CN113039010B - 电渗析液体干燥剂除湿系统 - Google Patents

电渗析液体干燥剂除湿系统 Download PDF

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CN113039010B
CN113039010B CN201980077784.9A CN201980077784A CN113039010B CN 113039010 B CN113039010 B CN 113039010B CN 201980077784 A CN201980077784 A CN 201980077784A CN 113039010 B CN113039010 B CN 113039010B
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M·贝尼迪特
E·S·贝
E·卡拉塔伊
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Abstract

空气流过气液界面,使得流过该界面的液体干燥剂从空气中吸收水,并且由此被稀释以形成输出流。输出流循环通过具有中央离子交换膜以及第一和第二外部离子交换膜的电渗析堆叠。氧化还原梭回路在第一和第二外部离子交换膜周围循环。在电渗析堆叠两端施加电压,其使液体干燥剂再生。

Description

电渗析液体干燥剂除湿系统
本公开涉及一种电渗析液体干燥剂除湿系统。在一个实施例中,液体干燥剂系统包括具有液体干燥剂回路的电渗析堆叠,所述液体干燥剂回路具有由中央离子交换膜隔开的液体干燥剂的稀释流和浓缩流。具有第一和第二氧化还原流的氧化还原梭回路通过与中央离子交换膜不同类型的相应的第一和第二外部离子交换膜与液体干燥剂回路的稀释流和浓缩流隔开。
液体干燥剂系统包括第一和第二电极,所述第一和第二电极可操作以在电渗析堆叠两端施加电压。该系统具有与液体干燥剂的浓缩流流体连通的气-液界面。气-液界面使液体干燥剂的浓缩流暴露于流过气-液界面的空气,该浓缩流经由从空气中吸收水而被稀释以形成输出流。
液体干燥剂系统可以包括第一泵,所述第一泵使液体干燥剂循环通过电渗析堆叠和气-液界面。来自气-液界面的输出流在进入电渗析堆叠中时可以被拆分成稀释流和浓缩流。可以使用第二泵来使第一和第二氧化还原流跨第一和第二外部离子交换膜循环。
在另一个实施例中,一种方法涉及使液体干燥剂循环通过气-液界面。空气流过气-液界面,使得使液体干燥剂从空气中吸收水。液体干燥剂经由吸收水被稀释以形成输出流。输出流在电渗析堆叠的输入处被拆分成稀释流和浓缩流。电渗析堆叠具有中央离子交换膜以及与中央离子交换膜不同类型的第一和第二外部离子交换膜。稀释流在中央离子交换膜和第一外部离子交换膜之间流动,并且浓缩流在中央离子交换膜和第二外部离子交换膜之间流动。氧化还原梭回路在第一和第二外部离子交换膜周围循环。在电渗析堆叠两端施加电压,例如以引起跨中央离子交换膜和第一外部离子交换膜的离子移动,从而导致干燥剂浓缩物从稀释流移动到氧化还原梭回路并且移动到浓缩流。
图1和图1A是根据示例实施例的液体干燥剂系统的示图;
图2是根据示例实施例的空调系统的透视图;
图3是根据示例实施例的空调系统的框图;
图4是根据示例实施例的液体干燥剂系统的示图;
图5A和图5B是根据示例实施例的电渗析堆叠的示图;
图6是根据示例实施例的供气-液界面使用的热交换器的示图;
图7是根据示例实施例的多级电渗析堆叠的示图;
图8是根据示例实施例的方法的流程图;
本公开涉及液体干燥剂系统。液体干燥剂系统除其他事物之外尤其可以用于加热、通风和空气调节(HVAC)中。空调是美国电力消耗的将近10%的原因,其中除湿占潮湿地区负荷的一半以上。本公开描述了一种用于空气调节的除湿的有效热力学方法。通常,系统包括:与氧化还原辅助的电渗析液体干燥剂浓缩器合作的膜式除湿器。
本文中描述的系统利用了氧化还原辅助的电渗析过程,该过程使得能够实现基于膜的液体干燥剂空调系统。在该氧化还原辅助的电渗析(ED)过程中,氧化还原活性种类的水溶液在电化学堆叠的阳极和阴极之间循环以浓缩离子溶液,从而消除了由蒸汽压缩(VC)或基于干燥剂的空气调节所需的压力或热所驱动的热力学相变。液体干燥剂(例如,氯化锂LiCl的水溶液)将从空气中跨膜界面吸收水分。稀释的液体干燥剂将被有效地重新浓缩,避免了蒸发水所需的潜热输入。据估计,到2030年,该新提议循环的提高的效率导致每年3/8倍(1.5 Quads)的能量节省。
在图1中,示图图示了根据示例实施例的电渗析液体干燥剂空气调节(ELDAC)系统100。系统100包括干燥剂部分102和冷却部分104。在干燥剂部分102中,室外空气106(和/或再循环空气)被迫跨过载液膜式干燥器108,在本文中也被称为气液界面。空气106可以是高温和高相对湿度(RH)的外部空气。来自空气106的水109在膜界面108处被吸收到(例如,LiCl水溶液的)浓缩的液体干燥剂110中,然后通过氧化还原辅助的再生器112以分离稀释流114(例如,排出的水)并重新浓缩干燥剂流110。其他浓缩物可以代替LiCl被用于干燥剂,例如,NaCl、LiBr和CaCl2
离开干燥剂部分102的空气115中的湿度降低,其中,空气被冷却部分104冷却。该冷却部分104可以包括蒸发器116和其他未示出的组件(例如,冷凝器、压缩机)。因为与外部/再循环空气106相比,进入冷却部分104的空气115具有较低的相对湿度,所以与蒸发器116也必须冷凝来自传入空气115的水分的情况相比,蒸发器116更有效,并且可以将冷却空气120的温度降低更大的量。测量氧化还原辅助的电渗析用于浓缩离子水溶液的能量的实验结果示出,ELDAC系统100的再生比热输入(RSHI)可以小于0.05 kBTU/lb,这是当前使用的热再生方法的低至三十分之一。
如在图1A的详细视图122中所见,氧化还原辅助的再生器112具有两个外部离子交换膜124,其将外部氧化还原通道126与内部浓缩物110和稀释流114隔开。在该示例中,外部离子交换膜124被配置为阴离子交换膜(AEM)。浓缩物110和稀释流114被中央离子交换膜130隔开,该中央离子交换膜130在该示例中是阳离子交换膜(CEM)。在其他配置中,中央离子交换膜130可以是AEM,并且外部膜124可以是CEM。
外部电压132引起氧化还原活性的穿梭分子的氧化或还原,从而驱动离子跨膜124、130移动,而不会分解水或产生其他气态副产物(例如,氯),并且产生两股流:重新浓缩的干燥剂110和排出的水114。这个目标可以通过多个级实现。所提出的一种氧化还原梭是带正电的二茂铁衍生物,诸如(双(三甲基氨丙基)二茂铁/双(三甲基氨丙基)二茂铁盐[BTMAP-Fc]2+/[BTMAP-Fc]3+)134,它是无毒的、高度稳定的,具有非常快的电化学动力学和可忽略不计的膜渗透性。其他氧化还原梭溶液可以包括亚铁氰化物/铁氰化物([Fe(CN)6]4-/[Fe(CN)6]3-)或带负电的二茂铁衍生物。系统的移动部分可以包括用于液体循环的低压泵和用于空气循环的风扇。
在图2中,透视图示出了根据示例实施例的ELDAC系统200的细节。在图3中,框图示出了图2中所示的组件中的一些之间的功能关系,以及示出了根据附加实施例的其他组件。系统200包括:容纳各种功能组件并且提供空气管道路径的外壳202。经由鼓风机212将加湿的空气214(例如,外部和/或返回空气)引导通过第一管道220。该空气214被迫跨过气-液界面除湿器206。在该示例中,除湿器206被配置为填充第一管道220的矩形膜元件。
在除湿器206的框架206a内的是一个或多个平面膜206b,液体干燥剂通过该平面膜206b循环。在其他实施例中,代替平面膜206b或除了平面膜206b之外,中空管、液体与空气表面、液体喷雾可以用在除湿器206中。可以使用液体的毛细管作用、重力自流进料、直接泵送等的任何组合来实现流体干燥剂通过膜206b的移动。可以提供格栅206c来机械支撑膜206b,以减少由来自气流214的气压引起的挠曲。液泵207用于将液体干燥剂从可选的储罐210移动到膜式除湿器206,在那里它从空气214吸收水,并且被馈送回到氧化还原辅助的再生器208。氧化还原辅助的再生器208从液体干燥剂中分离水,其中分离出的水经由排水管209排出。注意的是,尽管为了便于说明,将组件207、208、210和相关联的管道示为在外壳202的外部,但它们也可以部分或全部位于外壳202内。
通过了膜式除湿器206的空气216具有低RH,并且因此能够通过显热消除器204(例如,制冷剂循环式空气调节机的蒸发器)更有效地进行处理。已经通过显热消除器204的冷却空气218穿过供应管道220,在那里它离开外壳202,并且用于冷却目标空间,例如,建筑物、车辆等。
注意的是,在图3中,氧化还原储罐300被示为与LD再生器208流体连通。ELDAC系统200可以包括氧化还原和干燥剂储存器300、210之一或两者。注意的是,干燥剂存储装置210可以存储浓缩流和稀释流(例如,图1中的流110和114)两者的流体,通过使用单独的储存器或具有两个或更多个分区的单个储存器来存储。氧化还原存储装置300可以类似地存储氧化还原流的浓缩和稀释部分(例如,图1中所示的流126的底部和顶部部分)。在一些实施例中,这些储存器210、300可以用作缓冲器。例如,如果从ELDAC系统200排出的水不等于从空气中吸收的水,则可以从储存器210中抽出浓缩或稀释的干燥剂中的一种(或两者的组合),以确保干燥剂回路保持所需的浓缩物水平和/或流速。
储存器210、300可以具有足够的容量以用于除湿之外的其他目的。例如,如美国专利申请16/200,289(代理人案卷号20171214US03/PARC.225U1)中所描述的,电渗析电池组302可以使用氧化还原溶液300来发电,因此回收除湿中使用的一些电。这样的过程可以与除湿一起进行或与除湿分开进行。例如,当系统被轻度利用或关闭时,发电可能会在晚上发生。
在图4中,示图示出了根据示例实施例的液体干燥剂系统的附加细节。电渗析堆叠400为液体干燥剂回路402和氧化还原梭回路404提供了外壳。回路402、404在壳体400内被外部交换膜406隔开,并且液体干燥剂回路402的稀释/浓缩路径402a、402b被中央交换膜408隔开。回路402、404中的流体分别由泵412、410驱动。
液体干燥剂回路402从点402c处的浓缩液体干燥剂开始。干燥剂回路402包括离子水溶液,诸如水中的氯化锂。典型的起始浓度将为干燥剂重量的〜30%。使浓缩的干燥剂溶液与空气与膜界面/交换器414接触,诸如图2和图3所示的膜式除湿器206。在交换器414处,较高RH的空气416进入并且较低RH的空气418离开。来自空气的水蒸气420被干燥剂在交换器414处拉过水选择性膜422(或其他液-气界面),由此稀释了干燥剂溶液,其在点402d处以较低浓度离开。
在电渗析堆叠400处,较低浓度的液体干燥剂溶液402d在接合点402e处被拆分成单独的流402a、402b,使它们与堆叠400的膜406、408接触。流402b在它通过堆叠400时被浓缩,并且重新进入泵412,其具有与点402c相同的浓度。另一股流402a在它通过堆叠400时被稀释,并且作为高度稀释的水流离开,可以将其排出、存储或用于某种其他目的。
泵410使氧化还原梭在点404a和404b之间循环,于是它与电极424接触。施加在电渗析堆叠两端的电压426驱动离子从流402a到流402b,从流402a到流404b中,以及从流404a到流402b中。在每种情况下,驱动离子通过膜406、408都会影响浓度。电渗析堆叠500的替换实施例在图5中示出,其使用LiCl作为干燥剂浓缩物,并且使用[BTMAP-Fc]2+/[BTMAP-Fc]3+作为氧化还原梭。LiCl干燥剂浓缩物被中央离子交换膜506(在这种情况下为CEM)拆分成脱盐/稀释流和浓缩流504。氧化还原梭回路508具有第一和第二氧化还原流508a-b,其通过与中央离子交换膜506不同类型的相应第一和第二外部离子交换膜507、509(在这种情况下为AEM)与液体干燥剂回路的稀释流和浓缩流隔开。
电渗析堆叠510的另一个替代实施例在图5B中示出,其使用LiCl作为干燥剂浓缩物,并且使用[Fe(CN)6] 4-/[Fe(CN)6]3-作为氧化还原梭。LiCl干燥剂浓缩物被中央离子交换膜516(在这种情况下为AEM)拆分成脱盐/稀释流和浓缩流514。氧化还原梭回路518具有第一和第二氧化还原流518a-b,其通过与中央离子交换膜516不同类型的相应第一和第二外部离子交换膜517、519(在这种情况下为CEM)与液体干燥剂回路的稀释流和浓缩流隔开。注意的是,图5A和图5B中所示的电渗析堆叠500、510可以用于本文中所示的任何除湿回路中。
上述系统的除湿部分仅需要用于驱动泵和电渗析堆叠的输入电力,以及要被除湿的输入空气流。将存在水和低RH空气的出口流。该系统意图用于除湿,尽管它可能适用于附加用途,例如,从存储的氧化还原溶液中发电。提供了一个好处,因为由于使用了电渗析浓度为零或接近零的超电势,与现有的除湿系统相比,ELDAC需要显著更少的能量。因为该系统不依赖于水分解来驱动离子运动,所以与其他电化学过程(比如常规电渗析)不同,ELDAC在浓缩盐溶液中使用时不会生成任何有毒或可燃气体(例如,氯气或氢气)。一个示例应用可能是在普通空气调节机的上游使用ELDAC,以消除空气调节机的潜热负荷并且降低空气调节账单。
液体干燥剂中水分的吸收是放热的,使得它将增加承载液体干燥剂的气-液界面的温度。温度的这种增加可能会导致显冷部分(sensible cooling section)上的负荷增加,该部分接收通过气-液界面的空气。在图6中,示图示出了根据示例实施例的用于从气液界面600去除热的系统。热交换器602热耦合到传热元件604,该传热元件604通过界面600的部分(例如,膜)分布。
传热元件604可以是导电条(例如,金属、碳纳米管等)、气体填充或液体填充的无源热管(例如,热虹吸管),通过其泵送气体或液体的管、辐射热吸收器或本领域已知的其他载热结构。通过元件604承载的热被传递到热交换器602,该热交换器经受冷却流606。冷却流606是气体或液体流,其将热从热交换器602带走,并且最终可以将热倾倒给环境散热器(例如,空气、土壤、水)。在其他实施例中,热608可以被传递(例如,沿着热传递路径610)到其他散热器,诸如电渗析堆叠612(其可以是向界面600提供干燥剂的同一堆叠或者是不同的堆叠),和/或来自系统的排出的水614(例如,图1中的排出的水114)。
在先前的示例中,电渗析堆叠包括单个氧化还原回路。在其他实施例中,堆叠可以包括多个氧化还原回路和相关联的离子膜,以进一步增加稀释/浓缩的水平,和/或增加可以被处理的干燥剂流的量。在图7中,框图示出了根据示例实施例的双级电渗析堆叠700。
电渗析堆叠700处理液体干燥剂回路702,该液体干燥剂回路702被拆分成通过第一级704的稀释流702a和浓缩流702b。离开级704的流702a进一步被拆分成通过第二级706的第二稀释流702d和第二浓缩流702e。离开级706的流702e的浓度低于离开级704的流702b的浓度,并且可以与输出流702c重新混合并且被重新引入到前一级704,而不是与702b重新混合并且被重新引入到气-液界面708。为了使效率最大化,流702c和702e中的干燥剂浓度大约相等(例如,在0-20%内)。
级704、706中的每一个具有中央离子交换膜704a、706a,其将稀释流702a、702d和浓缩流702b、702e隔开。级704、706中的每一个具有氧化还原梭回路704b、706b,其中第一和第二氧化还原流704ba、704bb、706ba、706bb与液体干燥剂回路702的稀释流702a、702d和浓缩流702b、702e通过相应的第一和第二外部离子交换膜704c、704d、706c、706d隔开。级704、706均包括第一和第二电极704e、704f、706e、706f,它们可操作以跨电渗析堆叠700的级704、706施加电压。
气-液界面708与离开第一级704的液体干燥剂的浓缩流702b流体连通。气液界面708使液体干燥剂的浓缩流702b暴露于流过气-液界面708的空气,该浓缩流经由从空气中吸收水而被稀释以形成输出流702c。输出流702c与离开第二级706的输出流702e组合。第一泵712使液体干燥剂循环通过电渗析堆叠700和气-液界面708。在与输出流702e组合之后,来自气-液界面708的输出流702c在进入电渗析堆叠700时被拆分成稀释流702a和浓缩流702b。
跨电极704e、704f、706e、706f的电压引起跨中央离子交换膜704a、706a和第一外部离子交换膜704c、706c的离子移动,从而导致干燥剂浓缩物从第一稀释流702a移动到级704的第一氧化还原流704ba和第一浓缩流702b,以及类似地从第二稀释流702d移动到级706的第一氧化还原流706ba以及第二浓缩流702e。第二泵714、716使氧化还原梭回路704b、706b循环,使得第一氧化还原流704ba、706ba和第二氧化还原流704bb、706bb流过相应的第一外部离子交换膜704c、706c和第二外部离子交换膜704d、706d。电压还将引起跨第二外部交换膜704d、706d的第二(和类似的)离子移动,这导致干燥剂浓缩物从第二氧化还原流704bb、706bb移动到浓缩流702b、702e。
注意的是,级704、706可以相同或不同。例如,每个级704可以使用氧化还原梭溶液、中心和外部交换膜类型、电压、膜几何形状、干燥剂流几何形状、氧化还原流速等的不同组合。以这种方式,可以针对在稀释流702a、702d和浓缩流702b、702e的部分内的不同预期浓度来优化级704、706。级704、706可以同时操作,并且在某些条件下一个或另一个可以被关闭。例如,如果稀释流702a内的浓缩物水平低于某个阈值,则级704、706之一可以被关闭以节省能量并减少磨损。如果稀释流702a内的浓缩物水平超过该阈值,则可以重新启动停用的级704、706。
可以将图7中所示的实施例扩展到两个以上的级704、706。另外,虽然级704、706被示为单个电渗析堆叠单元700的一部分,但是它们可以被实现为分离的外壳,它们例如通过管路耦合以承载干燥剂回路702的流702a、702b、702d、702e。在一个实施例中,例如,通过并联或串联运行环路704b、706b,可以使用一个氧化还原泵代替两个泵714、716。注意的是,诸如图7中所示的多级电渗析堆叠可以用在先前(例如,图1-5)示出的实施例中的任何实施例中,并且可以并入那些和其他图中所示的任何特征,例如,流体存储储存器、热交换器等。
在图8中,流程图示出了根据示例实施例的方法。该方法涉及使液体干燥剂循环800通过气-液界面。使空气流过801气-液界面,使得液体干燥剂从空气吸收水。液体干燥剂经由吸收水被稀释以形成输出流。在电渗析堆叠的输入处,将输出流拆分802成稀释流和浓缩流。电渗析堆叠具有中央离子交换膜以及与中央离子交换膜不同类型的第一和第二外部离子交换膜(例如,阳离子或阴离子)。
使稀释流在中央离子交换膜和第一外部离子交换膜之间流动803。使浓缩流在中央离子交换膜和第二外部离子交换膜之间流动804。氧化还原梭回路在第一和第二外部离子交换膜周围循环805。在电渗析堆叠两端施加806电压,以引起跨中央离子交换膜和第一外部离子交换膜的离子移动。该移动导致干燥剂浓缩物从稀释流移动到氧化还原梭回路并且移动到浓缩流。
除非另行指定,否则在说明书和权利要求书中使用的所有表示特征大小、量和物理属性的数字都要被理解为在所有情况下均被术语“大约”修饰。因此,除非有相反的指示,否则在前述说明书和所附权利要求书中阐述的数值参数是近似值,其可以取决于本领域技术人员利用本文中公开的教导内容寻求获得的所需特性而变化。通过端点对数字范围的使用包括该范围内的所有数字(例如,1到5包括1、1.5、2、2.75、3、3.80、4和5)以及该范围内的任何范围。

Claims (21)

1.一种液体干燥剂系统,包括:
电渗析堆叠,包括:
液体干燥剂回路,其具有通过中央离子交换膜隔开的液体干燥剂的稀释流和浓缩流;
氧化还原梭回路,其具有通过与中央离子交换膜不同类型的相应的第一和第二外部离子交换膜与液体干燥剂回路的稀释流和浓缩流隔开的第一和第二氧化还原流;和
第一和第二电极,其可操作以在电渗析堆叠两端施加电压;和
与液体干燥剂的浓缩流流体连通的气-液界面,所述气-液界面使液体干燥剂的浓缩流暴露于流过所述气-液界面的空气,所述浓缩流经由从空气中吸收水而被稀释以形成输出流,所述输出流循环回到电渗析堆叠的液体干燥剂回路中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的液体干燥剂系统,还包括:
第一泵,其使液体干燥剂循环通过电渗析堆叠和气-液界面,来自气-液界面的输出流在进入电渗析堆叠时被拆分成稀释流和浓缩流;和
第二泵,其使第一和第二氧化还原流跨第一和第二外部离子交换膜循环。
3.根据权利要求1所述的液体干燥剂系统,其中所述中央离子交换膜包括阳离子交换膜,并且其中所述第一和第二外部离子交换膜包括阴离子交换膜。
4.根据权利要求1所述的液体干燥剂系统,其中所述中央离子交换膜包括阴离子交换膜,并且其中第一和第二外部离子交换膜包括阳离子交换膜。
5.根据权利要求1所述的液体干燥剂系统,还包括与所述气-液界面热连通的传热元件,所述传热元件将因在所述气-液界面处从空气中吸收水变成输出流而生成的热量承载到散热器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的液体干燥剂系统,还包括储存器,其存储所述液体干燥剂的稀释流和浓缩流中的至少一个的一部分,如果从空气中吸收的水不等于添加到稀释流的水量,则所述存储的部分被添加到所述液体干燥剂回路。
7.根据权利要求1所述的液体干燥剂系统,还包括电渗析电池组,其与存储来自所述氧化还原梭回路的流体中的一部分的储存器流体连通,所存储的部分用于经由所述电渗析电池组发电。
8.根据权利要求1所述的液体干燥剂系统,还包括储存器,其通过存储稀释流来捕获水。
9.根据权利要求1所述的液体干燥剂系统,其中所述电压引起:
跨中央离子交换膜和第一外部离子交换膜的第一离子运动,从而导致干燥剂浓缩物从稀释流移动到第一氧化还原流并且移动到浓缩流;和
跨第二外部离子交换膜的第二离子运动,其引起干燥剂浓缩物从第二氧化还原流向浓缩流的移动。
10.根据权利要求9所述的液体干燥剂系统,其中所述干燥剂浓缩物包括LiCl。
11.根据权利要求9所述的液体干燥剂系统,其中所述氧化还原梭回路包括亚铁氰化物/铁氰化物[Fe(CN)6]4−/3−或带负电的二茂铁衍生物。
12.根据权利要求9所述的液体干燥剂系统,其中所述氧化还原梭回路包括带正电的二茂铁衍生物。
13.根据权利要求1所述的液体干燥剂系统,还包括:
第二氧化还原梭回路,其具有通过相应的第三和第四外部离子交换膜与液体干燥剂回路的第二稀释流和第二浓缩流隔开的第三和第四氧化还原流;和
在第三和第四外部离子交换膜之间的第二中央离子交换膜,电压引起跨第二中央离子交换膜和第三外部离子交换膜的第二离子移动,其使来自第二稀释流的干燥剂浓缩物移动到第三氧化还原流并且移动到第二浓缩流。
14.根据权利要求13所述的液体干燥剂系统,其中液体干燥剂回路的稀释流在其从与氧化还原梭回路接触的膜离开时被拆分成第二稀释流和第二浓缩流,使得第二稀释流在第二中央离子交换膜和第三外部离子交换膜之间流动,并且第二浓缩流在第二中央离子交换膜和第四外部离子交换膜之间流动。
15.根据权利要求14所述的液体干燥剂系统,其中所述第二浓缩流具有与所述输出流近似相等的干燥剂浓缩水平,并且与所述输出流重新混合。
16.一种方法,包括:
使液体干燥剂循环通过气-液界面;
使空气流过气-液界面,使得液体干燥剂从空气中吸收水,液体干燥剂经由吸收水而被稀释以形成输出流;
在电渗析堆叠的输入处将所述输出流拆分成稀释流和浓缩流,所述电渗析堆叠具有中央离子交换膜以及与中央离子交换膜不同类型的第一和第二外部离子交换膜;
使稀释流在中央离子交换膜和第一外部离子交换膜之间流动;
使浓缩流在中央离子交换膜和第二外部离子交换膜之间流动;和
使氧化还原梭回路在第一和第二外部离子交换膜周围循环;和
在电渗析堆叠两端施加电压。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中施加电压导致:
跨中央离子交换膜和第一外部离子交换膜的第一离子运动,从而导致干燥剂浓缩物从稀释流移动到氧化还原梭回路并且移动到浓缩流;和
跨第二外部离子交换膜的第二离子运动,其使干燥剂浓缩物从氧化还原梭回路移动到浓缩流。
18.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述中央离子交换膜包括阳离子交换膜,并且其中第一和第二外部离子交换膜包括阴离子交换膜。
19.根据权利要求16所述的方法,还包括从所述电渗析堆叠中排出所述稀释流。
20.根据权利要求16所述的方法,还包括:
存储液体干燥剂的稀释流和浓缩流中至少一个的一部分;和
确定从空气中吸收的水不等于稀释流中的水,并响应于此,将存储部分添加到浓缩流和输出流中的至少一个。
21.根据权利要求16所述的方法,还包括:
存储来自氧化还原梭回路的流体中的一部分;和
使用所述流体的一部分来经由电渗析电池组发电。
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