CN113029960A - High-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement system and method for measuring micro-defects on surface of aviation component - Google Patents
High-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement system and method for measuring micro-defects on surface of aviation component Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a high-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement system and a method for measuring micro defects on the surface of an aviation component, wherein the system comprises a light source system, a polarized light modulation subsystem, a target to be measured, a detection acquisition system and a computer processing system which are sequentially arranged along a light path; the polarized light modulation subsystem comprises a light beam collimation component and a polarization state modulation component which are sequentially arranged along a light path. The invention adopts the polarization grating to realize the modulation of two beams of circularly polarized light with opposite rotation directions, and the system is simple and compact and is convenient to integrate and carry; the invention adopts the focus-dividing plane type polarization detector, can simultaneously obtain four polarization images, can realize the images under four phase shifts by single exposure, and can solve the three-dimensional appearance of the surface defect of the component to be detected in real time; the invention adopts polarized light for imaging, has good light beam stability and high accuracy, and can effectively eliminate strong reflected flare on the surface of the component, thereby ensuring better imaging effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of nondestructive testing of aviation industry, and relates to a system and a method for measuring the three-dimensional morphology of micro-defects on the surface of an aviation component in high precision and real time.
Background
The airplane is affected by various factors such as air flow erosion, high-temperature oxidation, mechanical abrasion and the like in the long-term working process, micro defects such as surface scratches, cracks, oxidation corrosion of various coatings, surface shedding and the like are easily generated on the surface, and the early micro defects are easily expanded under the action of high-temperature high-pressure high-speed air flow erosion and large load to form macro cracks and defects which cannot be repaired, so that parts are scrapped due to failure, and the flight safety is seriously affected.
The surface defect detection of most of the existing parts at one line mainly depends on naked eyes or a magnifying glass, and the defect discovery also mainly depends on the experience of detection personnel, so that the defects with larger sizes can be only identified, and the flow of the detection personnel with rich experience can bring great influence. The two-line maintenance and overhaul factory adopts the following technologies for detecting defects: ultrasonic wave, magnetic powder, industrial endoscope technology, etc. The ultrasonic detection equipment can detect the surface of a workpiece with a simple and smooth shape, but the detection result is lack of intuition, and the defect type can be identified by experienced detection personnel; the whole set of equipment for the magnetic particle detection method is large in size, poor in portability and poor in quantitative accuracy; the industrial endoscope can directly and quickly detect the hidden part which is difficult to observe by naked eyes of the detected piece, but has low image resolution and is only suitable for the condition of large surface defects of the part. The development of the new era requires that the defect detection of the aviation component must be early, accurate and fast, and real-time and high-precision three-dimensional detection must be realized for realizing intelligent detection identification and safety evaluation prediction of information such as the shape, size, damage mode and the like of the micro defect on the surface of the component.
With the increasing development of science and technology, optical three-dimensional measurement technology and equipment are widely applied to the detection of industrial parts, such as a 3D optical profiler, 3D laser scanning, structured light three-dimensional measurement technology and the like, which can be used for detecting the defects on the surface of an aviation part, however, the 3D optical profiler can only detect the surface profiles of small samples and defects, and an operator must be a professional, the measurement period is long, the equipment volume is large, the equipment is mainly used for laboratory measurement, and the real-time measurement cannot be performed under the external field condition; the 3D laser scanning technology can rapidly acquire three-dimensional data of the surface of a measured object in a large area, has the characteristics of handiness, real-time performance and the like, but reduces the measurement precision for a high-glossiness target (such as metal); when the structured light three-dimensional measurement technology is used for measuring objects with tiny sizes, a spatial light modulation device is usually required in the system, so that the whole system is inconvenient to integrate and hold, and the manufacturing cost is high.
The phase-shift interference technology three-dimensional imaging method can realize three-dimensional measurement of the target by obtaining interference images with different phase shifts and calculating phase information of the target so as to obtain height information of the surface of the target. The simplest time phase shift interference technology calculates the three-dimensional information of a target by acquiring different phase shift images at different moments, real-time three-dimensional imaging cannot be realized, the measurement time efficiency is low, and the measurement accuracy can be directly reduced due to the environmental vibration, so that the actual scene measurement requirement cannot be met. The dynamic polarization phase shift interference technology based on the polarization technology can simultaneously acquire a plurality of interference images with constant phase shift at different spatial positions at the same time, and can overcome the defects that the time phase shift technology cannot realize real-time three-dimensional imaging, the measurement time efficiency is low, and the environmental vibration directly reduces the measurement accuracy, so that the measurement time efficiency is improved, and the influence of the environmental vibration on the measurement result is avoided. However, in the conventional dynamic polarization phase shift interference technology, a large number of prisms, reflectors and wave plates are required to be adopted in an optical path, the number of components is large, the system is complex, the optical path alignment difficulty is high, the integratability and the portability are poor, and the detection of industrial components is difficult.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a high-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement system and method for measuring micro defects on the surface of an aviation component, and aims to overcome the defects that the existing dynamic polarization phase-shift interference technology is large in number of components and complex in system and poor in integration and portability when used for detecting the aviation component.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a high-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement system for measuring micro defects on the surface of an aviation component comprises a light source system, a polarized light modulation subsystem, a target to be measured, a detection acquisition system and a computer processing system which are sequentially arranged along a light path;
the light source system meets the requirement of incoherent light, and a proper wavelength range can be selected according to the material characteristics of a target to be detected;
the polarized light modulation subsystem comprises a light beam collimation assembly and a polarized state modulation assembly which are sequentially arranged along a light path, the light beam collimation assembly comprises a first lens, the polarized state modulation assembly comprises a linear polaroid, a polarized grating and a second lens, the polarization direction of the linear polaroid is randomly placed, and the diffraction angle of the polarized grating meets the following requirements: the incident beam can be modulated into two beams with a certain included angle and an overlapped part;
the detection acquisition system comprises an imaging objective lens and a detector, wherein the imaging objective lens is a micro-distance optical imaging system with magnification, and the detector is a focus-dividing plane type polarization detector capable of simultaneously detecting four polarization directions of 0 degree, 45 degrees, 90 degrees and 135 degrees;
the computer processing system is used for storing the related collected images and further calculating the three-dimensional topography information of the surface of the object to be detected.
Further, the light source system is placed at a focal position of the first lens, and emergent light of the light source system is modulated into quasi-parallel light beams after passing through the first lens.
Furthermore, the polarization states of the two beams of light modulated by the polarization state modulation component are left-handed circularly polarized light and right-handed circularly polarized light respectively.
Furthermore, the left circularly polarized light and the right circularly polarized light are modulated to be parallel by a second lens and then are incident to the surface of the component to be measured.
The method for measuring the surface micro-defects of the aviation component in a high-precision real-time three-dimensional manner by using the measuring system comprises the following steps:
step 1: light emitted by the light source system is modulated to be quasi-parallel through the first lens;
step 2: the light emitted by the first lens passes through the polarized light modulation subsystem and is two beams of quasi-parallel circularly polarized light with opposite rotation directions;
and step 3: two beams of circularly polarized light with opposite rotation directions generate interference on the surface of the component to be measured;
and 4, step 4: the interference fringe image is detected by a focus-dividing plane type polarization detector through a microspur imaging system to obtain four images with different polarization directions (0 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees and 135 degrees), namely four images under the condition of phase shift (0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees);
and 5: and (4) solving the height information of the surface of the part by adopting a four-step phase shift method, and giving the appearance of the surface of the part.
Further, the four images with different polarization directions (0 °, 45 °, 90 ° and 135 °) obtained in step 4 may be calculated according to a Stokes vector method to obtain polarization state and polarization angle images of the surface of the component, and the polarization degree and polarization angle images are combined with the height information of the surface of the component, so that the image reconstructed in step 5 simultaneously contains three-dimensional information and polarization information of the component.
Advantageous effects
The invention has the advantages that:
1. the invention provides a high-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement system for measuring micro defects on the surface of an aviation component.
2. The invention adopts the sub-focus plane type polarization detector, can simultaneously obtain four polarization images, namely, the single exposure can realize the images under four phase shifts, and the three-dimensional appearance of the surface defect of the component to be measured is solved in real time.
3. The invention adopts polarized light for imaging, has good light beam stability and high accuracy, and can effectively eliminate strong reflection flare on the surface of the component by adopting polarized light for irradiation, so that the imaging effect is better. By selecting light sources with different wave bands, the application requirements of measuring parts made of different materials are met constantly.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
The above and/or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement system for measuring micro-defects on the surface of an aviation component according to the invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of polarization grating modulating circularly polarized light with opposite rotation directions.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention is intended to be illustrative, and not to be construed as limiting the invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, the structure diagram of the high-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement system for measuring the micro-defects on the surface of the aviation component of the invention is as follows: the system comprises a light source system, a polarized light modulation subsystem, a target to be detected, a detection acquisition system and a computer processing system.
The light source system can select the wavelength according to the material of the detection component, the detection component takes a metal material as an example, and the light source adopts a blue light LED with 450 nm.
The polarized light modulation subsystem comprises a light beam collimation component and a polarized state modulation component which are sequentially arranged along a light path, wherein the light beam collimation component comprises a first lens, the polarized state modulation component comprises a linear polarizer, a polarization grating and a second lens, the polarization direction of the linear polarizer is randomly placed, as shown in figure 2, the light beam passing through the polarization grating is modulated into two light beams with a certain included angle, one of the light beams is left-handed circularly polarized light, and the other light beam is right-handed circularly polarized light; the diffraction angle of the polarization grating satisfies: the light source can separate an incident beam into two beams of light with a certain included angle, and the two beams of light have an overlapping part. Two beams of light with opposite rotation directions are adjusted to be quasi-parallel by the second lens and then enter the surface of the component to be measured, a certain optical path difference exists in the overlapped part of the two beams of light, and the overlapped area irradiated on the target interferes to generate fringes. The optical imaging system adopts a macro-magnification system to meet the requirement of close-range magnification imaging detection.
The detection acquisition system adopts a polarization detector of a focus-splitting plane type, four polarization images (0 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees and 135 degrees) can be obtained under the condition of single exposure, namely phase shift images (0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees) under four phase shifts, and a computer processing system calculates according to the acquired images to obtain the three-dimensional morphology of the surface of the detection part, so that the three-dimensional data of the surface micro-defects are obtained.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the principle and spirit of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. The utility model provides a measure real-time three-dimensional measurement system of high accuracy of aviation part surface microdefect which characterized in that: the system comprises a light source system, a polarized light modulation subsystem, a target to be detected, a detection acquisition system and a computer processing system which are sequentially arranged along a light path;
the light source system meets the requirement of incoherent light, and a corresponding wavelength range is selected according to the material characteristics of a target to be detected;
the polarized light modulation subsystem comprises a light beam collimation component and a polarization state modulation component which are sequentially arranged along a light path; the light beam collimation assembly comprises a first lens, the polarization state modulation assembly comprises a linear polaroid, a polarization grating and a second lens, the polarization direction of the linear polaroid is placed at random, and the diffraction angle of the polarization grating satisfies the following conditions: the incident light beam can be modulated into two light beams which have a certain included angle and overlap parts;
the detection acquisition system comprises an imaging objective lens and a detector, wherein the imaging objective lens is a micro-distance optical imaging system with magnification, and the detector is a focus-dividing plane type polarization detector capable of detecting four polarization directions of 0 degree, 45 degrees, 90 degrees and 135 degrees simultaneously;
and the computer processing system is used for storing the acquired image and further calculating the three-dimensional topography information of the surface of the target to be detected.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises: the light source system is placed at the focal position of the first lens, and emergent light of the light source system is modulated into quasi-parallel light beams after passing through the first lens.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises: the polarization states of the two beams of light modulated by the polarization state modulation component are respectively left-handed circularly polarized light and right-handed circularly polarized light.
4. A high-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement system for measuring micro-defects on the surface of an aerospace component according to claim 3, wherein: and the left circularly polarized light and the right circularly polarized light are modulated to be quasi-parallel by the second lens and then enter the surface of the component to be measured.
5. The method for high-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement of the micro-defects on the surface of the aviation component by using the measurement system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: light emitted by the light source system is modulated to be quasi-parallel through the first lens;
step 2: the light emitted by the first lens passes through the polarized light modulation subsystem and is two beams of quasi-parallel circularly polarized light with opposite rotation directions;
and step 3: two beams of circularly polarized light with opposite rotation directions generate interference on the surface of the component to be measured;
and 4, step 4: the interference fringe image is detected by a focus-dividing plane type polarization detector through a microspur imaging system to obtain four different polarization directions: images of 0 °, 45 °, 90 ° and 135 °, resulting in four phase shift cases: images at 0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 °;
and 5: and (4) solving the height information of the surface of the part by adopting a four-step phase shift method, and giving the appearance of the surface of the part.
6. The method for high-precision real-time three-dimensional measurement of the micro-defects on the surface of the aviation component, according to claim 5, is characterized in that: and 4, calculating to obtain a polarization state image and a polarization angle image of the surface of the component by using the four images with different polarization directions acquired in the step 4 through a Stokes vector method, and combining the polarization degree image and the polarization angle image with the height information of the surface of the component, so that the image reconstructed in the step 5 contains the three-dimensional information and the polarization information of the component.
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| CN114964054A (en) * | 2022-07-27 | 2022-08-30 | 苏州英示测量科技有限公司 | Surface shape detection system and method |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114076579A (en) * | 2021-11-29 | 2022-02-22 | 江苏科技大学 | Three-dimensional roughness detection device and method based on polarization imaging |
| CN114964054A (en) * | 2022-07-27 | 2022-08-30 | 苏州英示测量科技有限公司 | Surface shape detection system and method |
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