CN112956453A - 一种黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法 - Google Patents
一种黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法,该方法包括如下步骤:(1)模型建立:选取基因型为Cg‑GAL4的果蝇品系与UAS‑InRK1409A果蝇品系进行杂交获得基因型为Cg‑GAL4/+;UAS‑InRK1409A/+的后代;(2)模型保存:将基因型为Cg‑GAL4/+;UAS‑InRK1409A/+的雄蝇与Sp;Sb/SM6B‑TM6B.Tb品系的雌性处女蝇进行杂交筛选目标果蝇作为模型保存品系;(3)循环葡萄糖和海藻糖含量测定。采用本发明方法构建的黑腹果蝇Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的幼虫和成虫的循环葡萄糖、循环海藻糖含量,均有明显上升。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物遗传学技术领域,具体涉及一种黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法。
背景技术
果蝇遗传学操作系统,有GAL4/UAS双表达系统。GAL4/UAS双表达系统:GAL4/UAS系统是果蝇中最为常用的转基因技术体系,可以让外源基因或RNAi在特定细胞或组织选择性表达。半乳糖调节上游启动子元件(galactose-regulated upstream promoter element4),缩写GAL4,是酵母中类似于原核生物乳糖操纵子的一个转录激活子。上游激活序列UAS(upstream activate sequense),是酵母中另一种类似高等真核生物增强子的序列。GAL4通过与UAS相结合,调节与半乳糖代谢相关基因的表达。1993年,科学家将目的基因X连接在UAS之后,通过转基因技术建立UAS-X果蝇品系,然后与特定的GAL4果蝇品系杂交,在后代中就可以得到同时具有Y-GAL4和UAS-X的果蝇,从而实现特异性的在Y组织表达X基因(参考文献1,Brand A.H.and Perrimon N.,Targeted gene expression as a means of alteringcell fates and generating dominant phenotypes.Development,1993,118:401-15)。因为果蝇基因组不编码GAL4转录因子,所以在果蝇体内过量表达GAL4,不会对果蝇的发育产生显著的影响。同样,在果蝇体内插入UAS调控序列,也不会对果蝇产生影响。这个系统的建立为利用果蝇作为研究模型的科学家在实验设计上提供了有利、便捷、高效的遗传操作工具。GAL4/UAS双表达系统示意图如图1所示。
果蝇作为研究人类疾病的模式生物,与哺乳动物不仅在基本的生物学、生理学和神经系统机能等方面比较相似,而且果蝇有其作为模式生物的独特优势。近年来研究人员已经建立了很多用于研究特定的果蝇模型,但是新的特定的果蝇模型的建立对阐明疾病发生的分子机制起到重要作用,将会为更多疾病的临床治疗提供新的药物靶点和治疗方案。因此,建立新的特定的果蝇模型是本领域技术人员亟待解决的技术问题。
现有的糖尿病动物模型通常是小鼠或大鼠动物模型,多为高卡路里饮食诱导或链脲佐菌素(STZ)破坏胰岛功能所致,此类造模方法虽已比较成熟,但是通过改变饮食或破坏胰岛功能而诱导模型实际上病因复杂,建模周期较长,还可能包含其他病变,若用来研究抵抗素抵抗的调控机理或相关药物靶点筛选,干扰因素较多,并非理想模型。本发明利用模式生物黑腹果蝇,结合GAL4/UAS双表达系统,通过遗传杂交的方式,在果蝇胰岛素样肽的靶器官-脂肪体(Fatbody)内特异性地干扰胰岛素受体(Insulin Receptor,InR)的功能,降低胰岛素信号转导通路(Insulin Signaling pathway)的活性,造成胰岛素抵抗(InsulinResistance,IR),进而建立胰岛素抵抗的果蝇模型。该方法的致病靶点单一,成模周期短,成功率高,且表型稳定,是一种研究胰岛素抵抗的理想模型。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案实现:
一种黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
(1)模型建立:选取基因型为Cg-GAL4的果蝇品系与UAS-InRK1409A果蝇品系进行杂交获得后代基因型一致为Cg-GAL4/+;UAS-InRK1409A/+的Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型;
(2)模型保存:将基因型为Cg-GAL4/+;UAS-InRK1409A/+的雄蝇与Sp;Sb/SM6B-TM6B.Tb品系的雌性处女蝇进行杂交,在杂交后代中选取眼睛颜色深黄、发育迟缓、卷翅、身体短粗的果蝇,即得到基因型为Cg-GAL4;UAS-InRK1409A/SM6B-TM6B.Tb的模型保存品系;
(3)循环葡萄糖和海藻糖含量测定:收集杂交后代的目标果蝇,收取幼虫和成虫的血淋巴,用于循环葡萄糖检测和海藻糖检测,通过循环葡萄糖和海藻糖的含量测定判断该黑腹果蝇Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型是否建模成功。
作为一种优选技术方案:选取基因型为Cg-GAL4的果蝇品系与UAS-InRK1409A果蝇品系进行杂交时,杂交的亲本雌雄可互换。
作为一种优选技术方案:所述杂交的培养基的配方为:红糖13.5%(13.5g/100ml),琼脂0.7%(0.7g/100ml),玉米粉8.5%(8.5g/100ml),酵母0.8%(0.8g/100ml),丙酸0.4%(v/v)。每管培养基中,添加酵母颗粒0.8%(约20颗),有利于雌果蝇大量产卵,以便收集后代。
作为一种优选技术方案:所述杂交的饲养条件为:于温度25℃,湿度50%~60%的培养箱中培养。
本发明的有益效果:
采用本发明方法构建的黑腹果蝇Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的幼虫和成虫的循环葡萄糖、循环海藻糖含量,均有明显上升。技术人员利用此模型可在果蝇全基因组范围内进行遗传筛选,寻找调控胰岛素抵抗的因子并阐明其作用机制,并在哺乳动物中对其同源物进行功能验证;也可进行化学合成物、中药复方/单味药/单体的大规模药物筛选,以期为胰岛素抵抗诱导的糖尿病等相关疾病的临床治疗提供新的药物、药靶和治疗方案。
附图说明:
图1为GAL4/UAS双表达系统示意图。
图2为果蝇雌雄辨别示意图。
图3为Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型构建杂交流程图。
图4为Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗模型中循环葡萄糖和海藻糖含量检测结果。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例对本发明做出详细的描述。根据以下的描述和这些实施例,本领域技术人员可以确定本发明的基本特征,并且在不偏离本发明精神和范围的情况下,可以对本发明做出各种改变和修改,以使其适用各种用途和条件。
实施例1
一、果蝇的饲养及实验条件
1、果蝇培养基的配制
实验用的果蝇品系及杂交实验均将果蝇饲养于标准的红糖-玉米粉-酵母培养基上,其中培养基的配方如下:
配制过程:
(1)将称量好的红糖和琼脂一起倒入电饭锅中,加入适量水,充分搅拌;
(2)加热至沸腾;
(3)将已用水充分溶解好的玉米粉缓慢倒入锅中,持续搅拌;
(4)加热至沸腾;
(5)待混合物冷却至80℃左右,加入提前用温水溶解好的酵母,充分搅拌,所用酵母为英联马利(AB/MAURITM)所产的梅山高活性干酵母,500g/包;
(6)加入适量丙酸溶液,充分搅拌;
(7)将培养基分装于灭菌的玻璃管中;
(8)塞上棉花后,置于阴凉处存放。
2、实验条件
温度25℃恒温,湿度50%-60%,杂交一般饲养于恒温恒湿的培养箱或果蝇房中。
3、果蝇雌雄的鉴别
(1)体型:雌果蝇体型较大,雄的较小。
(2)腹部末端:雌果蝇腹部椭圆末端稍尖,雄果蝇末端钝圆。
(3)腹部背面:雌果蝇有明显5条黑色条纹,雄果蝇的有3条,前2条细,后1条宽,至腹面,肉眼可见腹部末端有一明显黑点。
(4)腹部腹面:雌果蝇有较明显的6个腹片,雄果蝇有4个腹片。
(5)性梳:雄果蝇第一节足底侧最上部附足前端表面有黑色鬃毛-性梳。
(6)交尾器:判断雌雄果蝇的最主要的区别。
果蝇雌雄辨别示意图如图2所示。
4、果蝇的麻醉及杂交
果蝇的麻醉方法是二氧化碳(CO2)气体麻醉法。用作杂交实验的亲本果蝇,不能过度麻醉,否则会影响果蝇的生活力。果蝇的麻醉状态和麻醉后死亡的区别以翅膀是否外展为依据。麻醉状态的果蝇两个翅膀仍然重叠在背腹上,而死亡的果蝇翅膀离开腹部呈外展状态。
将果蝇麻醉后,可以在通有CO2的平板上进行挑选雌雄、杂交、观察表型等操作。由于雌果蝇生殖器官中有储精囊,一次交配后可储存大量精子,供多次排卵受精用,因此做杂交实验前必需收集未交配过的处女蝇,否则实验结果是不可靠的。选取方法:将原种瓶中的成虫全部清除,此后每隔8小时收集刚羽化的雌果蝇,放入培养瓶中备用。由于刚羽化的果蝇,其身体细长而幼嫩得几乎透明,从腹部的腹面透过几丁质的外壳,可以看到腹腔内的黑色消化道。因此,可观察到黑色消化道的雌性个体即为处女蝇。二、一种黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法
1、建立模型所需果蝇品系
(1)w1118,野生型果蝇,购自美国Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center,编号BL3605。
(2)Cg-GAL4,二号染色体,该品系果蝇眼睛为浅黄色,可以纯合,具体基因型为:w1118;Cg-GAL4,购于美国Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center,编号BL7011。
(3)UAS-InRK1409A,为InR显性负性(Dominant Negative)形式,位于三号染色体,该品系果蝇眼睛为浅黄色,可以纯合,具体基因型为:yw1118;UAS-InRK1409A,购于美国Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center,编号BL8253。
(4)Sp;Sb/SM6B-TM6B.Tb,为二-三号染色体连接的工具果蝇品系,购于中科院上海生科院生化与细胞所果蝇资源与技术平台。
2、结果基因型如下
图4A和B中,对照组基因型为Cg-GAL4/+,模型组基因型为Cg-GAL4/+;UAS-InRK1409A/+。
3、实验方法
(1)将收集好的雌性处女蝇和健康雄性果蝇按照杂交流程进行杂交,果蝇杂交流程见图3(Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型构建杂交流程图),详细步骤如下:
A.模型建立
选取基因型为Cg-GAL4的果蝇品系,分别与w1118和UAS-InRK1409A的果蝇品系进行杂交,此杂交的亲本雌雄可互换;其中w1118组为对照组,UAS-InRK1409A组为模型组,杂交的培养基的配方为:红糖13.5%(13.5g/100ml),琼脂0.7%(0.7g/100ml),玉米粉8.5%(8.5g/100ml),酵母0.8%(0.8g/100ml),丙酸0.4%(v/v)。每管培养基中,可添加酵母颗粒20颗,有利于雌果蝇大量产卵,以便收集后代;杂交饲养于温度25℃,湿度60%的培养箱中;对照组中,后代基因型一致(Cg-GAL4/+);模型组中,后代基因型一致(Cg-GAL4/+;UAS-InRK1409A/+),即为Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型。
B.模型保存
由于在雌性Cg-GAL4/+;UAS-InRK1409A/+果蝇模型中,配对染色体之间会发生同源重组,导致此模型不能传代保存。为了解决这一问题,本发明引入工具果蝇Sp;Sb/SM6B-TM6B.Tb品系,引入平衡子(Balancer),避免同源染色体重组现象的发生。具体操作方法:将基因型为Cg-GAL4/+;UAS-InRK1409A/+的雄蝇与Sp;Sb/SM6B-TM6B.Tb品系的雌性处女蝇进行杂交,在杂交后代中选取眼睛颜色深黄、发育迟缓、卷翅、身体短粗的果蝇,即得到了基因型为Cg-GAL4;UAS-InRK1409A/SM6B-TM6B.Tb的模型保存品系。
(2)收集杂交后代的目标果蝇,收取幼虫和成虫的血淋巴,用于循环葡萄糖检测和海藻糖检测。
(3)循环葡萄糖和海藻糖含量测定,通过循环葡萄糖和海藻糖的含量测定判断该黑腹果蝇Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型是否建模成功。
果蝇血淋巴(血液和淋巴液未分开,相当于人类血液和淋巴液的混合液)中的葡萄糖和海藻糖为昆虫的主要能量来源,因此循环葡萄糖和海藻糖的含量测定(等同于人类血糖含量)为衡量该胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型建模成功的关键指标(参考文献,JasonM.Tennessen,William E.Barry,James Cox,et al.Methods for studying metabolismin Drosophila.Methods,2014,68:105-115)。
实验步骤如下:
A.循环葡萄糖含量测定
1)收集果蝇样本的血淋巴,并用磷酸缓冲盐溶液(Phosphate Buffer Saline,PBS)溶液稀释(幼虫20倍,成虫100倍),液氮速冻后,75℃热击10分钟,全速离心后取上清,冻存于-80℃保存(PBS为本领域公知常用试剂)。
2)配制葡萄糖标准溶液:取1mg/ml的葡萄糖标准品32ul,加168ul PBS溶液,配制浓度为0.16mg/ml的葡萄糖溶液。随后2倍稀释,依次配制浓度为0.01、0.02、0.04和0.08mg/ml的葡萄糖标准液。
3)取30ul的PBS(空白对照)、葡萄糖标准液(0.01,0.02,0.04,0.08,0.16mg/ml)以及果蝇血淋巴样品添加至透明底的96孔板中。
4)添加100ul葡萄糖反应液(上海荣盛,F006-1-1),37℃孵育10分钟,酶标仪505nm处读数,比对葡萄糖标准曲线,计算样本中葡萄糖的含量。
B.循环海藻糖含量测定
1)收集果蝇样本的血淋巴并用PBS稀释(幼虫100倍,成虫100倍),液氮速冻后,75℃热击10分钟,全速离心后取上清,冻存于-80℃保存。
2)制备海藻糖缓冲液(Trehalase Buffer,TB):其组成为5mM Tris pH 6.6+137mMNaCl+2.7mM KCl,超纯水配制(4℃/-20℃存放)
500ml TB溶液:Tris 0.30285g
NaCl 4.00314g
KCl 0.1006425g
3)制备海藻糖酶原液(TS):将3ul猪海藻糖酶(Sigma,T8778-5UN)溶于500ul海藻糖酶缓冲液中(Trehalase Buffer,TB,其组成为5mM Tris pH 6.6+137mM NaCl+2.7mMKCl),即为海藻糖酶原液(TS),也可等比例缩放,现配现用。
4)配制海藻糖标准液:海藻糖母液为2mg/ml,先用TB溶液稀释成1mg/ml海藻糖原液。取1mg/ml的海藻糖原液24ul,加75ul TS溶液和51ul TB溶液(体积共150ul),配制浓度为0.16mg/ml的标准品。随后,用TB与TS的1:1(共需要160ul TB+160ul TS)等体积混合溶液,2倍稀释,依次配制浓度为0.01、0.02、0.04、0.08和0.16mg/ml的海藻糖标准液。
5)取80ul的TB溶液(空白对照)到1.5ml离心管中。同时,取40ul的果蝇样品分别添加到两个1.5ml离心管中。一管中,添加40ul TB溶液用于检测背景中游离的葡萄糖;另一管,添加40ul TS溶液,将海藻糖消化成葡萄糖。以上样品37℃孵育18-24h。
6)海藻糖完全消化后,吸取30ul标准品(含空白对照)和样品到透明底96孔板,添加100ul葡萄糖反应液,37℃孵育10分钟,酶标仪505nm处读数。
7)海藻糖的测量:首先,用海藻糖酶消化的样品的吸光度中减去未处理样品的吸光度;然后,基于海藻糖标准曲线计算每个样品中的海藻糖含量。0.01至0.16mg/ml是海藻糖的线性区间。
4、模型简介
本方法选取模式生物-黑腹果蝇为实验材料,利用GAL4/UAS双表达系统,选取Cg-GAL4特异性地在果蝇脂肪体(Fatbody,人类肝脏和脂肪的同源器官)内表达胰岛素受体(Insulin Receptor,InR)的显性负向(Dominant Negative)形式(UAS-InRK1409A),干扰内源InR的功能,降低胰岛素信号转导通路(Insulin Signaling pathway)的活性,造成胰岛素抵抗(Insulin Resistance,IR)。同时,收集所需子代幼虫和成虫的血淋巴后,通过葡萄糖检测试剂盒开展化学反应,经酶标仪测定,计算样品中循环葡萄糖和海藻糖含量,所得数据录入Graph Pad Prism 8.0软件,进行统计学分析并绘制图表。同正常对照组相比后,我们发现在模型组中,幼虫和成虫的循环葡萄糖、循环海藻糖含量,均有明显上升(图4,Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗模型中循环葡萄糖和海藻糖含量显著上升),具有统计学差异(P值<0.05),表明该果蝇Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型成功建立。
研究者利用此模型可在果蝇全基因组范围内进行遗传筛选,寻找调控胰岛素抵抗的因子并阐明其作用机制,并在哺乳动物中对其同源物进行功能验证;也可进行化学合成物、中药复方/单味药/单体的大规模药物筛选,以期为胰岛素抵抗诱导的糖尿病等相关疾病的临床治疗提供新的药物、药靶和治疗方案。
Claims (4)
1.一种黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法,其特征在于:该方法包括如下步骤:
(1)模型建立:选取基因型为Cg-GAL4的果蝇品系与UAS-InRK1409A果蝇品系进行杂交获得后代基因型一致为Cg-GAL4/+;UAS-InRK1409A/+的Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型;
(2)模型保存:将基因型为Cg-GAL4/+;UAS-InRK1409A/+的雄蝇与Sp;Sb/SM6B-TM6B.Tb品系的雌性处女蝇进行杂交,在杂交后代中选取眼睛颜色深黄、发育迟缓、卷翅、身体短粗的果蝇,即得到基因型为Cg-GAL4;UAS-InRK1409A/SM6B-TM6B.Tb的模型保存品系;
(3)循环葡萄糖和海藻糖含量测定:收集杂交后代的目标果蝇,收取幼虫和成虫的血淋巴,用于循环葡萄糖检测和海藻糖检测,通过循环葡萄糖和海藻糖的含量测定判断该黑腹果蝇Cg>InRK1409A胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型是否建模成功。
2.根据权利要求1所述的黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法,其特征在于:选取基因型为Cg-GAL4的果蝇品系与 UAS-InRK1409A果蝇品系进行杂交,杂交的亲本雌雄可互换。
3.根据权利要求1所述的黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法,其特征在于:所述杂交的培养基的配方为:红糖13.5%,琼脂0.7%,玉米粉8.5%,酵母0.8%,丙酸0.4%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的黑腹果蝇胰岛素抵抗糖尿病模型的建立方法,其特征在于:所述杂交的饲养条件为:于温度25℃,湿度50%~60%的培养箱中培养。
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