CN113014037B - 一种含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置及其运行方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置,包括光伏电池板及配套设备、风力发电机组及配套设备、直流母线、直流电动机、飞轮储能装置、无极变速装置、直流发电机、电解水制氢装置、储氢罐、甲烷化反应装置和天然气管道或天然气储存罐,在飞轮储能装置的飞轮上安装有转速监测传感器,在无极变速装置上安装有变速比调节装置,电解水制氢装置进入稳定运行状态之后,当日照条件或风力条件产生波动时,通过转速传感器监测到飞轮转速产生的波动性变化,计算出所需无级变速系统变比的变化量,传输给无极变速装置,无极变速装置根据此变化量,计算出下一时刻的变比,从而完成变速过程,维持直流发电机的转速恒定,使电解水制氢装置以额定功率运行。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于电气工程领域,可应用于含光伏发电,风力发电等装置的微电网/配电网系统中,特别涉及一种含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置及其运行方法。
背景技术
作为代表性可再生能源利用方式,风电和光伏发电存在诸多弊端,以至于难以进行规划,消纳和调度。电转气(P2G,Power to Gas)技术作为一种可能的消纳方式应运而生。然而,目前对电转气设备及系统的研究趋于抽象化,理想化,极少考虑到电转气装置本身的特性和这些特性对新能源消纳造成的影响。
现有技术的缺陷和不足:
1.现有电转气设备通常直接并入到微电网系统中,由于风电和光伏设备出力情况具有较强的随机性,导致电转气设备的能源输入端处于时刻波动之中,使得电转气设备无法较长时间维持稳定的制气状态,甚至需要频繁启停,极大地浪费了能源,增加了损耗。
2.电转气设备由电解水制氢气和萨巴蒂埃甲烷化反应两部分组成,两部分具有不同的输入输出特性和响应曲线,能源输入的不确定性使得两部分的配合较为困难,需要开发难度较大的控制算法,并且效果也难以达到理想状态。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术的缺点,从根本上解决电转气设备能量输入随机性导致的问题,本发明的目的在于提供一种含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置及其运行方法,该装置实现方式简单,控制过程清晰,所受外部因素干扰较小,可以将复杂的动态随机消纳过程转化为若干较长时间内的准静态过程,从而提高新能源的消纳效率,降低损耗。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:
一种含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置,包括光伏电池板及其配套设备和风力发电机组及其配套设备,光伏发电和风力发电的输出的一部分均通过直流母线送入直流电动机,直流电动机的输出通过飞轮储能装置和无极变速装置连接直流发电机,直流发电机接电解水制氢装置为其供电,电解水制氢装置接储氢罐和甲烷化反应装置,甲烷化反应装置接天然气管道或天然气储存罐,其特征在于,在飞轮储能装置的飞轮上安装有转速监测传感器,在无极变速装置上安装有变速比调节装置。
其中,所述变速比调节装置由主动轮、从动轮和传动带组成,主动轮以过圆心的直径为对称轴,分成两个外侧大,内侧小的圆台结构,根据计算出的实时变比,调整两个圆台之间的距离,由于皮带或钢带的宽度是恒定的,因此可使得传动带在主动轮上缠绕的直径发生变化,形成不同的变比。
所述变比调节装置的主动轮由上圆台5和下圆台6在小尺径一端对称相对组成,上圆台5和下圆台6均绕转轴一1旋转,从动轮为一个围绕转轴二2旋转的圆柱轮3,所述传动带为传动皮带或传动钢带4,所述上圆台5和下圆台6的斜面上为一系列绵密的齿轮,不同位置的齿轮即不同的挡位。
所述飞轮储能装置、无极变速装置和直流发电机的连接中,飞轮储能装置带动无极变速装置的主动轮转动,主动轮带动从动轮转动,从动轮与直流发电机为刚性连接,从而带动直流发电机运转。
本发明还提供了所述含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置的运行方法,电解水制氢装置进入稳定运行状态之后,当日照条件或风力条件产生波动时,通过转速传感器监测到飞轮转速产生的波动性变化,并根据瞬时角加速度计算出所需无级变速系统变比的变化量,传输给无极变速装置,无极变速装置根据此变化量,计算出下一时刻的变比,从而完成变速过程,维持直流发电机的转速恒定,使电解水制氢装置以额定功率运行。
所述变化量的计算方法为:
在t1时刻,主动轮的角速度为ω1,从动轮的角速度为ω,此时的变比n1:n=ω:ω1,在t2时刻,主动轮的角速度变为ω2,则瞬时角加速度无级变速系统变比的变化量下一时刻的变比为Δt为t1和t2的间隔,为一极小值,n1为t1时刻主动轮的转速,n2为t2时刻主动轮的转速,n为从动轮的额定转速,三者单位均为rpm(转/每分钟)。
当飞轮储能装置所储能量不足以继续维持由电解水制氢装置和甲烷化装置构成的电解水系统以额定功率运行时,甲烷化反应装置和电解水制氢装置依次进入停止运行状态。
在任意一个启动-运行-停止过程中,除启停本身的变化外,由电解水制氢装置和甲烷化装置构成的电解水系统基本维持在额定功率运行。
当日照条件或风力条件充足时,光伏电池板和风力发电机组以所能达到的最大出力发电,此时发电量除供应微电网或配电网中的电力用户之外,其盈余发电量通过直流母线进入直流电动机,此时输入直流电动机的电功率Pin,t=PPV,t+PWind,t-PLoad,t,飞轮储能装置的储能量变化为ΔE=∫PWheel,tdt,其中PPV,t为光伏电池板发电量,PWind,t为风力发电机组发电量,PLoad,t为电力用户总负载,PWheel,t为输入飞轮储能装置的能量,PWheel,t=Pin,t-Pf,Pf为损耗的功率;
当日照条件或风力条件不足时,光伏电池板和风力发电机组以所能达到的最大出力发电,此时发电量不足以带动所有电力负载,因此不向直流电动机供电,飞轮储能装置储能量的变化ΔE=∫-Pfdt;
当飞轮储能装置的总储能量超过某一预设的供气阈值时,飞轮作为主动轮带动无极变速装置,从动轮以预设的提速方式提升至额定转速,进而带动直流发电机运转,直流发电机电势Ea与转速的关系为Ea=CenΦ,当从动轮到达额定转速nN时,直流发电机达到额定电压UN,此时电解水制氢装置的电极电压Ucell与电解电流Icell呈正相关关系,电解水制氢装置以额定功率运行,Ce为直流发电机的电势常数,n为电机的转速,Φ为电机中每极的主磁通。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
1.本发明装置实现方式简单,控制过程清晰,所受外部因素干扰较小,可以将复杂的动态随机消纳过程转化为若干较长时间内的准静态过程。
2.当日照条件或风力条件充足时,光伏电池板和风力发电机组以所能达到的最大出力发电,发电量除供应微电网或配电网中的电力用户之外,其盈余发电量通过直流母线进入直流电动机。当日照条件或风力条件不足时,光伏电池板和风力发电机组以所能达到的最大出力发电,此时发电量不足以带动所有电力负载,因此不向直流电动机供电。当飞轮的总储能量超过某一预设的供气阈值时,飞轮作为主动轮带动无极变速装置,从动轮以预设的提速方式提升至额定转速,电解水制氢装置以额定功率运行。
3.电解水制氢装置进入稳定运行状态之后,当日照条件或风力条件产生波动时,飞轮的转速将产生波动性变化。此时,通过转速传感器可以及时监测到这一变化,并根据瞬时角加速度计算出所需无级变速系统变比的变化量,并传输给无级变速系统。无极变速系统根据此变化量,计算出下一时刻的变比,完成变速过程,直流发电机的转速基本维持恒定,因此电解水制氢装置始终维持在额定功率附近,甲烷化反应装置也基本维持在稳定工作状态。
附图说明
图1为本发明的系统结构图。
图2为本发明的系统控制示意图。
图3为变比调节装置示意图,其中(a)为低变比主视图,(b)为高变比主视图,(c)为低变比俯视图,(d)为高变比俯视图,(e)为下圆台的主视图。
图4为本发明的系统运行程序框图。
图5为一天内的实时风机、光伏、电力负载。
图6为一个启停周期内的飞轮角速度。
图7为一个启停周期内的电转气功率。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例详细说明本发明的实施方式。
如图1所示,本发明一种含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置,主要包括如下部分:光伏电池板及配套设备、风力发电机组及配套设备、直流母线、直流电动机、飞轮储能装置、无极变速装置、直流发电机、电解水制氢装置、储氢罐、甲烷化反应装置、天然气管道或天然气储存罐。
如图2所示,为选择合适的运行方法,在飞轮储能装置上应加装转速监测传感器,在无极变速装置上应加装变速比调节装置。并可以控制电解水制氢装置和甲烷化装置的启停过程。
如图3所示,变比调节装置的主动轮由上圆台5和下圆台6在小尺径一端对称相对组成,上圆台5和下圆台6均绕转轴一1旋转,从动轮为一个围绕转轴二2旋转的圆柱轮3,传动带为传动皮带或传动钢带4,上圆台5和下圆台6的结构参考图3中的(e),其斜面上为一系列绵密的齿轮,不同位置的齿轮即不同的挡位。由于挡位很多,因此可以近似为无极调节。调节变比时,首先控制上圆台5和下圆台6之间的距离d发生变化,由于传动皮带或传动钢带4的宽度不变,因此会改变啮合的齿轮位置,因此传动皮带或传动钢带4在主动轮上所缠绕的半径r发生变化。当变比较低时,如图3中(a)(c)所示,d较大而r较小;当变比较高时如图3中(b)(d)所示,d较小而r较大。
参考图4,本发明电转气装置的运行方法如下:
当日照条件或风力条件充足时,光伏电池板和风力发电机组以所能达到的最大出力发电,发电量除供应微电网或配电网中的电力用户之外,其盈余发电量通过直流母线进入直流电动机。假定此时光伏发电量为PPV,t,风机发电量为PWind,t,电力用户总负载为PLoad,t,则此时输入直流电动机的电功率Pin,t=PPV,t+PWind,t-PLoad,t。扣除因摩擦等因素损耗的功率Pf,则输入飞轮的能量为PWheel,t=Pin,t-Pf。因此飞轮的储能量变化为ΔE=∫PWheel, tdt。
当日照条件或风力条件不足时,光伏电池板和风力发电机组以所能达到的最大出力发电,此时发电量不足以带动所有电力负载,因此不向直流电动机供电,飞轮储能量的变化ΔE=∫-Pfdt。
当飞轮的总储能量超过某一预设的供气阈值时,飞轮作为主动轮带动图3所示的无极变速装置,从动轮以预设的提速方式提升至额定转速。从动轮应当与直流发电机做刚性连接,从而带动直流发电机运转。对于直流发电机,有电势与转速的关系Ea=CenΦ,当从动轮到达额定转速nN时,直流发电机恰好达到额定电压UN。此时,对于电解水制氢装置,电极电压Ucell与电解电流Icell呈正相关关系,因此电解水制氢装置以额定功率运行。
电解水制氢装置进入稳定运行状态之后,当日照条件或风力条件产生波动时,直流母线输入能量的变化直接影响到直流电动机的电功率Pin,t,从而影响到输入飞轮的能量为ΔE,因此,飞轮的转速将产生波动性变化。此时,通过转速传感器可以及时监测到这一变化,并根据瞬时角加速度计算出所需无级变速系统变比的变化量,并传输给无级变速系统。无极变速系统根据此变化量,计算出下一时刻的变比,从而完成变速过程。
由于如图3所示变速系统的存在,直流发电机的转速基本维持恒定,因此电解水制氢装置始终维持在额定功率附近,即产生的氢气流速率基本稳定,因此,甲烷化反应装置也基本维持在稳定工作状态。
当飞轮所储能量不足以继续维持电转气系统以额定功率运行时,甲烷化反应装置和电解水制氢装置依次进入停止运行状态。在任意一个启动-运行-停止过程中,除启停本身的变化外,系统基本维持在额定功率运行。
如图5所示,含有电转气的微电网系统在一天24小时内风电,光伏的发电量处于随机变化之中,而且在晚上和凌晨发电功率高于用电功率,白天发电功率低于用电功率。将无法消纳的新能源发电功率转化为飞轮的机械能,可以看到飞轮角速度的变化如图6所示。但无论飞轮的角速度如何变化,电转气装置在正常运行时的功率始终维持在额定20MW附近(如图7),直至飞轮的角速度低于设定的阈值,电转气装置才停止工作,从而减少了启停和波动过程,降低了损耗,提升了效率。
Claims (8)
1.一种含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置的运行方法,所述电转气装置包括光伏电池板及其配套设备和风力发电机组及其配套设备,光伏发电和风力发电的输出的一部分均通过直流母线送入直流电动机,直流电动机的输出通过飞轮储能装置和无极变速装置连接直流发电机,直流发电机接电解水制氢装置为其供电,电解水制氢装置接储氢罐和甲烷化反应装置,甲烷化反应装置接天然气管道或天然气储存罐,在飞轮储能装置的飞轮上安装有转速监测传感器,在无极变速装置上安装有变速比调节装置;其特征在于,电解水制氢装置进入稳定运行状态之后,当日照条件或风力条件产生波动时,通过转速传感器监测到飞轮转速产生的波动性变化,并根据瞬时角加速度计算出所需无级变速系统变比的变化量,传输给无极变速装置,无极变速装置根据此变化量,计算出下一时刻的变比,从而完成变速过程,维持直流发电机的转速恒定,使电解水制氢装置以额定功率运行。
2.根据权利要求1所述含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置的运行方法,其特征在于,所述变速比调节装置由主动轮、从动轮和传动带组成,主动轮以过圆心的直径为对称轴,分成两个外侧大,内侧小的圆台结构,根据计算出的实时变比,调整两个圆台之间的距离,使得传动带在主动轮上缠绕的直径发生变化,形成不同的变比。
3.根据权利要求2所述含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置的运行方法,其特征在于,所述变速 比调节装置的主动轮由上圆台(5)和下圆台(6)在小尺径一端对称相对组成,上圆台(5)和下圆台(6)均绕转轴一(1)旋转,从动轮为一个围绕转轴二(2)旋转的圆柱轮(3),所述传动带为传动皮带或传动钢带(4),所述上圆台(5)和下圆台(6)的斜面上为一系列绵密的齿轮,不同位置的齿轮即不同的挡位。
4.根据权利要求2所述含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置的运行方法,其特征在于,所述飞轮储能装置、无极变速装置和直流发电机的连接中,飞轮储能装置带动无极变速装置的主动轮转动,主动轮带动从动轮转动,从动轮与直流发电机为刚性连接,从而带动直流发电机运转。
6.根据权利要求1所述含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置的运行方法,其特征在于,当飞轮储能装置所储能量不足以继续维持由电解水制氢装置和甲烷化装置构成的电解水系统以额定功率运行时,甲烷化反应装置和电解水制氢装置依次进入停止运行状态。
7.根据权利要求1所述含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置的运行方法,其特征在于,在任意一个启动-运行-停止过程中,除启停本身的变化外,由电解水制氢装置和甲烷化装置构成的电解水系统基本维持在额定功率运行。
8.根据权利要求1所述含飞轮和无极传动的电转气装置的运行方法,其特征在于,当日照条件或风力条件充足时,光伏电池板和风力发电机组以所能达到的最大出力发电,此时发电量除供应微电网或配电网中的电力用户之外,其盈余发电量通过直流母线进入直流电动机,此时输入直流电动机的电功率Pin,t=PPV,t+PWind,t-PLoad,t,飞轮储能装置的储能量变化为ΔE=∫PWheel,tdt,其中PPV,t为光伏电池板发电量,PWind,t为风力发电机组发电量,PLoad,t为电力用户总负载,PWheel,t为输入飞轮储能装置的能量,PWheel,t=Pin,t-Pf,Pf为损耗的功率;
当日照条件或风力条件不足时,光伏电池板和风力发电机组以所能达到的最大出力发电,此时发电量不足以带动所有电力负载,因此不向直流电动机供电,飞轮储能装置储能量的变化ΔE=∫-Pfdt;
当飞轮储能装置的总储能量超过某一预设的供气阈值时,飞轮作为主动轮带动无极变速装置,从动轮以预设的提速方式提升至额定转速,进而带动直流发电机运转,直流发电机电势Ea与转速的关系为Ea=CenΦ,当从动轮到达额定转速nN时,直流发电机达到额定电压UN,此时电解水制氢装置的电极电压Ucell与电解电流Icell呈正相关关系,电解水制氢装置以额定功率运行,Ce为直流发电机的电势常数,n为电机的转速,Φ为电机中每极的主磁通。
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