CN1130538C - 用于供应可变流量的来自空气的一种气体的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于供应可变流量的来自空气的一种气体的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN1130538C
CN1130538C CN97125391.9A CN97125391A CN1130538C CN 1130538 C CN1130538 C CN 1130538C CN 97125391 A CN97125391 A CN 97125391A CN 1130538 C CN1130538 C CN 1130538C
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flow
air
composition
pressure
total flow
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CN1190726A (zh
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阿兰·吉亚尔
帕特里克·列博特
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
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    • F25J3/04769Operation, control and regulation of the process; Instrumentation within the process
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    • F25J3/02Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
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    • F25J3/04012Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit by compression of warm gaseous streams; details of intake or interstage cooling
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Abstract

根据需要流量(D)的一定值(D1),使需要流量的一种空气成分达到工作压力并送至用户管线。当需要流量小于值(D1)时,使(D1)的余量达到大于工作压力的高压,并送入缓冲罐。当需要流量高于值(D1)时,需要流量的所述空气成分由从缓冲罐引出并膨胀至工作压力的所述空气成分补充。本发明适用于向具有电弧炉的钢厂或铜精炼厂供应氧气。

Description

用于供应可变流量的来自 空气的一种气体的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及在一时段向用户管线供应可变流量的由空气蒸馏设备生产的一种空气成分,特别是氧气的方法。它特别适用于以可变的流量在压力下供应氧气。
这里提到的压力是绝对压力,流量是克分子流量。
背景技术
在某些工业活动中,例如在钢铁工业中使用电弧炉时,或当精炼铜时,氧气是以计量方式使用的,其流量有显著变化,并处于适当高压(从几巴至大约20巴左右)。传统上已采用各种技术方案来适应流量的这种变化。
例如本申请人的EP-A-0,422,974描述了一种“交替(seesaw)”法,其用于以可变的流量产生氧气。需要的氧气从一容器引出,通过泵送达到工作压力,并通过可变流量的被蒸馏的空气的冷凝而蒸发。
在这种公知的方法中,很容易看出,为了保持蒸馏和设备的供应和引出流量不变,必须与氧气消耗变化相同方向地改变进入的空气流量。
在压力下生产氧气时为了蒸发液态氧而被冷凝的空气被一附加的升压器升压,并且当氧气需求变化时,被升压的流量和被主压缩机压缩的流量都需要显著地被改变。
因此,在这种公知的方法中,与被生产的额定氧气流量比较,压缩机,以及适当时升压器的尺寸都显著过大。它们在大部分时间里也以十分不同于其额定流量的流量在运转,因而有损于效率。为了使上述交替法正常工作,需要两种液体连续存在换向,这更增大了上述缺陷。
也曾有人提出在高于生产压力的压力下,将被生产的气体以气体的形式储存在一辅助罐或“缓冲罐”中。但是,这种方案为应付长时间的消耗高峰需要安装很大的缓冲罐,因而并不令人满意。另外,就能量来说,在缓冲罐的压力下生产全部气体代价很高。
发明内容
本发明的目的是在特别高效和经济的条件下,实现以可变的流量供应来自空气的气体。
为此目的,本发明提供一种在一个时段向用户管线供应可变的需要流量的由空气蒸馏设备生产的一种空气成分的方法,其特征在于:
-将具有恒定值的总流量的所述空气成分从所述设备引出;
-时段被分成几个类型的期间,即:
·如果适当的话,至少一个第一期间,在该期间需要流量等于所述的总流量;
·至少一个第二期间,在该期间需要的流量大于所述总流量;以及
·至少一个第三期间,在该期间需要流量大于所述总流量;
-在所述第一期间中,使所述总流量的所述空气成分具有工作压力,并被送至用户管线;
-在所述第二期间:
·使需要流量的空气成分具有工作压力,并被送至用户管线;
·使等于所述总流量和需要流量之差的储存流量的所述空气成分具有高于工作压力的高压,该储存流量被储存在至少一个缓冲罐中;以及
在所述第三期间:
使所述总流量的所述空气成分具有工作压力,并送至用户管线,以及
等于需要流量和所述总流量之差的补充流量的所述空气成分也被送至用户管线,该补充流量的所述空气成分是从至少一个缓冲罐引出并膨胀至工作压力的。
按照本发明的方法可包括下述特征中的一个或多个。
-所述总流量的所述空气成分是以液体形式从蒸馏装置引出的,并且在蒸发前以液体形式被泵送。
-借助第一泵使从蒸馏设备抽取的一个第一流量的所述空气成分具有工作压力,借助第二泵使向缓冲罐的流量的所述空气成分具有所述高压,每个液体流量在其泵送压力下被蒸发。
-借助一个泵使所述总流量的所述空气成分达到工作压力,该液体蒸发,使这样得到的一小部分用于缓冲罐的气体达到高压。
-借助一个泵使所述总流量的所述空气成分达到高压,使该总流量的所述空气成分的一小部分膨胀至工作压力,两股流分别在其压力下蒸发。
-所述总流量的所述空气成分的一部分以液体形式从蒸馏设备引出,被泵送,并在该压力下蒸发,所述总流量的所述空气成分的其余部分以气体形式从蒸馏装置引出,并以该形式被压缩。
-所述总流量以气体形式从蒸馏设备引出,该气体的一小部分被压缩至工作压力,用于缓冲罐的所述补充流量被压缩至高压。
-每个流量从蒸馏设备的抽取压力独立地受到压缩。
-所述总流量被压缩至工作压力,这个连接于所述蒸发装置的出口。
本发明也涉及一种空气蒸馏设备,其用于实施上述方法。按照本发明,这种设备包括用于从蒸馏设备引出恒定流量的所述成分的装置;一个缓冲罐;用于使所述总流量的至少一部分达到工作压力和呈现气体形式的第一装置,这些第一装置连接于用户管线;用于使一个第二流量的所述空气成分达到高于工作压力的高压并呈现气体形式的第二装置,这些第二装置连接于缓冲罐;以及装有受控减压阀,将缓冲罐连接于用户管线的辅助管线。
按照这种设备的各种可选用的特征:
-所述第一装置包括一个第一泵和第一蒸发装置,所述第二装置包括一个第二泵和第二蒸发装置。
-所述第一装置包括一个泵和蒸发装置,所述第二装置包括一个压缩机,其入口连接于所述蒸发装置的出口。
-所述第一装置包括一个泵,一个减压阀和第一蒸发装置,所述第二装置包括连接于所述泵的出口的第二蒸发装置。
-所述第一装置包括一个压缩机,其入口连接于所述蒸馏设备的气体引出点,所述第二装置包括一个泵和连接于该泵出口的蒸发装置。
-所述第一和第二装置分别包括两个压缩机,其入口并联于所述蒸馏设备的引出点。
-所述第一装置包括一个第一压缩机,其入口连接于所述蒸馏设备的气体引出点,所述第二装置包括一个第二压缩机,其入口连接于第一压缩机的出口。
附图说明
现在对照以下附图描述本发明的实施例。
图1通过四张图表(a)至(d)表示本发明的方法;
图2示意地表示本发明的设备;
图3更详细表示同一设备;
图4是相应于该设备的热交换曲线图,横座标为温度(℃),纵座标为交换的热量;
图5和6与图2类似,分别相关于设备的两个变型;
图7类似于图2,表示设备的另一变型;
图8类似于图2,相应于图7中的设备;
图9和10为一方面,图11和12为另一方面,分别以类似于图2和3的方式表示设备的另外两个实施例。
具体实施方式
图1(a)表示在从时刻t=0至时刻T的期间内,在工作压力P下氧气需求的简化曲线。假定在压力P以下为恒定的,且等于16巴,但是,该压力P显然也可以在一平均值左右浮动。
例如,可变的氧气需求为使用电孤炉的钢厂的氧气需求,包括六个接续的时段:
-从t=0至t1,需要的流量为零;
-从t1到t2,需要的流量为D1;
-从t2至t3,需要的流量为D2>D1;
-从t3至t4,需要的流量为D3>D2
-从t4至t5,需要的流量为D4<D1;
-从t5至T,需要的流量为零。
另外,DN代表氧气生产设备的额定流量。该流量DN在本实施例中等于D1,但是,如果该设备也准备向其它客户供氧,那么它作为变量,也可以大于该值。
图1(b)表示该设备在16巴时氧气的生产d1.该生产按照下述方式变化:
-从t=0至t1:d1=0;
-从t1至t4,即,当氧气需求大于或等于D1时:d1=D1;
-从t4至t5,即,氧气需求大于0但小于D1时:d1=D4;
-从t5至T:d1=0。
图1(c)表示在显著高于16巴,一般为30巴左右的高压P1时氧气的生产d2:
-从t=0至t1:d2=D1;
-从t1至t4:d2=0;
-从t4至t5:d2=D1-D4;
-从t5至T:d2=D1。
因此可以看出。在整个期间O,T,总是有d1+d2=D1,,这一恒定流量被认为是相关于该项应用的“总”氧气流量。
流量d1被直接送至用户或用户管线,而流量d2被送至一个缓冲罐。当需要的流量D大于d1时,即,从t2至t4,补充流量d3=D-D1从缓冲罐引出,扩大工作压力并引至用户管线。该流量d3由曲线图(d)表示。
因而氧气需求是这样被提供的:
-从t1至t2,以及从t4至t5,只由16巴的氧气生产提供,而且
-从t2至t4,部分由16巴的生产提供,部分由从缓冲罐引出然后扩充的氧气提供。
图2,3和5至11表示能够实施这种方法的若干不同的设备。
图2和3涉及一种设备,它类似于US-A-5,329,776的图1所示的设备,与其不同之处仅在于设置了用于放出液态氧的附加管线35,用于使该液态氧达到上述压力P的附加泵36、用于蒸发并加热上述氧至接近于环境温度的在热交换管线中的附加通道37、用于储存来自包括泵12和通道17的回路的高压氧的缓冲罐38、设置在该缓冲罐上游的压力控制器138,一个受控减压阀40安装在上述缓冲罐和用户管线15之间的辅助管线39上。
因此,如上述美国专利第US-A-5,329,776号所述,图3所示的空气蒸馏设备基本包括:一空气压缩机1;用于通过吸附法除去水及CO2的净化压缩空气的装置,该装置包括两个吸附瓶2A,2B,其中的一个当另一个正进行再生时在吸附中工作;一个涡轮/升压器组件,它包括一个膨胀涡轮4和一个升压器5,它们的轴相联结;一个构成设备的热交换管线的热交换器6;一个双蒸馏塔7,它包括一个中压塔8,在其上有一个低压塔9。带有一个蒸发器/冷凝器10,用于在与来自塔9的罐液体(氧)热交换中收集塔8的压力蒸气(氮);一个液态氧容器11,其底部连接于液态氧泵12;以及一个液态氮容器13,其底部连接于液态氮泵14。
上述设备的用途是通过用户管线15在工作压力P下供应氧气。
为此目的,通过管线16从塔9的罐引出的且储存在容器11中的液态氧被泵12在液态中得到高压P1(30巴),然后,在图1(c)所示的状态下,在交换器16的通道17中在上述高压下蒸发并被加热,并送至缓冲罐38。在图1(d)的状态下,氧在40处膨胀并通过管线39送入管线15。
上述蒸发和加热,以及加热和可选择地蒸发从双塔引出的其它流体所需要的热是在下述条件下由被蒸馏的空气提供的。
所有待蒸馏的空气被压缩机1压缩至显著高于工作塔8的中压的第一高压。在18处预先冷却且在19处被冷却至环境温度的空气然后在吸附瓶之一(例如2A)中净化,并由升压器5度分升压,该升压器是由涡轮4驱动的。
空气在热交换器6的热端被引入,充分冷却至中间温度。在该温度下,小部分空气在热交换器中的通道20中继续冷却并液化,然后在减压阀21中膨胀至低压,并在中间水平引入塔9。其余空气在涡轮4中膨胀至中压,然后通过管线22直接送至塔8的底部。
图3也表示画为“伊斯兰尖塔”式的双塔设备的有用管线,即,用于在低压下产生氮:管线23至25,其用于向塔9,在逐渐增加的高度上注入膨胀的“富液体”(富含氧的空气)、膨胀的“下部贫液体”(不纯净的氮)和膨胀的“上部贫液体”(基本纯净的氮),上述三种流体被分别在塔8的底部、中间和顶部引出;管线26,其用于从塔9的顶部引出氮气,以及管线27,其用于从下部贫液体被注入的高度除去残余气体(不纯净的氮气)。低压氮气在热交换器6中的通道28中被加热,然后通过管线29除去,而残余气体,在热交换器中的通道30中被加热后,在从管线31除去之前,用于再生吸附瓶,在本实例中为瓶2B。
图3也表示,一部分中压液态氮在减压阀32中膨胀后被储存在容器13中,液态氮和/或液态氧的生产通过管线33(在氮的情形中)和/或34(在氧的情形中)供应。
另外,由泵36从容器11抽取的附加液态氧在图1(b)的状态下,在16巴的工作压力下被蒸发和加热。
在标号5处增压的空气的压力是空气通过与在工作压力下蒸发的氧进行热交换而冷凝的压力,即,由于该压力在热交换图上,与空气液化有关的弯曲部分100稍许位于与氧在压力P下蒸发有关的垂向部分101右侧(图4)。在交换管线的热端的温差借助涡轮4调节,涡轮的进入温度在标号102处指示。
至于该高压氧流量,其蒸发部分103(图4)相对于与增压空气液化有关的弯曲部分100移向右侧,但在该实例中仍低于点102的温度。
在时段O,T过程中,每个部分101,103的长度是变化的,但这两个长度的总和保持不变。
与具有一个泵12的类似设备,即与上述US-A-5,329,776的图1中的设备相比较,由于存在而对弯曲部分100的部分101,因而得到能量增益,所有其它情况相同。该过量的能量可以通过下述任一种方式得到利用:从设备除去额外的液体,一般是液态氮,或者在标号1处降低空气的压缩压力,当然同时保持使弯曲部分100在部分101的右侧。上述能量增益在时段O,T中随着部分101的长度浮动。
图2示意表示同一设备,只画出:
-设备的冷框41,它装有设备的各制冷部分;
-两个液态氧泵12和36,实际上它们自然是包含在冷框中的;以及
-用户管线15、缓冲罐38、管线39和减压阀40。
因此,该图示意地表示下述情况:分别在16巴和30巴下提供两种氧,其流量总和恒定地等于D1,通过压缩/蒸发/加热来自低压塔9的两种液态氧流量来供应。
作为图2的一种变型(未画出),泵12和36可串联安装而不是并联地连接于容器11,泵12的进口可连接于泵36的供应管。
图5表示与前述设备不同的一种替代设备,省去了泵36和相应的蒸发/加热回路。
因此,所有流量D1的所述空气成分由泵12形成16巴的压力,并且被蒸发、加热和送入管线15。
在图1(c)的状态下,氧在点42从管线15取出,由氧压缩机43压缩至30巴,并送至缓冲罐38。与前述情况一样,缓冲罐38通过设有阀40的管线39连接于管线15。
在图6的变型中,单一的泵12使流量D1形成30巴的压力。在图1(b)的状态下,该流量的一小部分在减压阀143中膨胀至16巴并蒸发,然后送至管线15。其余液体在30巴的高压下蒸发并送至缓冲罐38。
图7和8表示另一变型的设备,它与图2和3所示的设备的区别仅在于,16巴的氧由管线44以气体的形式从低压塔9的罐取出,在热交换管线6中的通道45中在低压下被加热,并由氧压缩机46形成16巴的压力。对于它的部分来说,泵12从容器11抽取30巴的氧,并使其形成液态的高压,然后在通道17中蒸发并加热,并直接送至缓冲罐38。
在上述各实施例中,为了衰减供送双塔的液化空气流量随时间的变化可以为液化空气增设缓冲罐。
图9和10表示本发明的一种实施方案,它带有普通的无泵式空气蒸馏设备、带有氮循环(将中压氮膨胀至低压的涡轮)并带有通过两条管线48连接于低压塔的氩分离塔(未画出)
在这种情形中,氧的流量D1以气体的形式从低压塔抽取,在加热后,在上述状态下分别使用两个氧压缩机49和50压缩至16巴和/或30巴。压缩机49直接向管线15供应,而压缩机50向缓冲罐38中供应。
图11和12中的设备与前一设备的区别仅在于,两个压缩机是串联安装而不是并联安装的。因此,压缩机49将全部流量D1的所述空气成分压缩至16巴,压缩机50将对照图1(c)描述的流量d2的所述空气成分从16巴压缩至30巴。
当然,压缩机49和50可以由同一机器的两个级或级组构成。
在上面的全部描述中,术语“工作压力”用于代表管线15中的压力。但是,这并不排除其后例如通过膨胀而改变这一压力。
另外,在设备的每个实施例中,可以不设压力控制器138。在缓冲罐中的压力则随时间在压力P和P1之间变化。
作为进一步的变型,按照本发明的方法可以使用不同高压P1,P2等的多个缓冲罐,这些压力都显著高于工作压力P。当需求的流量大于D1时,则按照该流量的变化从某一个缓冲罐引出气体。

Claims (16)

1.在时段(O,T)向用户管线(15)供应可变的需要流量的由空气蒸馏设备(7)生产的一种空气成分的方法,其特征在于:
-将具有恒定值(D1)的总流量的所述空气成分从所述设备(7)引出;
-时段(O,T)被分成几个类型的期间,即:
·如果适当的话,至少一个第一期间(t1至t2),在该期间需要流量(D)等于所述的总流量(D1);
·至少一个第二期间(0至t1,t4至T),在该期间需要的流量(D)大于所述总流量(D1);
·至少一个第三期间(t2至t4),在该期间需要流量(D)大于所述总流量(D1);以及
-在所述第一期间中,使所述总流量(D1)的所述空气成分具有工作压力(P),并被送至用户管线(15);
-在所述第二期间:
·使需要流量(D)的空气成分具有工作压力,并被送至用户管线(15);
·使等于所述总流量(D1)和需要流量(D)之差的储存流量(d2)的所述空气成分具有高于工作压力(P)的高压(P1),该储存流量被储存在至少一个缓冲罐(38)中;以及
在所述第三期间:
使所述总流量(D1)的所述空气成分具有工作压力(P),并送至用户管线(15),以及
等于需要流量(D)和所述总流量(D1)之差的补充流量(d3)的所述空气成分也被送至用户管线(15),该补充流量的所述空气成分是从至少一个缓冲罐(38)引出并膨胀至工作压力(P)的。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述总流量(D1)的所述空气成分是以液体形式从蒸馏设备(7)引出,并且在蒸发(在标号6)前以该形式被泵送的。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:借助第一泵(12)使从所述蒸馏设备(7)抽取的一个第一流量的所述液体形式的所述空气成分具有工作压力(P),借助第二泵(36)使为缓冲罐(38)的一个流量的所述液体形式的所述空气成分具有所述高压(P1),使上述每个流量的所述液体形式的所述空气成分在其泵送压力下被蒸发(在标号17,37)。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:借助一个泵(12)使所述总流量(D1)的所述空气成分达到工作压力(P),所述液体形式的所述空气成分(在标号17)蒸发,使这样得到的用于缓冲罐(38)的一小部分气体达到高压(P1)。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:借助一个泵(12)使所述总流量(D1)的所述空气成分达到高压(P1),使该总流量的所述空气成分的一小部分(在标号143)膨胀至工作压力(P),两股流分别在其压力下蒸发。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述总流量的所述空气成分的一部分以液体形式从蒸馏设备(7)引出,(在标号12)被泵送,并在该压力下蒸发(在标号17);所述总流量的所述空气成分的其余部分以气体形式从蒸馏设备引出,并以该形式被压缩(在标号46)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述总流量(D1)以气体形式从蒸馏设备(7)引出,该气体的一小部分(d1)被压缩至工作压力(P),用于缓冲罐(38)的所述储存流量(d2)被压缩至高压(P1)(在标号50)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于:所述气体的一小部分(d1)和所述储存流量(d2)从蒸馏设备(7)独立地受到泵送。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于:所述总流量(D1)的所述空气成分被压缩至工作压力(P),所述总流量的所述空气成分的一小部分从工作压力(P)被压缩至高压(P1)。
10.空气蒸馏设备,其用于向用户管线(15)供应可变流量的一种空气成分,其特征在于:它包括用于从蒸馏设备(7)引出恒定流量(D1)的所述成分的装置;一个缓冲罐(38);用于使所述总流量(D1)的至少一部分达到工作压力和呈现气体形式的第一装置,这些第一装置连接于用户管线(15);用于使第二流量(d2)的所述成分达到高于工作压力的高压并呈现气体形式的第二装置,这些第二装置连接于缓冲罐(38);一个受控减压阀(40)安装在缓冲罐和用户管线(15)之间的辅助管线(39)上。
11.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于:所述第一装置包括一个第一泵(12)和第一蒸发装置(17),所述第二装置包括一个第二泵(36)和第二蒸发装置(37)。
12.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于:所述第一装置包括一个泵(12)和蒸发装置(17),所述第二装置包括一个压缩机(43),其入口连接于所述蒸发装置的出口。
13.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于:所述第一装置包括一个泵(12)、一个减压阀(143)和第一蒸发装置(17),所述第二装置包括连接于所述泵的出口的第二蒸发装置(37)。
14.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于:所述第一装置包括一个压缩机(46),其入口连接于所述蒸馏设备(7)的气体引出点,所述第二装置包括一个泵(12)和连接于该泵出口的蒸发装置(17)。
15.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于:所述第一和第二装置分别包括两个压缩机(49,50),其入口并联于所述蒸馏设备(7)的引出点。
16.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于:所述第一装置包括一个第一压缩机(49),其入口连接于所述蒸馏设备(7)的气体引出点,所述第二装置包括一个第二压缩机(50),其入口连接于第一压缩机的出口。
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