CN113027571B - 用于再激活排气后处理部件的方法和驱动设备 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于再激活排气后处理部件(14)的方法,该排气后处理部件被布置在燃烧发动机(12)的排气系(22)中并且具有含贵金属的排气后处理元件(16),其中使该燃烧发动机(12)在其运行阶段中以化学计量学的燃料‑空气混合物运行,其特征在于,为了再激活排气后处理部件(14),使燃烧发动机(12)暂时在再生阶段中运行,其中使燃烧发动机(12)在再生阶段中以浓厚的燃料‑空气混合物运行,使得至少部分地减少含贵金属的排气后处理元件(16)的被氧化的贵金属化合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于再激活排气后处理部件的方法,该排气后处理部件被布置在燃烧发动机的排气系中并且具有含贵金属的排气后处理元件,其中使该燃烧发动机在其运行阶段中以化学计量学的燃料-空气混合物运行。
背景技术
机动车辆通常具有驱动设备,该驱动设备用于驱动机动车辆。驱动设备具有至少一个燃烧发动机和排气后处理部件,尤其是催化器。
催化器用于净化在燃烧发动机的燃烧过程中产生的和流向外部环境中的排气,其中使排气中所含有的有害物质在流经催化器时被转变为无毒的物质。该催化器尤其被实施为三元催化器,通过该三元催化器能够转化三种有害物质成分,即CO、HC和NOx。为了转化有害物质,催化器通常包含排气后处理元件,该排气后处理元件具有贵金属或不同贵金属的混合物作为用于化学转化CO、HC和NOx的催化材料。例如铂、钯、铑或铱用作贵金属。
使奥托发动机在其运行阶段中(即在机动车辆的正常行驶运行中)以化学计量学的燃料-空气混合物运行,由此在催化器中实现尽可能最好的排气后处理。在调节燃料-空气混合物时,基于对排气中的剩余氧含量的测量来调节供应给奥托发动机的空气量和燃料量。在调节至目标λ值为1的燃料-空气比时,λ值保持在围绕目标λ值为1的所谓的λ窗中。在此,实际λ值在λ值<1的范围(也被称为燃料-空气混合物浓厚)与λ值>1的范围(也被称为燃料-空气混合物稀薄)之间波动。
问题在于,贵金属在燃料-空气混合物稀薄时与剩余氧气发生反应,并且因此转变为贵金属氧化物。贵金属氧化物不具有或仅具有大幅降低的催化效果,因此不能长期保证排气后处理。
在以化学计量学的燃料-空气混合物运行的奥托发动机中,燃料-空气混合物向燃料-空气混合物的稀薄范围内的波动导致贵金属被氧化,由此在一定的时间段之后,含贵金属的排气后处理元件的催化效果减弱并且由此催化器的效率降低。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,提供一种方法,该方法保证长期保持含贵金属的排气后处理元件的催化活性并且因此保证长期的排气后处理。
这个目的通过具有下文所述特征的用于使排气后处理部件再生的方法来实现。
由于为了再激活排气后处理部件而使燃烧发动机暂时在再生阶段中运行,其中燃烧发动机在再生阶段中以浓厚的燃料-空气混合物运行,使得含贵金属的排气后处理元件的被氧化的贵金属化合物至少部分地减少,因此在整个使用寿命上都保持排气后处理元件的催化效果以及因此催化器的高效率。在排气后处理部件再激活时,由于氧气过量而产生的贵金属氧化物再次被转变为对应的催化活性的贵金属。
优选地,燃烧发动机在运行阶段中仅以化学计量学的燃料-空气混合物运行。由此,减少从机动车辆排出到外部环境中的有害物质,其中使催化器在燃烧发动机的运行阶段中以最大效率运行。
在一个优选的设计方案中,使燃烧发动机在再生阶段中以λ值最大达0.7的浓厚的燃料-空气混合物运行,由此保证使排气后处理部件再生以及使贵金属氧化物被转变为催化活性的贵金属。在运行阶段期间出现的向燃料-空气混合物浓厚的范围内的波动是过短的并且不足以强烈到使贵金属再生。
优选地,监测在燃烧发动机的运行阶段期间的实际燃料-空气混合物,其中对波动至稀薄范围内和导致贵金属氧化的事件进行累计并且在此基础上对贵金属的氧化进行评估,其中自含贵金属的排气后处理元件的氧化超出预先限定时起引入再生阶段。由此可以按需要执行排气后处理部件的再生,并且使催化器可以永久获得高效率。通过按需要地使排气后处理部件再生,可以通过只在也需要时才使燃烧发动机在再生运行中运行来减少从机动车辆排出到外部环境中的有害物质(这些有害物质在再生阶段中高于在运行阶段中)。
在一个优选的设计方案中,在燃烧发动机的全负荷运行中引入再生阶段,其中燃烧发动机通常在其运行阶段中按需要全负荷地或部分负荷地运行。贵金属的再生呈指数式地取决于排气温度,因此用于使贵金属氧化物转变为催化活性的贵金属的时长随排气温度的升高而缩短。在全负荷情况下,排气具有最高的排气温度。通过在燃烧发动机全负荷运行时并且因此在排气温度最高时引入再生阶段,可以减小用于使排气后处理部件再生的时长。
优选地,排气后处理部件是三元催化器。优选地,燃烧发动机是奥托发动机。通过三元催化器,可以以节省结构空间的方式将一氧化碳、氮氧化物以及未燃烧的碳氢化合物转变为二氧化碳、氮气和水。
此外,该目的通过用于机动车辆的驱动设备来实现,其中该驱动设备具有燃烧发动机和用于净化该燃烧发动机的排气的排气后处理部件,并且其中该燃烧发动机以上文所述的方法运行。对于驱动设备的优点参考上述段落。
附图说明
借助附图对本发明的一个实施例进行详细解释。
图1示出机动车辆的示意性展示的驱动设备。
具体实施方式
图1示出机动车辆的驱动设备10。驱动设备10具有燃烧发动机12,该燃烧发动机被实施为奥托发动机。
此外,驱动设备10具有排气系22,该排气系将在燃烧过程中产生并且由燃烧发动机12排出的排气导出到外部环境中。在排气系22中布置有被实施为三元催化器的排气后处理部件14。三元催化器用于将排气中所包含的并且在燃烧过程中产生的有害物质(即一氧化碳、未燃烧的碳氢化合物和氮氧化物)转化为无毒的物质。在此,催化器14促使一氧化碳和碳氢化合物被氧化并且促使氮氧化物被还原。
为了使碳氢化合物和一氧化碳被氧化,催化器14对应地包括含贵金属的排气后处理元件16,该排气后处理元件包括具有蜂窝结构的陶瓷整料,其中陶瓷整料被涂覆有含贵金属的涂层。含贵金属的涂层通过其催化效果促使碳氢化合物和一氧化碳被氧化。
藉由发动机控制装置20来控制燃烧发动机12。发动机控制装置20对(在图中未展示的)气体和温度传感器的信号进行处理并且获取燃烧发动机12的运行参数,例如发动机转速、冷却剂温度或油门踏板的踏板位置。发动机控制装置20根据输入到发动机控制装置20中的参数来控制燃烧发动机12的运行,其中尤其通过发动机控制装置20来调节燃料喷射量和空气输入量,并且由此调整燃料-空气混合物。
使被实施为奥托发动机的燃烧发动机12在运行阶段中(即在机动车辆的正常行驶运行中)仅以化学计量学的燃料-空气混合物(即以λ值为1)运行,其中燃料-空气混合物以λ调节为基础并且藉由发动机控制装置20来调节。
在将燃料-空气混合物调节至目标λ值为1时,λ值保持在围绕目标λ值为1的所谓的λ窗中,其中实际λ值在λ值>1的所谓的稀薄范围与λ值<1的所谓的浓厚范围之间波动。向稀薄范围内的波动导致含贵金属的排气后处理元件16的贵金属被氧化,其中被氧化的贵金属不具有催化效果,并且催化器14的效率随着贵金属的累进氧化而降低。
根据本发明,为了逆转贵金属的氧化并且由此为了再激活排气后处理部件14,燃烧发动机12在再生阶段中以浓厚的燃料-空气混合物运行。
再生阶段以最大达0.7的燃料-空气比并且在燃烧发动机12全负荷的情况下进行。通过在燃烧发动机12全负荷的情况下相对较高的燃料过量与较高的排气温度的组合,再生阶段仅持续几秒钟或几分钟。
按需要来激活燃烧发动机12的再生阶段,其中累计实际燃料-空气混合物向稀薄范围内的波动,并从贵金属的预先限定的氧化量起激活再生阶段。
通过这种方法可以逆转贵金属的氧化,并且由此延长催化器14的使用寿命,更确切地说节省用于更换含贵金属的排气后处理元件16的成本。
与所描述的实施方式不同的结构性实施方式也是可行的,这些实施方式落入本申请的保护范围。例如可以不同地实施排气后处理部件14。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于再激活排气后处理部件(14)的方法,该排气后处理部件被布置在燃烧发动机(12)的排气系(22)中并且具有含贵金属的排气后处理元件(16),
其特征在于,
为了再激活排气后处理部件(14),使燃烧发动机(12)暂时在再生阶段中运行,其中使燃烧发动机(12)在该再生阶段中以浓厚的燃料-空气混合物运行,使得至少部分地减少含贵金属的排气后处理元件(16)的被氧化的贵金属化合物,使燃烧发动机(12)在运行阶段中仅以化学计量学的燃料-空气混合物运行,使燃烧发动机(12)在再生阶段中以λ值最大达0.7的浓厚的燃料-空气混合物运行,在燃烧发动机(12)的全负荷运行中引入再生阶段。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,
其特征在于,
监测在燃烧发动机(12)的运行阶段期间的实际燃料-空气混合物,其中对波动至稀薄范围内和导致贵金属氧化的事件进行累计并且在此基础上对排气后处理元件(16)的贵金属的氧化进行评估,其中自含贵金属的排气后处理元件(16)的氧化超出预先限定时起引入再生阶段。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,
其特征在于,
排气后处理部件(14)是三元催化器。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,
其特征在于,
燃烧发动机(12)是奥托发动机。
5.一种用于机动车辆的驱动设备(10),该驱动设备具有燃烧发动机(12)和用于净化该燃烧发动机(12)的排气的排气后处理部件(14),其中该燃烧发动机(12)以根据权利要求1至4之一所述的方法运行。
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