CN112997790B - Method for cultivating and processing mulberry leaves - Google Patents

Method for cultivating and processing mulberry leaves Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112997790B
CN112997790B CN202110177709.9A CN202110177709A CN112997790B CN 112997790 B CN112997790 B CN 112997790B CN 202110177709 A CN202110177709 A CN 202110177709A CN 112997790 B CN112997790 B CN 112997790B
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mulberry
leaves
picking
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branches
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CN112997790A (en
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邵胜荣
胡英华
金李孟
钟雨婷
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Hangzhou Guokang Network Technology Co ltd
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Hangzhou Guokang Network Technology Co ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23F—COFFEE; TEA; THEIR SUBSTITUTES; MANUFACTURE, PREPARATION, OR INFUSION THEREOF
    • A23F3/00—Tea; Tea substitutes; Preparations thereof
    • A23F3/34—Tea substitutes, e.g. matè; Extracts or infusions thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
    • C05B1/02—Superphosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a mulberry leaf processing method, which comprises the following steps: (1) picking mulberry leaves by a machine: cutting off the mulberry leaves with stalks and leaves by a picking machine in a segmented manner, wherein the length of the cut mulberry leaves is 20-40 cm; (2) storing the leaves of the mulberry; (3) cutting leaves of mulberry leaves; (4) performing steam de-enzyming; (5) cooling and blowing: cooling for 5-10 minutes; (6) baking and drying; (7) separating stems and leaves; (8) re-drying and aroma raising: the drying temperature is 70-90 ℃, and the drying time is 15-25 minutes. The invention combines the mulberry leaf picking machine and the flow line continuous production, which can effectively solve the problems of insufficient labor and high cost in the processes of picking and processing the mulberry leaves, realize the industrialized mass production, and ensure the stability of the product quality, better taste and high content of various nutrient components through the flow line continuous production; the mulberry leaf product can meet the application requirements of various fields such as cakes, ice cream, beverages, noodles and the like.

Description

Method for cultivating and processing mulberry leaves
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of mulberry leaf processing, in particular to a method for cultivating and processing mulberry leaves.
Background
The folium Mori is leaf of Morus alba L of Moraceae, and has wide application and large dosage. Besides being used as raw materials for silkworm breeding, the product can also be used as a good food additive, such as series foods of mulberry leaf surfaces, mulberry leaf cookies, mulberry leaf buckwheat surfaces and the like, and can also be used as a safe pigment of cakes after being ground into powder; the tea has the tea making effect and is more beneficial to the health.
The prior processing technology generally dries the mulberry leaves by sun drying, direct drying, stir-frying or low-temperature freeze drying after the mulberry leaves are picked. Sun drying, direct oven drying, and parching to dry folium Mori with yellow appearance, poor taste and flavor, and low content of effective components; the mulberry leaves freeze-dried at low temperature have good appearance and high content of effective components, but the processing cost is too high. There are also processing techniques such as deactivation of enzymes, rolling, drying, etc., for example, the publication of "a mulberry leaf green tea and its preparation process" in the Chinese patent literature, whose publication number is CN108432923A, including the following steps: a. picking fresh mulberry leaves; b. withering the mulberry leaves; c. cutting into strips; d. performing roller enzyme deactivation; e. spreading for cooling; f. carrying out microwave secondary enzyme deactivation; g. cooling and dampening; h. rolling; i. and (5) frying and forming. According to the invention, the moisture of withered mulberry leaves, the fixation temperature and the rolling method are optimized in the preparation process, so that the obtained mulberry leaf green tea has unique variety fragrance of mulberry leaves, compact and strong particles, dark green and oily color, yellow green and bright soup color, sweet and mellow taste and dense aftertaste.
However, when the mulberry leaves are processed by the processes of de-enzyming and rolling in the prior art, the raw materials cannot contain mulberry stems, so that the requirement on picking the mulberry leaves is high, and the machine-picked mulberry leaves containing more mulberry stems cannot be used generally; the prepared mulberry leaf tea has the advantages of general quality stability, poor taste and high cost.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects that when the mulberry leaves are processed by adopting the processes of enzyme deactivation and rolling in the prior art, the raw materials cannot contain mulberry stems, so that the requirement on picking the mulberry leaves is high, and the machine-picked mulberry leaves containing more mulberry stems cannot be used generally; the mulberry leaf tea prepared by the method has the advantages of general quality stability, poor taste and high cost, and the method combines the mechanical picking of mulberry leaves and the continuous production of a production line, can effectively solve the problems of insufficient labor and high cost in the processes of picking and processing the mulberry leaves, realizes industrial large-scale production, and can ensure the stability of the product quality, better taste and high content of various nutrient components through the continuous production of the production line; the mulberry leaf product can meet the application requirements of various fields such as cakes, ice cream, beverages, noodles and the like.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for cultivating and processing mulberry leaves comprises the following steps:
(1) picking mulberry leaves by a machine: cutting off the mulberry leaves with stalks and leaves by a picking machine in a segmented manner, wherein the length of the cut mulberry leaves is 20-40 cm;
(2) storing green leaves of mulberry leaves: during green keeping, the green keeping temperature is not higher than 28 ℃ by adopting a blast measure;
(3) cutting leaves of mulberry leaves;
(4) steam de-enzyming: the steam temperature is 100 ℃, the green leaf flow is 80-140 kg/h, and the fixation time is 8-10 seconds;
(5) cooling and blowing: cooling for 5-10 minutes;
(6) baking and drying: baking at the temperature of 80-140 ℃ for 15-30 minutes;
(7) separating stems and leaves;
(8) re-drying and aroma extraction: the drying temperature is 70-90 ℃, and the drying time is 15-25 minutes.
The method adopts machines to process the mulberry leaves in all links, can directly process the mechanically-picked mulberry leaves, and has the advantages of good continuity of production and processing steps, production line type operation, simple and convenient operation, high production efficiency and lower production cost. The technological parameters of each link are strictly controlled in the production process, and the produced mulberry leaves are safe and sanitary, high in quality, good in stability, good in taste, multiple in application, high in nutritional ingredients, capable of being fully absorbed and utilized by a human body in each application, more remarkable in health care and medical efficacy, and beneficial to physical and psychological health after long-term use.
Preferably, the length of the fresh leaves after leaf cutting in the step (3) is not more than 10 cm.
Preferably, the speed of the drum is 40-60 r/min and the speed of the stirring shaft is 300-500 r/min during the water-removing in the step (4).
Preferably, the degree of cooling in step (5) is: the water-removed leaves are soft when pinched by hands, and no water stain is on the surface.
Preferably, the drying in step (6) is carried out until the water content is 8% or less.
Preferably, the drying in step (8) is repeated until the moisture content is less than 5%.
Preferably, the cultivation and picking method of mulberry leaves used in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
s1: planting mulberry seedlings: single-plant double-strip triangular staggered planting is adopted; the planting specification is as follows: the large row spacing between the corresponding sides of the two groups of triangles is 1.5-2.0 m, the small row spacing between the vertex and the bottom side of the triangles is 45-55 cm, the plant spacing is 35-45 cm, and 1800-2000 seedlings are used per mu;
s2: fixing mulberry seedlings and cultivating 1-grade branches: after field planting of mulberry seedlings, fixing stems 18-22 cm away from the ground, selecting 2 new buds at the top end of each tree when new shoots on a trunk grow to 5-10 cm, removing all the rest buds, culturing into thick and strong branches, cutting the mulberry tree trunks 30-35 cm away from the ground before the mulberry sprouts in the next year, and fixing 1-grade branches;
s3: fixing mulberry seedlings to 2-grade branches: after cutting the mulberry branch at the 1-level to sprout, thinning the sprout when the young shoots grow to 5-10 cm, selecting and reserving 2 young shoots on each branch, and cutting the branches when the young shoots grow to 40-45 cm away from the ground to form 4 branches at the 2 level;
s4: cultivating mulberry picking surfaces: after the mulberry branches at the level 2 cut openings germinate, thinning the buds when the young shoots grow to 5-10 cm, reserving 2-3 young shoots on each branch, and cutting the branches when the young shoots grow to 50-55 cm away from the ground to form 8-12 branches of the machine harvested surface;
s5: picking mulberry leaves by a machine: when the number of the mulberry leaves in the mulberry branches reaches 6-8, picking by a picking machine;
s6: trimming the picked mulberry trees: after leaf picking, cutting mulberry branches at a position 5-6 cm higher than a mulberry picking surface, cutting mulberry branches at a position 5-6 cm higher than the last cutting removal after every picking, and cutting mulberry branches at a position 50-55 cm above the ground when the total height exceeds 85 cm.
According to the mulberry field cultivation method, single-plant double-strip triangular staggered planting is adopted during mulberry seedling planting, the large row spacing is enlarged, the ventilation and light transmission conditions of a mulberry field can be improved, the quality of mulberry leaves is improved, small machines such as a hand-held ground turning machine, a desk-top trimmer, a picking machine and the like can be used for ground production, and machine picking is facilitated. Meanwhile, according to picking requirements, the grade 1 branches and the grade 2 branches of the mulberry seedlings are determined, picking surfaces are formed, and the mulberry branches are guaranteed to grow neatly, so that the mulberry branches can be picked uniformly by a follow-up machine, and the influence on the quality of picked mulberry leaves and the quality of processed mulberry leaf products due to the fact that old branches are mixed in the mulberry leaves and picked is avoided.
Preferably, the picking is carried out by a flat double picking machine when the machine in S5 is used for picking; picking is carried out in two sections, the 1 st to 3 rd mulberry leaves at the top end of the branch are picked in the first section, and all the other leaves are picked in the second section.
Preferably, sufficient base fertilizer is applied before mulberry seedlings are planted, and 1.5-2 tons of base fertilizer is applied per mu; applying a germination accelerating fertilizer when the mulberry sprouts, wherein the germination accelerating fertilizer is urea and is 14-16 kg per mu; and (3) topdressing the compound fertilizer for 1 time within 3 days after each round of picking, and applying 18-22 kg of the compound fertilizer per mu.
Preferably, the base fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: 400-500 parts of animal manure residues, 50-80 parts of soybean residues, 40-50 parts of rice straws, 20-30 parts of wheat straws, 2-5 parts of edible fungus residues, 10-15 parts of slow-release selenium fertilizer and 2-5 parts of zeolite powder; the components of the compound fertilizer in parts by weight comprise: 1.9-2.0 parts of urea, 3.8-4.0 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1.3-1.4 parts of potassium sulfate and 0.3-0.5 part of slow-release selenium fertilizer.
The base fertilizer is prepared by retting raw materials such as animal manure residues, soybean dregs and the like, is rich in high elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, can effectively supplement nutrients required by the growth of the mulberry, promotes the development of the mulberry and improves the quality of the mulberry leaves. In addition, the slow-release selenium fertilizer is added into the base fertilizer and the compound fertilizer, so that the selenium element can be released in a long-acting manner, the selenium element is absorbed into plants, and the selenium content in the planted mulberry leaves can reach more than 300 mug per kilogram. Selenium is a trace element necessary for human bodies, and after eating the mulberry leaf product rich in selenium, the mulberry leaf product can prevent tumors, liver diseases and the like, can improve the immunity of organisms, maintain the normal functions of important organs such as heart, liver, lung, stomach and the like, and prevent the occurrence of senile cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Preferably, the preparation method of the slow-release selenium fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) mixing an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and glycine with an ethanol solution of trimethyl phosphate to obtain a precursor solution, wherein the molar ratio of glycine to calcium atoms to phosphorus atoms in the precursor solution is 2.5-5: 5: 3; adjusting the pH value of the precursor solution to 7.5-8.5 by using ammonia water, stirring to obtain stable sol, and then aging at 40-60 ℃ for 1-2 d to obtain xerogel;
B) the xerogel is placed in aqueous solution of sodium diazide stilbene disulfonate with the pH of 2-3 and the concentration of 30-40 mg/mL for soaking for 4-6 h, and after filtration, the product is subjected to power of 4000-5000 mW/cm2Irradiating for 10-15 min under ultraviolet light, roasting for 1-3 h at 700-800 ℃, and grinding to obtain a porous hydroxyapatite carrier;
C) dispersing a porous hydroxyapatite carrier in toluene, adding gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxyl silane under a stirring state, wherein the adding proportion of the porous hydroxyapatite carrier, the toluene and the gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxyl silane is 1g: 20-30 mL; stirring and reacting for 20-30 h at 90-100 ℃, filtering, washing the product with toluene and drying; dispersing the dried product in n-propanol, stirring for 30-40 min, adding dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine and potassium iodide under the protection of nitrogen to enable the mass ratio of the porous hydroxyapatite to the dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine to the potassium iodide to be 5: 9-11: 0.1-0.5, stirring at 40-60 ℃ for reaction for 24-36 h, filtering, washing the product with n-propanol, and drying in vacuum to obtain surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite;
D) placing the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite in a sodium selenite solution with the mass concentration of 1-5%, and adsorbing for 24-36 hours; filtering, washing the product, and then placing the product in a polyaspartic acid solution with the pH of 8.5-9.5 and the mass fraction of 2-3%, and adsorbing for 10-24 hours; and filtering and drying the product to obtain the slow-release selenium fertilizer.
When the slow-release selenium fertilizer is prepared, firstly, the porous hydroxyapatite carrier is prepared through the steps A) and B), and in the preparation process of the carrier, the diazide stilbene disulfonic acid sodium is used as a pore-forming agent, and the pore-forming agent can be adsorbed and enriched in gel through the electrostatic action of negatively charged sulfonic acid groups and positively charged porous hydroxyapatite gel, so that the dispersibility and the load stability of the pore-forming agent are improved, and the pore channels which are uniformly distributed are favorably formed in the carrier; when the gel is irradiated by ultraviolet light, phenyl azide in the pore-forming agent can be decomposed under the irradiation of the ultraviolet light to generate nitrogen to escape, so that a pore channel is initially formed in the gel; finally, in the roasting process, the residual benzene ring structure in the pore-forming agent is decomposed and discharged at high temperature, pore channels are further expanded, the pore channel structure of the carrier is enriched through two pore-forming actions, the shrinkage and collapse of the pore channels in the roasting process are avoided, the porous hydroxyapatite carrier with the enriched mesoporous structure is obtained, the specific surface area of the carrier is effectively improved, and the problems that the existing hydroxyapatite carrier is limited by porosity and pore diameter and is low in fertilizer carrying rate are solved.
Then the invention is applied toModifying the surface of the prepared porous hydroxyapatite with positively charged quaternary ammonium salt groups through the step C); step D), placing the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite into a sodium selenite solution, wherein small-molecule sodium selenite can be adsorbed into the pore channels of the porous hydroxyapatite to realize the loading of the selenium element; finally, the porous hydroxyapatite loaded with the sodium selenite is placed in an alkaline polyaspartic acid solution, and a large amount of negatively charged-COO can be ionized by the polyaspartic acid in an alkaline environment-The group can generate electrostatic attraction with quaternary ammonium salt groups on the surface of the porous hydroxyapatite, so that macromolecular polyaspartic acid is adsorbed on the surface of the porous hydroxyapatite, and the pore channel of the hydroxyapatite is blocked.
The slow-release selenium fertilizer takes porous hydroxyapatite with rich mesoporous structure and large specific surface area as a carrier, and can delay the release rate of sodium selenite through the adsorption effect of the porous hydroxyapatite on the sodium selenite; meanwhile, the invention also plugs the pore channel of the carrier by the polyaspartic acid adsorbed on the surface of the carrier, thereby further reducing the release speed of the selenium fertilizer loaded in the pore channel. After the slow-release selenium fertilizer is applied to soil along with a base fertilizer, the release amount of the selenium fertilizer loaded in the pore channels is small due to the fact that polyaspartic acid adsorbed on the surfaces of carriers blocks the pore channels of the carriers in the early growth stage of mulberry seedlings, and the ionization degree of carboxyl in the polyaspartic acid in the soil environment is reduced and the adsorbability of the polyaspartic acid on the surfaces of porous hydroxyapatite carriers is weakened due to the fact that the soil planted by the mulberry trees is neutral to slightly acidic, so that the polyaspartic acid can be gradually separated from the surfaces of the carriers along with the lapse of time until the mulberry trees grow to grow out of the mulberry leaves, the release rate of the selenium fertilizer is also increased, and the release amount is increased. Therefore, the slow-release selenium fertilizer can realize the regulation and control of the release amount of selenium element, the release amount of the selenium element is less when the branches and the stems of the mulberry seedlings grow in the early period, and the release amount of the selenium fertilizer is gradually increased along with the growth of the mulberry leaves in the later period, so that the selenium element can enter the mulberry leaves as much as possible, and the mulberry leaves with higher nutritional value can be obtained.
In addition, the polyaspartic acid adsorbed on the surface of the slow-release selenium fertilizer is slowly released into soil, so that the polyaspartic acid is a fertilizer synergist, and can strengthen the comprehensive absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements by mulberry trees, thereby improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer and improving the quality of mulberry leaves. Meanwhile, the porous hydroxyapatite carrier in the slow-release selenium fertilizer can be biologically degraded, and the degraded products are phosphate ions and calcium ions which are not only harmless to the environment but also can be absorbed by mulberry as nutrients, and can improve the soil environment after long-term use.
Therefore, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the production and processing steps have good continuity, the assembly line type operation is realized, the operation is simple and convenient, the production efficiency is high, and the production cost is lower;
(2) the technological parameters of each link are strictly controlled in the production process, and the produced mulberry leaves are safe and sanitary, high in quality, good in stability, good in taste and multiple in application;
(3) the mulberry leaf tea has high nutrient content, can be fully absorbed and utilized by human bodies in various applications, has more obvious health care and medical effects, and is beneficial to physical and psychological health after long-term use.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to specific embodiments.
In the present invention, all the equipment and materials are commercially available or commonly used in the art, and the methods in the following examples are conventional in the art unless otherwise specified.
The mulberry leaf processing method adopted by the invention comprises the following steps:
(1) picking mulberry leaves by a machine: cutting off the mulberry leaves with the stem and the leaves by a double-person picking machine in a segmented manner, wherein the length of the cut mulberry leaves is 20-40 cm;
(2) storing green leaves of mulberry leaves: picking folium Mori, placing in chain plate type green keeping chamber, blowing air to keep green keeping temperature not higher than 25 deg.C, preventing folium Mori from heating and red changing, and keeping freshness of folium Mori;
(3) cutting leaves of mulberry leaves: according to the size of the mulberry leaves, larger branches needing to be cut are cut by a leaf cutting machine, the length of fresh leaves after leaf cutting is not more than 10cm, and the length and the size are uniform;
(4) de-enzyming: deactivating enzymes by using a steam roller, wherein the steam temperature is 100 ℃, the green leaf flow is 90 kg/h, the rotating speed of the steam roller is 40 r/min, the rotating speed of a stirring shaft is 300 r/min, and the deactivation time is 9 seconds; the fixation degree: the green grass is thoroughly and evenly killed, the green grass smell is dissipated, and the green fragrance is exposed;
(5) cooling and blowing: blowing the de-enzymed leaves into a 8-meter high-cooling net by using a multi-section fan, and quickly cooling to remove the moisture on the surfaces of the de-enzymed leaves through three times of lifting; degree of cooling: the killed leaves are soft by hand pinching, and no water stain exists on the surfaces;
(6) baking and drying: drying with a brick drying room, firstly filling the space of the drying room with hot air, then paving the cooled blanched leaves on a stainless steel mesh-shaped conveying net belt for layer changing and reciprocating forward, wherein the thickness is about 2cm, the leaves are divided into 4 layers, and drying is carried out until the water content of the mulberry leaves is below 8%; temperature of the drying room: 100 ℃, time: 20 minutes;
(7) stem and leaf separation: adjusting wind power according to the water content of stems and leaves by using a stem and leaf separator, separating leaves and stems, and removing impurities;
(8) re-drying and aroma extraction: re-drying with a chain plate type dryer at 80 deg.C for 25 min to obtain dried leaves with water content of less than 5%.
Wherein the mulberry leaf cultivation and picking method used in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
s1: selecting mulberry varieties: selecting and planting the agricultural mulberry 12 which has upright tree shape, compact crown, thin and straight branch, multiple spring branches, strong seedling, uniform size, plump winter bud, good root system and no disease or pest;
s2: preparation before planting: applying enough base fertilizer, applying 2 tons per mu, and burying the base fertilizer in soil in combination with deep ploughing; excavating irrigation and drainage ditches around the field block before planting, and flattening the compartment surface, wherein the width of the whole compartment is 1.8m, and the depth of the ditches is 18 cm; excavating a cross ditch in the middle of the field, wherein the depth of the cross ditch is 10cm deeper than that of the compartment ditch;
s3: planting mulberry seedlings: planting in early spring at the soil temperature of 10-12 ℃, selecting robust seedlings without diseases and pests during planting, slightly trimming overlong main roots and promoting multiple lateral roots; before planting, dipping roots in slurry mixed with phosphate fertilizer; single-plant double-strip triangular staggered planting is adopted, and the planting specification is as follows: the large row spacing between the corresponding sides of the two groups of triangles is 1.8m, the small row spacing between the vertex of the triangle and the bottom side is 50cm, the plant spacing is 40cm, and 1850 seedlings are used per mu; burying the roots of the mulberry seedlings in mulberry row line soil during planting, slightly lifting the soil to stretch the roots, treading the soil to enable the roots to be leveled and loosen the layer, wherein the roots are required to be leveled by 3 cm, pouring enough water for fixing the roots, trimming the plants within 2 days after planting, keeping the plant height about 20cm, trimming the tip ends, and achieving the uniform height;
s4: drying mulberry seedlings: after the mulberry seedlings are fixedly planted, cutting fixed stems 20cm away from the ground, selecting 2 regular and strong buds with uniform implantation positions at the top end of each plant when young shoots on a main stem grow to 10cm, removing all the rest buds, and culturing 2 first branches;
s5: and (3) cultivating 1-grade branches: in the second year, before mulberry germination, cutting the mulberry in spring at a position 30cm away from the ground to form a first branch; after germination, selecting and reserving 2 new shoots at the upper end of each branch to grow uniformly, growing new branches with basically consistent directions and outside, and thinning and removing the rest to cultivate 4 second branches;
s6: 2, cultivating branches of grade 2: in the third year, before mulberry germination, cutting off the mulberry tree in spring at a position 40cm away from the ground to form a second branch, selecting and reserving 3 new shoots at the upper end of each branch when the new shoots grow to 5-10 cm, enabling the new shoots to grow uniformly and basically in the same direction, and thinning and culturing the rest of branches to form 12 mechanical picking surface branches;
s7: cultivating mulberry picking surfaces: before mulberry germination, cutting at a position 50cm away from the ground, and culturing into 12 mechanical harvested surface branches;
s8: picking mulberry leaves by a machine: when the number of the mulberry leaves in the mulberry branches reaches 6-8, picking by a flat double picking machine is started, wherein the picking is divided into two sections, the 1 st to 3 rd mulberry leaves at the top ends of the branches are picked in the first section, and all the rest leaves are picked in the second section;
s9: trimming the picked mulberry trees: after leaf picking, cutting mulberry branches at a position 5cm higher than the picking surface of the mulberry, cutting the mulberry branches at a position 5cm higher than the picking surface of the mulberry branches after every picking, and cutting the mulberry branches at a position 50cm away from the ground when the total height exceeds 85 cm;
s10: fertilizer management: applying germination accelerating fertilizer when the mulberry sprouts, and applying 15 kg of urea per mu; topdressing compound fertilizer for 1 time within 3 days after picking one round, and dressing 20 kilograms per mu;
s11: and (3) mechanically harvesting fallow management of the mulberry field: after the mulberry leaves are produced all year round and at the end of 2 months in the next year, carrying out rotary tillage treatment on the soil combined with the base fertilizer in the mulberry field, and disinfecting the tree body by adopting 15% lime sulphur.
Example 1:
a mulberry planting base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 450 parts of animal manure residues, 70 parts of soybean residues, 45 parts of rice straws, 25 parts of wheat straws, 3 parts of edible fungus residues, 12 parts of slow-release selenium fertilizer and 3 parts of zeolite powder.
A mulberry planting compound fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1.95 parts of urea, 3.9 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1.3 parts of potassium sulfate and 0.4 part of slow-release selenium fertilizer.
The preparation method of the slow-release selenium fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) mixing an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and glycine with an ethanol solution of trimethyl phosphate to obtain a precursor solution, wherein the molar ratio of glycine to calcium atoms to phosphorus atoms in the precursor solution is 3:5: 3; adjusting the pH value of the precursor solution to 8.1 by using ammonia water, stirring to obtain stable sol, and then aging at 50 ℃ for 36h to obtain xerogel;
B) the xerogel is placed in a diazide stilbene disulfonic acid sodium solution with the pH value of 2.5 and the concentration of 35mg/mL for soaking for 5 hours, and after filtration, the product is placed in a solution with the power of 4500mW/cm2Irradiating for 12min under ultraviolet light, roasting for 2h at 750 ℃, and grinding to obtain a porous hydroxyapatite carrier;
C) dispersing a porous hydroxyapatite carrier in toluene, adding gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxy silane under a stirring state, wherein the adding proportion of the porous hydroxyapatite carrier, the toluene and the gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxy silane is 1g:25mL:25 mL; stirring and reacting for 24 hours at 95 ℃, filtering, washing the product with toluene and drying; dispersing the dried product in n-propanol, stirring for 35min, adding dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine and potassium iodide under the protection of nitrogen to ensure that the mass ratio of the porous hydroxyapatite to the dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine to the potassium iodide is 5:10:0.2, stirring at 50 ℃ for 24h for reaction, filtering, washing the product with n-propanol, and drying in vacuum to obtain the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite;
D) placing the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite in a sodium selenite solution with the mass concentration of 3%, and adsorbing for 30 hours; filtering, washing the product, putting the product into a polyaspartic acid solution with the pH value of 9.1 and the mass fraction of 2.5%, and adsorbing for 12 hours; and filtering and drying the product to obtain the slow-release selenium fertilizer.
Example 2:
a mulberry planting base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 400 parts of animal manure residues, 50 parts of soybean residues, 40 parts of straws, 20 parts of wheat straws, 2 parts of edible fungus residues, 10 parts of slow-release selenium fertilizer and 2 parts of zeolite powder.
A mulberry planting compound fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1.9 parts of urea, 3.8 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1.35 parts of potassium sulfate and 0.3 part of slow-release selenium fertilizer.
The preparation method of the slow-release selenium fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) mixing an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and glycine with an ethanol solution of trimethyl phosphate to obtain a precursor solution, wherein the molar ratio of glycine to calcium atoms to phosphorus atoms in the precursor solution is 2.5:5: 3; adjusting the pH value of the precursor solution to 7.5 by using ammonia water, stirring to obtain stable sol, and then aging at 40 ℃ for 48 hours to obtain xerogel;
B) the xerogel is placed in a diazide stilbene disulfonic acid sodium solution with the pH value of 2 and the concentration of 40mg/mL for soaking for 4 hours, and after filtration, the product is soaked in 4000mW/cm power2Irradiating for 15min under ultraviolet light, roasting for 3h at 700 ℃, and grinding to obtain a porous hydroxyapatite carrier;
C) dispersing a porous hydroxyapatite carrier in toluene, adding gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxyl silane under stirring, wherein the adding proportion of the porous hydroxyapatite carrier, the toluene and the gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxyl silane is 1g:20mL:20 mL; stirring and reacting for 30h at 90 ℃, filtering, washing the product with toluene and drying; dispersing the dried product in n-propanol, stirring for 30min, adding dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine and potassium iodide under the protection of nitrogen to ensure that the mass ratio of the porous hydroxyapatite to the dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine to the potassium iodide is 5:9:0.1, stirring at 40 ℃ for reaction for 36h, filtering, washing the product with n-propanol, and drying in vacuum to obtain the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite;
D) placing the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite in a sodium selenite solution with the mass concentration of 1%, and adsorbing for 36 hours; filtering, washing the product, putting the product into a polyaspartic acid solution with the pH value of 8.5 and the mass fraction of 2%, and adsorbing for 24 hours; and filtering and drying the product to obtain the slow-release selenium fertilizer.
Example 3:
a mulberry planting base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 500 parts of animal manure residues, 80 parts of soybean residues, 50 parts of straws, 30 parts of wheat straws, 5 parts of edible fungus residues, 15 parts of slow-release selenium fertilizer and 5 parts of zeolite powder.
A mulberry planting compound fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2.0 parts of urea, 4.0 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1.4 parts of potassium sulfate and 0.5 part of slow-release selenium fertilizer.
The preparation method of the slow-release selenium fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) mixing an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and glycine with an ethanol solution of trimethyl phosphate to obtain a precursor solution, wherein the molar ratio of glycine to calcium atoms to phosphorus atoms in the precursor solution is 5:5: 3; adjusting the pH value of the precursor solution to 8.5 by using ammonia water, stirring to obtain stable sol, and then aging at 60 ℃ for 24h to obtain xerogel;
B) the xerogel is placed in a diazide stilbene disulfonic acid sodium solution with the pH value of 3 and the concentration of 30mg/mL for soaking for 6h, and after filtration, the product is put into a solution with the power of 5000mW/cm2Irradiating for 10min under ultraviolet light, roasting for 1h at 800 ℃, and grinding to obtain a porous hydroxyapatite carrier;
C) dispersing a porous hydroxyapatite carrier in toluene, adding gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxyl silane under a stirring state, wherein the adding proportion of the porous hydroxyapatite carrier, the toluene and the gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxyl silane is 1g:30mL:30 mL; stirring and reacting for 20h at 100 ℃, filtering, washing the product with toluene and drying; dispersing the dried product in n-propanol, stirring for 40min, adding dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine and potassium iodide under the protection of nitrogen to ensure that the mass ratio of the porous hydroxyapatite to the dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine to the potassium iodide is 5:11:0.5, stirring at 60 ℃ for 24h for reaction, filtering, washing the product with n-propanol, and drying in vacuum to obtain the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite;
D) placing the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite in a sodium selenite solution with the mass concentration of 5%, and adsorbing for 24 hours; filtering, washing the product, putting the product into a polyaspartic acid solution with the pH value of 9.5 and the mass fraction of 3%, and adsorbing for 10 hours; and filtering and drying the product to obtain the slow-release selenium fertilizer.
Example 4:
a mulberry planting base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 450 parts of animal manure residues, 70 parts of soybean residues, 45 parts of straws, 25 parts of wheat straws, 3 parts of edible fungus residues, 12 parts of slow-release selenium fertilizer and 3 parts of zeolite powder.
A mulberry planting compound fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1.95 parts of urea, 3.8 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1.3 parts of potassium sulfate and 0.4 part of slow-release selenium fertilizer.
The preparation method of the slow-release selenium fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) mixing an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and glycine with an ethanol solution of trimethyl phosphate to obtain a precursor solution, wherein the molar ratio of glycine to calcium atoms to phosphorus atoms in the precursor solution is 3:5: 3; adjusting the pH value of the precursor solution to 8.1 by using ammonia water, stirring to obtain stable sol, and then aging at 50 ℃ for 36h to obtain xerogel;
B) roasting the xerogel at 750 ℃ for 2h, and grinding to obtain a porous hydroxyapatite carrier;
C) dispersing a porous hydroxyapatite carrier in toluene, adding gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxy silane under a stirring state, wherein the adding proportion of the porous hydroxyapatite carrier, the toluene and the gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxy silane is 1g:25mL:25 mL; stirring and reacting for 24 hours at 95 ℃, filtering, washing the product with toluene and drying; dispersing the dried product in n-propanol, stirring for 35min, adding dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine and potassium iodide under the protection of nitrogen to ensure that the mass ratio of the porous hydroxyapatite to the dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine to the potassium iodide is 5:10:0.2, stirring at 50 ℃ for 24h for reaction, filtering, washing the product with n-propanol, and drying in vacuum to obtain the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite;
D) placing the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite in a sodium selenite solution with the mass concentration of 3%, and adsorbing for 30 hours; filtering, washing the product, putting the product into a polyaspartic acid solution with the pH value of 9.1 and the mass fraction of 2.5%, and adsorbing for 12 hours; and filtering and drying the product to obtain the slow-release selenium fertilizer.
Example 5:
a mulberry planting base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 450 parts of animal manure residues, 70 parts of soybean residues, 45 parts of straws, 25 parts of wheat straws, 3 parts of edible fungus residues, 12 parts of slow-release selenium fertilizer and 3 parts of zeolite powder.
A mulberry planting compound fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1.95 parts of urea, 3.8 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1.3 parts of potassium sulfate and 0.4 part of slow-release selenium fertilizer.
The preparation method of the slow-release selenium fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) mixing an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and glycine with an ethanol solution of trimethyl phosphate to obtain a precursor solution, wherein the molar ratio of glycine to calcium atoms to phosphorus atoms in the precursor solution is 3:5: 3; adjusting the pH value of the precursor solution to 8.1 by using ammonia water, stirring to obtain stable sol, and then aging at 50 ℃ for 36h to obtain xerogel;
B) the xerogel is placed in a diazide stilbene disulfonic acid sodium solution with the pH value of 2.5 and the concentration of 35mg/mL for soaking for 5 hours, and after filtration, the product is placed in a solution with the power of 4500mW/cm2Irradiating for 12min under ultraviolet light, roasting for 2h at 750 ℃, and grinding to obtain a porous hydroxyapatite carrier;
C) placing the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite in a sodium selenite solution with the mass concentration of 3%, and adsorbing for 30 hours; filtering, washing the product, putting the product into a polyaspartic acid solution with the pH value of 9.1 and the mass fraction of 2.5%, and adsorbing for 12 hours; and filtering and drying the product to obtain the slow-release selenium fertilizer.
Example 6:
a mulberry planting base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 450 parts of animal manure residues, 70 parts of soybean residues, 45 parts of rice straws, 25 parts of wheat straws, 3 parts of edible fungus residues, 12 parts of slow-release selenium fertilizer and 3 parts of zeolite powder.
A mulberry planting compound fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1.95 parts of urea, 3.8 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1.3 parts of potassium sulfate and 0.4 part of slow-release selenium fertilizer.
The preparation method of the slow-release selenium fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) mixing an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and glycine with an ethanol solution of trimethyl phosphate to obtain a precursor solution, wherein the molar ratio of glycine to calcium atoms to phosphorus atoms in the precursor solution is 3:5: 3; adjusting the pH value of the precursor solution to 8.1 by using ammonia water, stirring to obtain stable sol, and then aging at 50 ℃ for 36h to obtain xerogel;
B) the xerogel is placed in a diazide stilbene disulfonic acid sodium solution with the pH value of 2.5 and the concentration of 35mg/mL for soaking for 5 hours, and after filtration, the product is placed in a solution with the power of 4500mW/cm2Irradiating for 12min under ultraviolet light, roasting for 2h at 750 ℃, and grinding to obtain a porous hydroxyapatite carrier;
C) placing the porous hydroxyapatite in a sodium selenite solution with the mass concentration of 3%, and adsorbing for 30 hours; and filtering and drying the product to obtain the slow-release selenium fertilizer.
The mulberry is cultivated by adopting the cultivation method, the cultivation is divided into 6 fields, the base fertilizer in the embodiments 1-6 is applied to each field, and the corresponding compound fertilizer is used for topdressing; the mulberry leaf yield and selenium content in the mulberry leaves in the field of each example were measured, and the results are shown in table 1.
Table 1: and detecting the yield and quality of mulberry leaves.
Figure GDA0003586235570000101
Figure GDA0003586235570000111
As can be seen from table 1, in examples 1 to 3, when the slow-release selenium fertilizer prepared in the present invention is added to a base fertilizer and a compound fertilizer during mulberry cultivation, the cultivated mulberry leaves have high yield and high selenium content, and can be used for preparing selenium-enriched foods. In the embodiment 4, when the hydroxyapatite carrier for slow release of the selenium fertilizer is prepared, no diazide stilbene disulfonic acid sodium pore-forming agent is added for pore forming, the porosity and the pore diameter of the carrier are reduced, and the fertilizer carrying capacity is low, so that the selenium content in the mulberry leaves is obviously reduced compared with that in the embodiment 1. When the slow-release selenium fertilizer in the embodiment 5 is prepared, the surface of the porous hydroxyapatite carrier is not subjected to cationic modification, the adsorption capacity of the carrier on polyaspartic acid is reduced, the release amount of selenium cannot be effectively controlled along with time, and the selenium content in the obtained mulberry leaves is also reduced; the surface of the slow release selenium fertilizer in the embodiment 6 does not adsorb polyaspartic acid, the release amount of selenium element along with time can not be controlled, and the content of selenium in mulberry leaves is reduced; meanwhile, because the synergism of the polyaspartic acid is not generated, the utilization rate of the fertilizer by the mulberry is reduced, and the yield of the mulberry leaves is also reduced.
A part of mulberry leaves picked in the field in the embodiment 1 is processed according to the method in the invention, a part of the mulberry leaves is directly dried in the sun, the other part of the mulberry leaves is directly dried in a drying room at 100 ℃, the content of effective components in products obtained by different processing methods is detected, and the result is shown in table 2.
Table 2: and detecting the effective components of the mulberry leaf processed product.
Sample processing mode Amino acid content (%) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (mg/g) Isoflavone compound (mg/g)
The method of the invention 2.6 3.7 32.1
Dried in the sun 1.2 0.9 15.3
Drying by baking 1.5 1.1 14.5
The mulberry leaves processed by the different methods are brewed into tea by boiled water, 50 volunteers are randomly selected to score the sensory properties of the obtained mulberry leaf tea, and the final average score is obtained, and the result is shown in table 3.
Table 3: and (5) sensory evaluation results of the mulberry leaf tea.
Sample processing mode Appearance color (40) Aroma (20) Taste (25) Soup color (10) Leaf bottom (5) Total score
The method of the invention 37 19 23 9 4.5 92.5
Is dried in the sun 30 15 19 6 3 73
Drying by baking 32 16 20 7 4 79
As can be seen from tables 2 and 3, the loss of nutrients in the mulberry leaves is less when processed by the method of the present invention, the content of each nutrient in the obtained mulberry leaf product is significantly increased compared to the conventional sun-drying or oven-drying method, and the sensory properties of the mulberry leaf tea prepared by the method of the present invention are also improved compared to the conventional method.
The mulberry leaves processed by the method have the advantages of fresh and emerald green color, fine powder, no pigment drop in water, good water solubility, pure color, no change, rich and elegant fragrance, no peculiar smell and the like of a finished product after baking. After being ground, the product can be widely applied to various industries such as dairy products, cold foods, baking, beverages, health-care foods, daily chemical products and the like.

Claims (7)

1. A method for cultivating and processing mulberry leaves is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) picking mulberry leaves by a machine: cutting off the mulberry leaves with stalks and leaves by a picking machine in a segmented manner, wherein the length of the cut mulberry leaves is 20-40 cm;
(2) storing green leaves of mulberry leaves: during green keeping, the green keeping temperature is not higher than 28 ℃ by adopting a blast measure;
(3) cutting leaves of mulberry leaves;
(4) steam de-enzyming: the steam temperature is 100 ℃, the green leaf flow is 80-140 kg/h, and the de-enzyming time is 8-10 seconds;
(5) cooling and blowing: cooling for 5-10 minutes;
(6) baking and drying: baking at the temperature of 80-140 ℃ for 15-30 minutes;
(7) separating stems and leaves;
(8) re-drying and aroma raising: drying at 70-90 ℃ for 15-25 minutes;
the mulberry leaf cultivation and picking method used in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
s1: planting mulberry seedlings: adopting single-plant double-strip triangular staggered planting; the planting specification is as follows: the large row spacing between the corresponding sides of the two groups of triangles is 1.5-2.0 m, the small row spacing between the vertex and the bottom side of the triangles is 45-55 cm, the plant spacing is 35-45 cm, and 1800-2000 seedlings are used per mu; sufficient base fertilizer is applied before mulberry seedlings are planted, and 1.5-2 tons of base fertilizer is applied per mu; applying a germination accelerating fertilizer when the mulberry sprouts, wherein the germination accelerating fertilizer is urea and is 14-16 kg per mu; topdressing compound fertilizer for 1 time within 3 days after each round of picking, and applying 18-22 kg of compound fertilizer per mu;
s2: fixing the mulberry seedling and culturing 1-grade branches: after field planting of mulberry seedlings, fixing stems 18-22 cm away from the ground, selecting 2 new buds at the top end of each tree when new shoots on a trunk grow to 5-10 cm, removing all the rest buds, culturing into thick and strong branches, and cutting the mulberry tree trunks 30-35 cm away from the ground before the mulberry sprouts in the next year to fix 1-grade branches;
s3: mulberry shoot 2 grade branch: after cutting the mulberry branch at the 1-level to sprout, thinning the sprout when the young shoots grow to 5-10 cm, selecting and reserving 2 young shoots on each branch, and cutting the branches when the young shoots grow to 40-45 cm away from the ground to form 4 branches at the 2 level;
s4: cultivating mulberry picking surfaces: after the branches of the mulberry at the level of 2 are cut and sprout, when the young shoots grow to 5-10 cm, carrying out bud thinning, reserving 2-3 young shoots on each branch, and cutting when the young shoots grow to the position 50-55 cm away from the ground to form 8-12 branches of machine harvested surfaces;
s5: picking mulberry leaves by a machine: picking by using a picking machine when the number of mulberry leaves in the mulberry branches reaches 6-8;
s6: trimming the picked mulberry trees: after leaf picking, cutting mulberry branches at a position 5-6 cm higher than a mulberry picking surface, cutting mulberry branches at a position 5-6 cm higher than the last cutting removal after every picking, and cutting mulberry branches at a position 50-55 cm above the ground when the total height exceeds 85 cm;
the base fertilizer used in S1 comprises the following components in parts by weight: 400-500 parts of animal manure residues, 50-80 parts of soybean residues, 40-50 parts of rice straws, 20-30 parts of wheat straws, 2-5 parts of edible fungus residues, 10-15 parts of slow-release selenium fertilizer and 2-5 parts of zeolite powder; the components of the compound fertilizer in parts by weight comprise: 1.9-2.0 parts of urea, 3.8-4.0 parts of calcium superphosphate, 1.3-1.4 parts of potassium sulfate and 0.3-0.5 part of slow release selenium fertilizer;
the preparation method of the slow-release selenium fertilizer comprises the following steps:
A) mixing an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate and glycine with an ethanol solution of trimethyl phosphate to obtain a precursor solution, wherein the molar ratio of glycine to calcium atoms to phosphorus atoms in the precursor solution is 2.5-5: 5: 3; adjusting the pH value of the precursor solution to 7.5-8.5 by using ammonia water, stirring to obtain stable sol, and then aging at 40-60 ℃ for 1-2 d to obtain xerogel;
B) the xerogel is placed in aqueous solution of sodium diazide stilbene disulfonate with the pH of 2-3 and the concentration of 30-40 mg/mL for soaking for 4-6 h, and after filtration, the product is subjected to power of 4000-5000 mW/cm2Irradiating for 10-15 min under ultraviolet light, roasting for 1-3 h at 700-800 ℃, and grinding to obtain a porous hydroxyapatite carrier;
C) dispersing a porous hydroxyapatite carrier in toluene, adding gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxyl silane under a stirring state, wherein the adding proportion of the porous hydroxyapatite carrier, the toluene and the gamma-chloropropyl trimethoxyl silane is 1g: 20-30 mL; stirring and reacting for 20-30 h at 90-100 ℃, filtering, washing the product with toluene and drying; dispersing the dried product in n-propanol, stirring for 30-40 min, adding dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine and potassium iodide under the protection of nitrogen to enable the mass ratio of the porous hydroxyapatite to the dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine to the potassium iodide to be 5: 9-11: 0.1-0.5, stirring at 40-60 ℃ for reaction for 24-36 h, filtering, washing the product with n-propanol, and drying in vacuum to obtain surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite;
D) placing the surface-modified porous hydroxyapatite in a sodium selenite solution with the mass concentration of 1-5%, and adsorbing for 24-36 hours; filtering, washing the product, and then placing the product in a polyaspartic acid solution with the pH of 8.5-9.5 and the mass fraction of 2-3%, and adsorbing for 10-24 hours; and filtering and drying the product to obtain the slow-release selenium fertilizer.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the length of the fresh leaves after cutting in step (3) is not more than 10 cm.
3. The cultivation and processing method of mulberry leaves according to claim 1, wherein the rotation speed of the drum is 40-60 rpm and the rotation speed of the stirring shaft is 300-500 rpm when the water is removed in the step (4).
4. The cultivation and processing method of mulberry leaves as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cooling degree in step (5) is: the water-removed leaves are soft when pinched by hands, and no water stain is on the surface.
5. The method for cultivating and processing mulberry leaves as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drying in step (6) is carried out until the water content is below 8%.
6. The cultivation and processing method of mulberry leaves as claimed in claim 1, wherein the moisture content of the mulberry leaves in step (8) is further baked to less than 5%.
7. The cultivation and processing method of mulberry leaves according to claim 1, wherein picking is carried out by a flat double picking machine in the machine picking in S5; picking is carried out in two sections, the 1 st to 3 rd mulberry leaves at the top end of the branch are picked in the first section, and all the other leaves are picked in the second section.
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