CN113016549B - 促进连作障碍下甘蔗分蘖成茎及节间糖分积累的栽培方法 - Google Patents
促进连作障碍下甘蔗分蘖成茎及节间糖分积累的栽培方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113016549B CN113016549B CN202110112029.9A CN202110112029A CN113016549B CN 113016549 B CN113016549 B CN 113016549B CN 202110112029 A CN202110112029 A CN 202110112029A CN 113016549 B CN113016549 B CN 113016549B
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Images
Classifications
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A01G22/55—Sugar cane
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
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Abstract
本发明涉及甘蔗种植技术领域，公开了一种提早促进连作障碍下甘蔗分蘖成茎和节间糖分积累的栽培方法，包括：（1）整地；（2）基肥配施减施；（3）工厂化制种；（4）种植；（5）封行除草；（6）田间管理；（7）适时收获。本发明采用工厂化制作甘蔗健康种茎，并采用可降解包衣膜对其进行包膜后种植，无需浸种，结合基肥与硅肥/生物炭的配施减施，以及分蘖初期追施含适量植物生长调节剂的钾肥，可提早促进甘蔗分蘖早发快发和壮苗，确保了甘蔗有效分蘖苗数，还能提高甘蔗的抗倒伏性；在伸长初期，采用无人机均匀喷施自配的甘蔗增糖生长促进剂，可促进分蘖拔节和速快伸长成有效茎，还利于提早糖分在茎节间快速积累，进而提高蔗糖分和单产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于甘蔗种植技术领域，特别涉及一种促进连作障碍下甘蔗分蘖成茎及节间糖分积累的栽培方法。
背景技术
迄今，在我国蔗区，甘蔗种植和管理一直处于常年连作状态，甘蔗单产不高和宿根年限少仍是我国蔗区所面临最严峻的瓶颈问题，这在很大程度上与甘蔗连作障碍密切相关。随着农作物育种和生产结构供给侧的区域化发展，农作物产区相对比较集中，农作物连作种植也逐渐成为一种普遍趋势，可见连作障碍已成为农作物稳产丰产的瓶颈，也是农业产业可持续发展的重大问题之一。蔗糖业作为广西的特色经济支柱产业，在乡村振兴中占据着重要位置。甘蔗种植面积占广西作物总面积的70%以上，由新植蔗和宿根蔗组成，而宿根蔗占比约2/3，即一年新植和两年宿根，甘蔗单产=单位面积有效茎数×单茎重，由此可见，提高有效茎数是甘蔗稳产增产栽培技术的关键。研究表明，有效茎数与甘蔗分蘖率和分蘖生长情况呈极显著正相关关系，且早期分蘖生长成有效茎的比例最高，与栽培技术和管理措施密切相关，这意味着促进分蘖的提早发生有利于甘蔗有效茎的生长。因此，甘蔗是否能有效分蘖是影响甘蔗产量的重要因素。不管甘蔗新植栽培还是宿根栽培，甘蔗幼苗处于6-12叶龄时为甘蔗分蘖期，植株地下基部茎节会萌发出侧芽形成分蘖，分蘖期平均为35-45天，一般情况下，在分蘖初期发生的低节位或第一次分蘖容易成为有效分蘖，较迟的分蘖不仅不能成为有效茎，还会抢营养，影响较早分蘖长成有效茎，因此，在既定的甘蔗品种下，通过改善栽培方法来促进甘蔗提早分蘖并生长成有效茎是最行之有效的途径之一，也是解决甘蔗连作障碍导致宿根产量下降和延长甘蔗宿根年限核心技术瓶颈的关键。另外，蔗糖是甘蔗生产经济价值的最直接体现，而蔗茎是甘蔗糖分积累、转化和储存的载体，也是甘蔗榨糖的唯一原材料。甘蔗节间糖分积累对甘蔗产糖量有重要影响。如能提早促进甘蔗分蘖成茎及其节间糖分积累，既能提高甘蔗的产量又能提高甘蔗的品质，实现甘蔗产量和产糖量双增，从而提高蔗农和制糖企业的增收增效。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种促进连作障碍下甘蔗分蘖成茎及节间糖分积累的栽培方法，从而克服现有甘蔗连作生产中分蘖少或受抑制、无效分蘖多而有效茎少、以及甘蔗倒伏后和连作宿根蔗节间糖分积累严重下降的缺陷。
为实现上述目的，本发明提供了一种促进连作障碍下甘蔗分蘖成茎及节间糖分积累的栽培方法，包括如下步骤：
（1）整地：翻种上茬连作宿根蔗蔗地用120-180匹功率拖拉机进行深耕深松整地，使连作蔗田耕作层土壤深、松、碎、平，并开种植沟；优选的，种植够的宽度为40-70cm，种植行的宽度为1.2 m；当然，也可以采用其它种植宽度。
（2）基肥配施减施：每亩施腐熟农家肥500-1000kg、钙镁磷肥40-50kg、氯化钾5-8kg和尿素5-10kg作混合基肥；如配施5-8kg硅肥，则减施一半的氯化钾和尿素；如配施200-500kg生物炭，则减施一半的所述混合基肥。
（3）工厂化制种：选择无病虫害、蔗茎均匀、蔗芽饱满的甘蔗健康种茎，采用甘蔗切种机将其切成单芽段或双芽段，并用可降解的甘蔗专用包衣膜通过包装机对切好的甘蔗芽段进行包膜；所述可降解的甘蔗专用包衣膜包括如下重量份的组分：聚乙烯醇22-28份、增塑剂5-10份、表面活性剂3-5份、消泡剂3-5份、改性淀粉10-15份、萘乙酸1-3份、吲哚丁酸1-3份、6-苄氨基嘌呤1-2份、苯醚甲环唑1-2份、赤霉素1-2份、氟虫腈1-2份、杀菌剂1-2份、焦磷酸钾3-5份，生长助剂4-8份。将可降解的甘蔗专用包衣膜的组分按现有方法制成薄膜状，再利用包装机对切好的甘蔗种茎进行包膜。可使用传统的包装机进行包膜，也可以采用甘蔗种茎专用包膜机一边切种一边进行包膜。
（4）种植：采用单行单轨斜摆稀植模式种植，下种量为3000-4000芽/亩。
（5）封行除草：每公顷用40％阿特拉津悬浮剂2250-3000g加80％乙草胺乳油600ml，兑水750-1125kg配成除草剂混合液，或50％敌草隆400-500倍药液，均匀喷洒于蔗畦进行封行和芽前除草。封行除草有利于后续的田间管理。
（6）甘蔗分蘖初期淋施水肥，每亩施25-30kg的硝酸磷复合肥（N：P：K=18:22:5）、5-8kg黄腐酸钾和5-8kg氨基酸水溶肥兑水500kg，然后再加入芸苔素、烯效唑、多效唑、矮壮素和助壮素中的任意一种，并按与水的质量比为（10-20）mg：1kg一起混溶，然后淋施于蔗行，接着进行中耕小培土；待甘蔗长至分蘖末期与拔节初期之间，追施硝基磷钾复合肥（N:P:K=20:8:15）20 kg/亩，并喷防虫剂防治害虫，同时，进行中耕大培土并除草；甘蔗伸长初期，喷施具有增糖效果的生长促进剂。
（7）适时收获：甘蔗成熟后及时采收。可进行剥叶后再采收。
优选的，上述技术方案中，步骤（2）中，所述腐熟农家肥的制备方法：取EM 菌原液稀释10-20 倍后加入糖蜜酒精废液搅匀，所得混合稀释液与过磷酸钙、粉煤灰、牛粪、鸡粪拌匀堆沤，堆肥20-40 厘米深处升温至45-55℃后继续堆沤8-12 天后，每隔2-3 天翻堆一次，直至熟化。
优选的，上述技术方案中，步骤（3）中，所述增塑剂为柠檬酸三丁酯、聚己内酯、聚己二酸丙二醇酯中至少一种；所述表面活性剂为十二烷基硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、甘油醚中的至少一种；所述消泡剂为吐温、辛醇、有机硅乳剂、磷酸三丁酯中的至少一种；所述杀菌剂为多菌灵、咪鲜胺和噻虫嗪中的至少一种。
优选的，步骤（3）中，所述生长助剂由壳聚糖、植物纤维粉和硅藻土按1-2：0.7-0.8：0.4-0.6的质量比混合制成。生长助剂的制备方法为首先将硅藻土与阳离子表面活性剂在35-50℃反应得到改性硅藻土，再将改性硅藻土与含壳聚糖和植物纤维粉的乙醇溶液混合均匀，然后减压蒸发回收溶剂，得到粉末状的吸附有壳聚糖和纤维粉的改性硅藻土，最后再通过研磨装置研磨，即得。
优选的，步骤（4）中，甘蔗种植时浇水；甘蔗生长前期，控制耕作层土壤水分并保持表土干燥。甘蔗种植时浇少量水，有利于甘蔗萌芽生根，有利于甘蔗的提早分蘖。甘蔗生长前期控水，能促进根系的生长，形成强大的根群基础，提高甘蔗的吸水、吸肥的能力和范围，同时能提高甘蔗的抗倒伏性，有利于提高甘蔗的增产增收。
优选的，步骤（6）中，所述生长促进剂包括如下成分组成：8%-10%木醋液、12%-15%硝酸钙、芸苔素1%-2%,3%-5%硼酸、月桂酰谷氨酸钠1%-3%、2%-3%脯氨酸、1%-1.5%甘氨酸、1%-1.5%谷氨酸、1%-1.8%吲哚丁酸钾、2%-3.6%赤霉素，褪黑素1-5%，其余为水。自配的生长促进剂能促进甘蔗分蘖成茎和蔗茎节间的伸长生长，提高甘蔗分蘖成茎率和蔗茎糖分含量，即增加甘蔗糖分含量又能增加甘蔗产量。
优选的，所述生长促进剂中的芸苔素、吲哚丁酸钾和赤霉素用体积浓度80-90%的乙醇液溶解后再与其它组份混溶；所述生长促进剂和杀菌剂混合后再喷施，所述杀菌剂为多菌灵、咪鲜胺和噻虫嗪至少一种。乙醇液溶解后有利于甘蔗的吸收。杀菌剂的使用，在促进甘蔗生长的同时减少病虫害的发生。
优选的，所述生长促进剂采用无人机均匀喷施于甘蔗叶面上。
优选的，步骤（6）中，甘蔗分蘖中后期，摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，根据不同甘蔗品种每株甘蔗保留2-5株健壮的甘蔗分蘖苗。摘除分蘖较晚及长势较弱的甘蔗分蘖苗。甘蔗分蘖苗多的品种可留多些甘蔗分蘖苗，甘蔗分蘖苗少的品种则留少些甘蔗分蘖苗。
优选的，采用甘蔗间苗机摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，所述甘蔗间苗机包括带轮子的机架，所述机架前部设有全景相机，所述机架上设有机械手，所述机械手远离所述机架一端设有剪切机构，所述全景相机、机械手和剪切机构分别与PLC控制器电连接；所述全景相机用于识别甘蔗分蘖苗，并将图形传送至PLC控制器，所述PLC控制器根据识别到的甘蔗分蘖苗数下达分蘖摘除指令，并控制机械手及剪切机构工作，摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗。通过机械手进行甘蔗分蘖摘除，可降低人工操作的劳动强度，提高作业效率，并能解决劳动力短缺的问题。
与现有的技术相比，本发明具有如下有益效果：
1. 本发明中采用工厂化制作甘蔗健康种茎进行种植，采用可降解的包衣膜对甘蔗种茎包膜，种植前无需浸种，结合种植初期在基肥中配施硅肥或生物炭，实现基肥减施和提高肥料利用率，分蘖期增施钾肥与植物生长调节剂混合的水溶肥，具有壮苗功效，可提高甘蔗分蘖成茎率和抗倒伏性，进而提高甘蔗的产量和品质。
2. 本发明使用的甘蔗专用包衣膜可保水、保温和保芽，使得甘蔗种茎种植时具有抗旱、防春寒、防伤芽等优势，同时实现了甘蔗苗期免施肥、免防病虫，可以减少甘蔗苗期的管理工作，降低人工成本。甘蔗专用包衣膜在充分结合甘蔗生长习性的基础上，通过在原有的降解膜制备成分如聚乙烯醇、增塑剂、表面活性剂、消泡剂、改性淀粉等基础包膜材料中添加萘乙酸、吲哚丁酸、6-苄氨基嘌呤、苯醚甲环唑、赤霉素、氟虫腈和杀菌剂等成分，使得降解膜不仅降解速度快，且在用于甘蔗的包衣时，对甘蔗的生长具有良好的杀菌消毒、防病虫害及促进甘蔗生根、出苗的效果。焦磷酸钾作为甘蔗吸收的盐，可提高肥效，同时与基础包膜材料等成分协同，可提高控施和缓施效果；甘蔗专用包衣膜还添加了包括壳聚糖、植物纤维粉和硅藻土的生长助剂，在壳聚糖、植物纤维粉和硅藻土产生的协同作用下，使得生长助剂的肥力高、肥效时间延长，最终促进了甘蔗苗的生长。
3. 本发明在甘蔗种植时浇少量水，有利于甘蔗萌芽生根，从而促进甘蔗的提早分蘖。甘蔗生长前期采用控水管理，能促进根系的生长，形成强大的根群基础，提高甘蔗的吸水、吸肥的能力和范围，单位面积产量可增产15%左右。
4. 本发明分蘖初期施硝酸磷复合肥、黄腐酸钾、氨基酸与植物生长调节剂混合的水溶肥可促进甘蔗分蘖成茎率；甘蔗分蘖中后期，摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，促进有效苗的快速成茎，并减少无效分蘖和营养浪费；甘蔗伸长期喷施具有增糖效果的生长促进剂，能促进蔗茎节间的伸长生长，提高甘蔗分蘖成茎率和蔗茎糖分含量，即增加甘蔗糖分含量又能增加甘蔗产量。
5. 本发明采用甘蔗间苗机摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，通过设置由PLC控制器控制的视觉相机、机械手和剪切机构等，可对甘蔗分蘖苗数进行可视化自动识别，并控制机械手和剪切机构进行摘除作业。通过机械摘除多余分蘖或者无效分蘖，实现间苗和定苗以构建甘蔗合理分蘖群体，形成合理种植密度，促进甘蔗分蘖成茎的比例，提高有效茎数，有利于提高甘蔗的产量。同时，机械摘除分蘖可降低人工操作的劳动强度，提高作业效率，并能解决劳动力短缺的问题。
6. 本发明在甘蔗伸长初期，采用无人机均匀喷施自配的生长促进剂，不仅能促进甘蔗分蘖速快伸长成有效茎，还有利于成熟期甘蔗糖分快速积累，明显提高蔗茎糖分含量和甘蔗单产，同时对甘蔗螟虫、梢腐病和黑穗病等有明显防治效果。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例1的甘蔗分蘖情况。
图2是本发明实施例2的成熟期蔗茎节间伸长情况；其中，左侧为对照组，右侧为本发明处理的甘蔗。
图3是本发明实施例2的成熟期蔗茎节间伸长情况局部放大图；其中，左侧为对照组，右侧为本发明处理的甘蔗。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图，对本发明的具体实施方式进行详细描述，但应当理解本发明的保护范围并不受具体实施方式的限制。
实施例1
试验的甘蔗品种为当前最大主栽品种桂糖42号，试验地位于广西甘蔗最大主产区来宾市兴宾区凤凰镇基地。2019年3月份种植，种植方法包括如下步骤：（1）整地：翻种上茬连作宿根蔗蔗地用180匹功率拖拉机进行深耕深松整地，使连作蔗田耕作层土壤深、松、碎、平，并开种植沟；种植沟的宽度为50cm，种植行的宽度为1.2 m；当然，也可以采用其它种植宽度。
（2）基肥配施减施：每亩施腐熟农家肥500kg、钙镁磷肥20kg、氯化钾4kg和尿素5kg作混合基肥；配施8kg硅肥。在基肥中配施硅肥，实现基肥减施和提高肥料利用率，同时能提高甘蔗的抗倒伏性。
进一步地，所述腐熟农家肥的制备方法：取EM 菌原液稀释20 倍后加入糖蜜酒精废液搅匀，所得混合稀释液与过磷酸钙、粉煤灰、牛粪、鸡粪拌匀堆沤，堆肥20-40 厘米深处升温至45-55℃后继续堆沤10天后，每隔2-3 天翻堆一次，直至熟化。在发酵的粪便原料中添加糖蜜酒精、磷酸钙、粉煤灰等，比常规的有机肥营养成分更高也更有利于甘蔗的吸收。
（3）工厂化制种：选择无病虫害、蔗茎均匀、蔗芽饱满的甘蔗健康种茎，采用甘蔗切种机将其切成单芽段或双芽段，并用可降解的甘蔗专用包衣膜通过包装机对切好的甘蔗芽段进行包膜；所述可降解的甘蔗专用包衣膜包括如下重量份的组分：聚乙烯醇22份、增塑剂10份、表面活性剂3份、消泡剂5份、改性淀粉10份、萘乙酸3份、吲哚丁酸1份、6-苄氨基嘌呤2份、苯醚甲环唑1份、赤霉素2份、氟虫腈1份、杀菌剂2份、焦磷酸钾3份，生长助剂8份。所述增塑剂为聚己内酯；所述表面活性剂为十二烷基硫酸钠和甘油醚等量混合；所述消泡剂为吐温和有机硅乳剂等量混合；所述杀菌剂为多菌灵。小区试验表明，本包衣膜具有很好的促进根系生长的，提高甘蔗的吸水、吸肥的能力和范围，有利于甘蔗的提早分蘖，并降低甘蔗初期的管理成本。
（4）种植：采用单行单轨斜摆稀植模式种植，下种量为3500芽/亩；甘蔗种植时浇少量水，有利于甘蔗萌芽生根，从而促进甘蔗的养分吸收和随后的提早分蘖。
（5）封行除草：每公顷用40％阿特拉津悬浮剂2250g加80％乙草胺乳油600ml，兑水750kg配成除草剂混合液，均匀喷洒于蔗畦进行封行和芽前除草。
（6）田间管理：甘蔗分蘖初期淋施水肥，每亩施25kg的硝酸磷复合肥（N：P：K=18:22:5）、5kg黄腐酸钾和8kg氨基酸水溶肥兑水500kg，然后再加入芸苔素，并按与水的质量比为（10-20）mg：1kg一起混溶，然后淋施于蔗行，接着进行中耕小培土；待甘蔗长至分蘖末期与拔节初期之间，追施硝基磷钾复合肥（N:P:K=20:8:15）20 kg/亩，并喷防虫剂防治害虫，同时，进行中耕大培土并除草；甘蔗伸长初期，喷施具有增糖效果的生长促进剂。所述生长促进剂包括如下成分组成：8%木醋液、15%硝酸钙、芸苔素1%、5%硼酸、月桂酰谷氨酸钠1%、2%脯氨酸、1%甘氨酸、1.5%谷氨酸、1%吲哚丁酸钾、3.6%赤霉素、褪黑素1%，其余为水，总量为100%。所述生长促进剂中的芸苔素、吲哚丁酸钾和赤霉素用体积浓度80-90%的乙醇液溶解后再与其它组份混溶。所述生长促进剂和杀菌剂混合后再喷施，所述杀菌剂为多菌灵。所述生长促进剂和杀虫剂采用无人机均匀喷施于甘蔗叶面上。
此外，甘蔗生长前期，控制耕作层土壤水分并保持表土干燥。甘蔗生长前期控水，能促进根系的生长，形成强大的根群基础，提高甘蔗的吸水、吸肥的能力和范围，同时能提高甘蔗的抗倒伏性，有利于提高甘蔗的增产增收。
进一步地，甘蔗分蘖中后期，通过人工摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，每株甘蔗保留3-4株健壮的甘蔗分蘖苗。摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，促进有效苗的快速成茎，并减少无效分蘖和营养浪费。
（7）适时收获：甘蔗成熟后及时采收。收割前先进行剥叶再采收。
其它未陈述部分采用常规方法进行管理，如采用现有方法进行病虫害防治等。
对比实施例1
本对比实施例的甘蔗种植品种、种植地、种植时间和种植密度与实施例1的相同。采用常规的方法种植。基肥施用的是：腐熟农家肥1000kg、钙镁磷肥40kg、氯化钾8kg和尿素10kg作混合基肥，不配施硅肥或生物碳。包衣剂采用市面上销售的包衣剂。甘蔗种植时不浇水，甘蔗分蘖初期施固体的氮磷钾复合肥，并喷施多效唑。甘蔗分蘖后期，不摘除多余分蘖。甘蔗伸长期，喷施市面上的增糖剂。其它未陈述部分采用常规方法进行管理。
从生长情况看，本发明的方法比对比实施例1的出苗快了至少1周，出苗率为90%左右，平均分蘖率为75%左右。甘蔗不仅分蘖好，苗壮，甘蔗株高、茎径及节间长度明显比对比实施例1的增加，甘蔗产量及单茎重也比对比实施例1的高，详见表1。
表1 甘蔗田间测产调查结果
同时，抽样选取实施例1和对比实施例1的甘蔗进行糖度等质量检测，检测结果见表2。
表2 甘蔗质量分析结果。
实施例2
试验的甘蔗品种为当前主栽品种桂柳05-136，试验地位于广西南宁市西乡塘区金光农场糖料蔗种植示范区。2019年3月份种植，种植方法包括如下步骤：
（1）整地：翻种上茬连作宿根蔗蔗地用160匹功率拖拉机进行深耕深松整地，使连作蔗田耕作层土壤深、松、碎、平，并开种植沟；种植沟的宽度为60cm，种植行的宽度为1.2m；当然，也可以采用其它种植宽度。
（2）基肥配施减施：每亩施腐熟农家肥400kg、钙镁磷肥25kg、氯化钾3kg和尿素4kg作混合基肥；配施300kg生物炭。配施生物炭，实现基肥减施和提高肥料利用率，同时能提高甘蔗的抗倒伏性。
进一步地，所述腐熟农家肥的制备方法：取EM 菌原液稀释10 倍后加入糖蜜酒精废液搅匀，所得混合稀释液与过磷酸钙、粉煤灰、牛粪、鸡粪拌匀堆沤，堆肥20-40 厘米深处升温至45-55℃后继续堆沤12 天后，每隔2-3 天翻堆一次，直至熟化。在发酵的粪便原料中添加糖蜜酒精、磷酸钙、粉煤灰等，比常规的有机肥营养成分更高也更有利于甘蔗的吸收。
（3）工厂化制种：选择无病虫害、蔗茎均匀、蔗芽饱满的甘蔗健康种茎，采用甘蔗切种机将其切成单芽段或双芽段，并用可降解的甘蔗专用包衣膜通过包装机对切好的甘蔗芽段进行包膜；所述可降解的甘蔗专用包衣膜包括如下重量份的组分：聚乙烯醇28份、增塑剂5份、表面活性剂5份、消泡剂3份、改性淀粉15份、萘乙酸1份、吲哚丁酸3份、6-苄氨基嘌呤1份、苯醚甲环唑2份、赤霉素1份、氟虫腈2份、杀菌剂1份、焦磷酸钾5份，生长助剂4份。所述增塑剂为柠檬酸三丁酯；所述表面活性剂为甘油醚；所述消泡剂为磷酸三丁酯中的至少一种；所述杀菌剂为咪鲜胺和噻虫嗪中。经过包膜的甘蔗种茎在种植前无需泡种，提高了甘蔗的种植效率，且可以避免机械播种对蔗芽的损伤，提高出苗率。可溶性包衣膜在苗期溶解，不会影响甘蔗苗的破土生长，且可溶性包衣膜所含营养成分可为甘蔗种茎利用，促进甘蔗种茎发芽、生根，对土壤、环境无污染。
（4）种植：采用单行单轨斜摆稀植模式种植，下种量为4000芽/亩；甘蔗种植时浇少量水，有利于其萌芽生根，从而促进其养分吸收和随后的提早分蘖。
（5）封行除草：每公顷用40％阿特拉津悬浮剂3000g加80％乙草胺乳油600ml，兑水1125kg配成除草剂混合液均匀喷洒于蔗畦进行封行和芽前除草。
（6）田间管理：甘蔗分蘖初期淋施水肥，每亩施30kg的硝酸磷复合肥（N：P：K=18:22:5）、8kg黄腐酸钾和5kg氨基酸水溶肥兑水500kg，然后再加入多效唑，并按与水的质量比为（10-20）mg：1kg一起混溶，然后淋施于蔗行，接着进行中耕小培土；待甘蔗长至分蘖末期与拔节初期之间，追施硝基磷钾复合肥（N:P:K=20:8:15）20 kg/亩，并喷防虫剂防治害虫，同时，进行中耕大培土并除草；甘蔗伸长初期，喷施具有增糖效果的生长促进剂。所述生长促进剂包括如下成分组成：10%木醋液、12%硝酸钙、芸苔素2%、3%硼酸、月桂酰谷氨酸钠3%、3%脯氨酸、1.5%甘氨酸、1.5%谷氨酸、1.8%吲哚丁酸钾、2%赤霉素、褪黑素5%，其余为水。所述生长促进剂中的芸苔素、吲哚丁酸钾和赤霉素用体积浓度80-90%的乙醇液溶解后再与其它组份混溶。所述生长促进剂和杀菌剂混合后再喷施，所述杀菌剂为多菌灵和噻虫嗪。所述生长促进剂和杀虫剂采用无人机均匀喷施于甘蔗叶面上。
此外，甘蔗生长前期，控制耕作层土壤水分并保持表土干燥，即在阳光充足的情况下的当日午后13:00点以后有 10-30％甘蔗蔗叶出现叶萎蔫、第二天早上能正常展开为度；若有 50％甘蔗蔗叶出现叶萎蔫且部分蔗叶第二天早不能正常展开则需进行灌水灌溉。
进一步地，甘蔗分蘖中后期，摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，根据不同甘蔗品种每株甘蔗保留2-5株健壮的甘蔗分蘖苗。本次试验通过人工摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗。若是大面积推广种植，可采用甘蔗间苗机摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，所述甘蔗间苗机包括带轮子的机架，所述机架前部设有全景相机，所述机架上设有机械手，所述机械手远离所述机架一端设有剪切机构，所述全景相机、机械手和剪切机构分别与PLC控制器电连接；所述全景相机用于识别甘蔗分蘖苗，并将图形传送至PLC控制器，所述PLC控制器根据识别到的甘蔗分蘖苗数下达分蘖摘除指令，并控制机械手及剪切机构工作，摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗。
（7）适时收获：甘蔗成熟后及时采收。收割前先进行剥叶再采收。
其它未陈述部分采用常规方法进行管理。
对比实施例2
本对比实施例的甘蔗种植品种、种植地、种植时间和种植密度与实施例2的相同。采用常规的方法种植。基肥施用的是：腐熟农家肥800kg、钙镁磷肥50kg、氯化钾6kg和尿素8kg作混合基肥，不配施硅肥或生物碳。包衣剂采用市面上销售的包衣剂。甘蔗种植时不浇水，甘蔗分蘖初期施固体的氮磷钾复合肥，并喷施多效唑。甘蔗分蘖后期，不摘除多余分蘖。甘蔗伸长期，不喷施具有增糖效果的生长促进剂。其它未陈述部分采用常规方法进行管理。
从生长情况看，本发明的方法比对比实施例1的出苗快1-2天，出苗率为90%左右，平均分蘖率为75%左右。甘蔗不仅分蘖好，甘蔗株高、朱茎及结间长度明显比对比实施例1的大，甘蔗产量及单茎重也比对比实施例1的高，详见表3。
表3 甘蔗田间测产调查结果
同时，抽样选取实施例1和对比实施例1的甘蔗进行糖度等质量检测，检测结果见表4。
表4 甘蔗质量分析结果。
综上所述，本发明采用处理过的甘蔗健康种茎进行种植，采用的包衣剂具有抗菌促生长功能，结合基肥与硅肥和生物炭的配施减施，并于分蘖初期追施含适量植物生长调节剂的钾肥，可提早促进甘蔗分蘖早发快发和壮苗，确保了甘蔗有效分蘖苗数，还能提高甘蔗的抗倒伏性；在伸长初期，采用无人机均匀喷施自配的甘蔗增糖生长促进剂，可促进分蘖拔节和速快伸长成有效茎，还利于提早糖分在茎节间快速积累，进而提高蔗糖分和单产。
前述对本发明的具体示例性实施方案的描述是为了说明和例证的目的。这些描述并非想将本发明限定为所公开的精确形式，并且很显然，根据上述教导，可以进行很多改变和变化。对示例性实施例进行选择和描述的目的在于解释本发明的特定原理及其实际应用，从而使得本领域的技术人员能够实现并利用本发明的各种不同的示例性实施方案以及各种不同的选择和改变。本发明的范围意在由权利要求书及其等同形式所限定。
Claims (8)
1.一种提早促进连作障碍下甘蔗分蘖成茎和节间糖分积累的栽培方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
（1）整地：翻种上茬连作宿根蔗蔗地用120-180匹功率拖拉机进行深耕深松整地，使连作蔗田耕作层土壤深、松、碎、平，并开种植沟；
（2）基肥配施减施：每亩施腐熟农家肥500-1000kg、钙镁磷肥40-50kg、氯化钾5-8kg和尿素5-10kg作混合基肥；如配施5-8kg硅肥，则减施一半的氯化钾和尿素；如配施200-500kg生物炭，则减施一半的所述混合基肥；
（3）工厂化制种：选择无病虫害、蔗茎均匀、蔗芽饱满的甘蔗健康种茎，采用甘蔗切种机将甘蔗健康种茎切成单芽段或双芽段，并用可降解的甘蔗专用包衣膜通过包装机对切好的芽段进行包膜；所述可降解的甘蔗专用包衣膜包括如下重量份的组分：聚乙烯醇22-28份、增塑剂5-10份、表面活性剂3-5份、消泡剂3-5份、改性淀粉10-15份、萘乙酸1-3份、吲哚丁酸1-3份、6-苄氨基嘌呤1-2份、苯醚甲环唑1-2份、赤霉素1-2份、氟虫腈1-2份、杀菌剂1-2份、焦磷酸钾3-5份，生长助剂4-8份；
（4）种植：采用单行单轨斜摆稀植模式种植，下种量为3000-4000芽/亩；
（5）封行除草：每公顷用40％阿特拉津悬浮剂2250-3000g加80％乙草胺乳油600ml，兑水750-1125kg配成除草剂混合液，或50％敌草隆400-500倍药液，均匀喷洒于蔗畦进行封行和芽前除草；
（6）田间管理：甘蔗分蘖初期淋施水肥，每亩施25-30kg的硝酸磷复合肥，其中，硝酸磷复合肥的N：P：K=18:22:5，每亩还施5-8kg黄腐酸钾和5-8kg氨基酸水溶肥兑水500kg，然后再加入芸苔素、烯效唑、多效唑、矮壮素和助壮素中的任意一种，并按与水的质量比为10mg-20mg：1kg一起混溶，然后淋施于蔗行，接着进行中耕小培土；待甘蔗长至分蘖末期与拔节初期之间，追施硝基磷钾复合肥20 kg/亩，其中，硝基磷钾复合肥的N:P:K=20:8:15，并喷防虫剂防治害虫，同时，进行中耕大培土并除草；甘蔗伸长初期，喷施具有增糖效果的生长促进剂；
所述生长促进剂包括如下成分组成：8%-10%木醋液、12%-15%硝酸钙、芸苔素1%～2%,3%-5%硼酸、月桂酰谷氨酸钠1%-3%、2%-3%脯氨酸、1%-1.5%甘氨酸、1%-1.5%谷氨酸、1%-1.8%吲哚丁酸钾、2%-3.6%赤霉素，褪黑素1-5%，其余为水；
甘蔗分蘖中后期，摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，根据不同甘蔗品种每株甘蔗保留2-5株健壮的甘蔗分蘖苗；
（7）适时收获：甘蔗成熟后及时采收。
2.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，步骤（2）中，所述腐熟农家肥的制备方法：取EM 菌原液稀释10-20 倍后加入糖蜜酒精废液搅匀，所得混合稀释液与过磷酸钙、粉煤灰、牛粪、鸡粪拌匀堆沤，堆肥20-40 厘米深处升温至45-55℃后继续堆沤8-12 天后，每隔2-3 天翻堆一次，直至熟化。
3.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，步骤（3）中，所述增塑剂为柠檬酸三丁酯、聚己内酯、聚己二酸丙二醇酯中至少一种；所述表面活性剂为十二烷基硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、甘油醚中的至少一种；所述消泡剂为吐温、辛醇、有机硅乳剂、磷酸三丁酯中的至少一种；所述杀菌剂为多菌灵、咪鲜胺和噻虫嗪中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，步骤（3）中，所述生长助剂由壳聚糖、植物纤维粉和硅藻土按1-2：0.7-0.8：0.4-0.6的质量比混合制成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，甘蔗种植时浇水；甘蔗生长前期，控制耕作层土壤水分并保持表土干燥。
6.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，所述生长促进剂中的芸苔素、吲哚丁酸钾和赤霉素用体积浓度80-90%的乙醇液溶解后再与其它组份混溶；所述生长促进剂和杀菌剂混合后再喷施，所述杀菌剂为多菌灵、咪鲜胺和噻虫嗪至少一种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，所述生长促进剂采用无人机均匀喷施于甘蔗叶面上。
8.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，采用甘蔗间苗机摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗，所述甘蔗间苗机包括带轮子的机架，所述机架前部设有全景相机，所述机架上设有机械手，所述机械手远离所述机架一端设有剪切机构，所述全景相机、机械手和剪切机构分别与PLC控制器电连接；所述全景相机用于识别甘蔗分蘖苗，并将图形传送至PLC控制器，所述PLC控制器根据识别到的甘蔗分蘖苗数下达分蘖摘除指令，并控制机械手及剪切机构工作，摘除多余的甘蔗分蘖苗。
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