有常加桐油者。同时亦可使用桐油、石腊与黄丹混合制膏的方法,以减少植物食油的应用。
黄丹:又名东丹、漳丹、红丹、铝丹、广丹,其化学成分主要是Pb304,以红色为最好。中药用药分群药和细料,应按照处方配制要求,依法炮制备用。
2制备工艺,如图1所示。
(1)浸泡
取上述剂量药物浸入五升芝麻油七日;
(2)下药
药油分离后把香油入锅内加热熬至40-80℃后,按处方要求将应入的药物陆续下锅,根据处方要求,将用药秤准,配齐,分批入油中煎(漳丹和细料除外),先将生草乌、生川乌、生天南星、川芎、牛膝、杜仲、骨碎补、生甘遂、三分三放入油中,次下生马钱子、威灵仙、桂枝、甘草,最后下蜈蚣、全蝎、乌蛇、蛴螬。
香窜药及珍贵细料洋金花、辽细辛、乳香、没药、冰片、龙血竭、三七粉不能同油共熬,碾成细粉在膏成摊贴时掺入膏药内。
(3)炼油
下药后,如有漂浮在油面的药物,需用漏勺压沉,数分钟后将诸药翻搅一次再压沉,如此后复数次,即“三上三下”使诸药均能煎透以达到更好地提取药物有效成分。这—操作熬至诸药焦枯(但不可枯而变炭),即使诸药外表呈深褐色内部焦黄色为度。这时用漏勺将药渣捞出,把药渣与药油分离净尽。这一过程一般约用20-30分钟,去药渣时油的温度约在200-250℃左右。
但也可根据药料的不同、煎透的难易,灵活掌握温度的时间,总之,火力不宜太大,以防药料焦枯变质,所以历来常以“微火”煎炸。去渣后,将药油继续煎熬约10分钟。
(4)熬制
将熬成的药油倾人瓷盆内,等沉淀后再进行过滤,以保证药质量柔细。将滤过的药油复入锅内,以先小火后大火的火力,不停地搅动。这一过程约需5-6小时,这一操作是熬制膏药的关键。因熬油适中与否决定膏药的质量,如油熬得不到火候则膏药质软松,贴后受热流动不能固着患部;如熬油太过,不但出膏少,更主要的是使膏药质硬,粘着力小,容易脱落或者造成废品。熬油恰到好处的标志是所谓“滴水成珠”,即以搅棒蘸油滴冷水中,油滴在水中不散开并凝聚成一团呈饼状。如油滴散开,说明油还未煎好即“太嫩”,须再熬,再试至油熬成时要举大火。炼油约3-5分钟,此时的温度一般在300-360℃上下。
(5)下丹
立即将锅离火,趁热下漳丹,不停地搅动。熬油时,还可以以发生的烟色来判断成否。油熬至沸,发青色烟,烟很淡,当青烟由淡变浓并发灰白色时再熬,则烟又渐渐由青烟变白色并还有清香药味,此时表示油快要熬成。时间约1-2分钟,须精心操作,并要不停地搅动,以免油在高温时发生燃烧。下丹时将丹置在细筛内,一人持筛缓缓弹动,使丹均匀撒在油中,一人用木棍迅速搅拌,使丹与药油充分产生作用,勿使丹浮油面或结粒沉于锅底。
下丹时间,一般约5-10分钟,用丹的标准,因膏药种类、季节不同而不同。但一般夏季每500毫升油用漳丹240克,冬季用120克,秋春两季用210克为宜,如因丹不纯可酌情增加、夏季用至300克。
下丹后,丹与药油在高温下迅速发生化学变化,油立刻起沫沸腾。此时必须不住地搅动或酌情喷点冷水,则油沫自落。否则会使药油外溢,发生火患,造成浪费,甚至造成灾害。由于丹与油发生化学变化,使油由黄褐色稀浆变成黑褐色的稠膏,并逐渐变成黑亮的膏药,在这一系列的变化中,放出大量具有刺激性的浓烟(青烟)。此时应迅速搅动,让烟与热尽可能飞散,不然会发火燃烧,使膏药变质。
(6)去烟毒
当烟由青色变成白色时,并有膏药的香味放出,表示膏药已成。这时倒入少量冷水入膏药中激之,则发生爆响声,烟大出,更须加强搅动3-5分钟,以除去烟毒,然后离火。
(7)检查膏药老嫩
滴水成珠:将膏油滴入水中成珠不散、膏色黑亮,表示火候适中;灰色表示未成需再熬。滴冷水中,冷后粘手发软拉不成丝者,表示太嫩,如象豆腐渣似的则为太老,火候适中,为捏之不粘而有力,色黑润而有光泽。如图2所示。
(8)去火毒
膏药熬成后,倾人备好的冷水盆中,倾倒时将水朝一个方向搅转,使膏药倾入后,集聚成整团,浸泡3-7天,并每日换新水以除去火毒,这是制作膏药的最后环节、不拔火毒会对患者的皮肤造成伤害或造成疾病更加严重。拔过火毒的膏药不能放潮湿或太阳下曝晒。
(9)膏药的摊涂
膏药的被子有方形与长方形两种。摊涂的形状,有圆形和椭圆形两种,直径为一寸到七寸。摊涂膏药被子的材料现在最为常用的是布纸被子,在布面上糊一至两层有韧性的柔纸,以防止渗漏弄脏衣服。把膏药被子准备好,把拔过火毒的膏药加热熔化,防止火大使膏药变质,在熔化过程中要勤搅动,受热均匀,温度为70-90℃之间,待膏药完全熔化后再加入细料,涂膏药时要由中央慢慢向四周摊涂为好,如图3所示,最后对折即可。用时可将膏药在小火上烘软,敷于患处即可。
3、效果验证
实验对象:雄性SD大鼠九只;
主要试剂:完全弗氏佐剂,IL-6、TNF-α和IL-10Elisa试剂盒;
实验方法:
(1)造模
急性炎性疼痛大鼠模型制备将SD大鼠随机分成三组:对照组,模型组,实验组。对模型组和实验组大鼠进行短暂麻醉,将50μl完全弗氏佐剂注射到大鼠右后肢的胫跗关节腔中。注射过完全弗氏佐剂大鼠关节产生直接和持久的炎症和疼痛反应。早期阶段(注射后1-2天)表示急性炎性疼痛。
(2)给药
实验组大鼠注射完全弗氏佐剂第1天后,取适量大小膏药,用酒精灯加热后敷于患处,外用医用级纱布包裹。
(3)取材
自造模开始每隔24h尾静脉取血适量,静置离心取血浆暂时保存在负二十冰箱。
炎性指标检测:
①从室温平衡60min后的铝箔袋中取出所需板条,剩余板条用自封袋密封放回4℃保存;
②设置标准品孔,空白孔和样本孔,标准品孔各加不同浓度的标准品50μl;
③样品孔加待测样本50μl,空白孔加样本稀释液50μl;
④空白孔,标准孔和样品孔中每孔加入辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的检测抗体100μl,用封板膜封住反应孔,37℃水浴锅或恒温箱温育60min;
⑤弃去液体,吸水纸上拍干,每孔加入洗涤液350μl,静置1min,甩去洗涤液,吸水纸上拍干,如此重复洗板5次;
⑥每孔加入底物A、B各50μl,37℃避光孵育15min;
⑦每孔加入终止液50μl,15min内,在450nm波长处测定各孔的OD值。
SD大鼠造模后给药3天和7天的主观变化如图4所示。
SD大鼠血清促炎因子IL-6、TNF-α和抗炎因子IL-10水平变化如图5所示。
临床实验:按照配方,用芝麻油5升、生马钱子60g,生草乌50g,生川乌50g,生天南星50g,元胡60g,川芎50g,牛膝50g,杜仲50g,骨碎补50g,三七粉80g,蜈蚣50g,全蝎50g,乌蛇60g,蛴螬30g,威灵仙90g,桂枝60g,生甘遂30g,三分三30g,甘草50g,洋金花50g,辽细辛35g,乳香30g,没药30g,冰片20g,龙血竭80g;漳丹1700g配制药料,按照图1所示的方法熬制药膏。该膏药具有医治痹痛的功效,可贴在颈肩腰腿等疼痛部位。
患者周某,43岁,长期伏案工作导致腰部疼痛日久,贴敷此膏药24h后感觉腰部疼痛明显减轻,后又以三副贴之,每副贴三天,则活动自如。

Claims (1)

1.一种治疗痹痛的膏药,其特征在于,由以下原料制备而成:
五升植物油用的药材的量为:生马钱子60g,生草乌50g,生川乌50g,生天南星50g,元胡60g,川芎50g,牛膝50g,杜仲50g,骨碎补50g,三七粉80g,蜈蚣50g,全蝎50g,乌蛇60g,蛴螬30g,威灵仙90g,桂枝60g,生甘遂30g,三分三30g,甘草50g,洋金花50g,辽细辛35g,乳香30g,没药30g,冰片20g,龙血竭80g;漳丹1400-2500g。
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