CN112956432A - Pond ecological breeding method for largemouth black bass suitable for northern area - Google Patents
Pond ecological breeding method for largemouth black bass suitable for northern area Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
- A01K61/13—Prevention or treatment of fish diseases
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/174—Vitamins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/60—Fishing; Aquaculture; Aquafarming
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
An ecological culture method of a largemouth black bass pond suitable for northern areas belongs to the technical field of aquaculture. In the whole culture period, the overwintering management of the micropterus salmoides is a crucial link. Because the temperature is lower in winter in northern areas and the illumination is weakened, the winter period of the largemouth black bass is generally from 11 months in the first year to 4 months in the second year (the winter period is different in different northern areas), and the largemouth black bass stops eating, reduces the activity and reduces the metabolism at the stage. The scientific management of the overwintering period is significant, and the method starts from the aspects of enhancing the body constitution of the fish before overwintering and adjusting the water quality so as to improve the overwintering survival rate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of aquaculture, and particularly relates to an ecological pond culture method for largemouth black bass suitable for northern areas.
Technical Field
Lateolabrax japonicus (Micropterus salmoides) belongs to wide-temperature carnivorous freshwater fishes and is native to the river basin of Mississippi America. The largemouth black bass is introduced into China for the first time in the 80 th of the 20 th century and is artificially cultured, so that the largemouth black bass becomes an important freshwater culture variety in China due to fast growth, few diseases, no muscle stabs, delicious meat quality and high economic value. The national output of fresh water weever (mainly oral black weever) in 2019 is 47.78 ten thousand tons, the main production area is mainly concentrated in the south, wherein the annual output of the oral black weever in Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces accounts for more than 80 percent of the national total output, the annual output value exceeds 100 million yuan, and the market development potential is huge.
At present, the main breeding mode of the largemouth black bass in the south area is to utilize the fingerlings bred in spring to breed out of the pond in 9-11 months in the year after 6-7 months of breeding period, and the market price is low because the largemouth black bass adult fish are intensively listed in the market in the period. During the 7-8 months each year, the largemouth black bass cultivated in the south does not reach the pond-out specification, the live fish transportation loss in high-temperature seasons is huge, the market is in the off-grade period, the price of the largemouth black bass is 50-100% higher than that of the largemouth black bass in other months every 7-8 months, for example, Beijing, if the cultivation of the largemouth black bass can be carried out in the northern area and the largemouth black bass can be listed in the off-grade period of the market, the economic benefit is very considerable.
In recent years, the culture scale of the largemouth bass in northern areas is gradually enlarged, but due to climate reasons, the largemouth bass needs to go through winter from fingerlings to adult fishes, and the overwintering survival rate is lower (0-60%). Therefore, the method breaks through various culture technologies of the largemouth black bass from fingerlings to marketable fishes in the northern area, enables the largemouth black bass to successfully overwinter in the northern area, ensures higher overwintering survival rate (more than 80 percent), and realizes the high-price marketing of the largemouth black bass in the market vacancy period of 7-8 months in the second year after the fingerlings cross the winter in 5 months in the first year.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the method for ecologically culturing the largemouth black bass in the pond suitable for the northern area is provided, and the largemouth black bass can be listed in the market vacancy period of 7-8 months at a high price. In the whole culture period, the overwintering management of the micropterus salmoides is a crucial link. Because the temperature is lower in winter in northern areas and the illumination is weakened, the winter period of the largemouth black bass is generally set from 11 months in the first year to 4 months in the second year (the winter period is different in different northern areas), and the largemouth black bass stops eating, reduces the activity and reduces the metabolism at the stage. The scientific management of the overwintering period is significant, and the method starts from the aspects of enhancing the body constitution of the fish before overwintering and adjusting the water quality so as to improve the overwintering survival rate, and particularly has the following aspects.
The specific culture method comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting a pond with 5-8 mu of northern area and 2-2.5 m of effective water depth to breed the largemouth bass under pond conditions, dredging and disinfecting the pond before water injection, splashing quicklime in the whole pond to dry-process pond cleaning, wherein the usage amount of the quicklime is as follows: the water level of the pond is gradually deepened to 1 m-1.2 m after 7 days, and a water inlet is sleeved with a 80-mesh silk mesh bag to prevent wild trash fish and enemy organisms from being brought in with water;
(2) fry stocking in 5 months
Selecting and detecting Lateolabrax japonicus fries which are qualified, have uniform specification, strong physique and are domesticated in a mouth turning way and do not have parasites and infectious diseases, wherein the specification of the fries is 5 g-7 g/tail, and the fries are soaked in 3% saline water for 5 min-10 min for disinfection before being put into a pond; the stocking density is not too high, the density can be controlled to 10000 +/-500 tails/mu in the seedling cultivation stage, meanwhile, the silver carp and bighead carp seedlings with the specification of 200 plus or minus 300 g/tail are matched for purifying the water quality, the tail number ratio of the silver carp and bighead carp seedlings is 3:1, and the total weight of the silver carp and bighead carp seedlings is 150 kg-200 kg; diluting 300 times of povidone iodine solution with the concentration of 10% for full-pool splashing disinfection next day of largemouth bass fry stocking, wherein the water depth of each mu of water body is 300ml of diluent per meter;
in the relative fry stocking stage, the stocking density in the largemouth bass breeding stage is relatively reduced to 3000 +/-500 per mu;
sampling micropterus salmoides every 15 days, measuring growth indexes such as body length, body weight and the like, adjusting the feeding amount and the feed particle size in time according to the growth condition of seedlings, wherein when the feeding amount is changed, the increase of the feed every time does not exceed 10% of the original amount; the method is specifically implemented according to the following standards:
when the size of the largemouth bass is 5 g-20 g (excluding 20g), the grain diameter of the fed feed is 2.0 mm; when 20 g-50 g (excluding 50g), the feed is fed with the feed with the grain diameter of 3.0 mm; when 50 g-100 g (excluding 100g), the feed is fed with the grain size of 4.0 mm; when the feed is 100 g-150 g (excluding 150g), the feed is fed with the feed with the grain diameter of 5.0 mm; when 150 g-200 g (excluding 200g), the feed is fed with feed with the grain diameter of 6.0 mm; when 200 g-300 g (excluding 300g), the feed grain diameter is 8.0 mm; the grain diameter of the feed fed by more than 300g is 10.0 mm;
(3) feeding fodder
(a) Feeding time: feeding the feed when the water temperature is higher than 15 ℃, and stopping feeding when the water temperature is lower than 15 ℃; feeding the fish for 1 time respectively at the morning of 6: 00-7: 00, the noon of 12: 00-13: 00 and the evening of 18: 00-19: 00 when the water temperature is higher than 15 ℃, wherein the daily feeding amount accounts for 2% -5% of the weight of the fish;
(b) the basic feed is fed by using special buoyant pellet feed for micropterus salmoides (which can be purchased from the market), for example, the feed comprises fish meal, bean pulp, fish oil, vitamins, mineral elements and the like, wherein the feed comprises the following components: crude protein is more than or equal to 48.0 percent, crude ash is less than or equal to 18.0 percent, crude fat is more than or equal to 6.0 percent, crude fiber is less than or equal to 5.0 percent, total phosphorus is more than or equal to 1.2 percent, and water content is less than or equal to 12.0 percent;
the principle of 'prevention is mainly performed and prevention and control are combined' is adhered to; the basic feed is used in the whole breeding process of the largemouth black bass, liver and gall syndrome is easy to occur, the immunity of the organism of diseased fish is reduced, metabolic disturbance, the digestion rate of bait is reduced, and the food intake is reduced, the largemouth black bass is easy to infect other pathogenic diseases under the state to increase the death rate, and when the water temperature is more than or equal to 22 ℃, the basic feed is added with the sanhuangsan, the astragalus polysaccharide and the compound vitamin for feeding: the basic feed is added with Sanhuang powder, Astragalus polysaccharides and vitamin complex (the specific components of the vitamin complex comprise vitamins per kilogram)A is not less than 7000000IU, vitamin E is not less than 8000IU, vitamin C is not less than 70000mg/kg, vitamin D3More than or equal to 700000IU and vitamin B1More than or equal to 1000mg/kg of vitamin B2Not less than 2000mg/kg, vitamin B6More than or equal to 1000mg/kg of vitamin B12More than or equal to 6000mg/kg, more than or equal to 50mg/kg of folic acid and more than or equal to 9000mg/L of lysine) for mixed feeding, 2-3 times per month, 5 days each time, and can effectively prevent liver and gall syndrome; the addition amount of the three-yellow powder is 1 percent of the mass of the basic feed, the addition amount of the astragalus polysaccharide is 1 per mill of the mass of the basic feed, and the addition amount of the compound vitamin is 2.5 per mill of the mass of the basic feed; in addition, the largemouth bass is sensitive to organic phosphorus and is forbidden to use;
preparing for overwintering when the water temperature is lower than 22 ℃ before overwintering until the water temperature is 15 ℃, and feeding the feed: compound vitamins, liver and gallbladder protecting medicines 'Ganbao' and five-yellow-powder are added into the basic feed, so that the resistance of the fish body is enhanced, and the problem that the immunity is reduced and further the fish is attacked by pathogens such as parasites and the like due to insufficient nutrition in the micropterus salmoides in the winter period is avoided; the addition amount of the compound vitamin is 2.5 per mill of the mass of the basic feed, the addition amount of the liver and gallbladder protecting medicine liver treasure is 5 per mill to 6 per mill of the mass of the basic feed, the addition amount of the five-yellow powder is 1 percent of the mass of the basic feed, 2 times per month, 3 days to 5 days each time, and the compound vitamin replaces the original fed basic feed;
the water temperature measurement is based on the water temperature 30-40 cm below the water surface of the pond at 12:00 noon.
(c) Controlling the water body of the pond: the largemouth bass requires that dissolved oxygen is more than or equal to 5.0mg/L, ammonia nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.01mg/L and the pH value is 6.5-8.0 in the water body in the active period, namely the period that the water temperature is more than 15 ℃; ensuring that the water temperature is less than or equal to 15 ℃, namely the dissolved oxygen is more than or equal to 4mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.01mg/L, and the pH value is 6.5-8.0;
in addition, because the protein and fat content of the artificial feed for the largemouth bass are higher, in order to ensure the stable water quality, aquatic plants can be planted in the pond to reduce the excessive nutrient substances such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the like in the water body. Selecting a foam biological floating bed as a carrier, planting 25-30/square meter aquatic plants in unit area, preferably controlling the arrangement proportion of the floating bed to be 10% of the area of the pond, and selecting iris, loosestrife and other species which can live through the winter in northern areas for the aquatic plants.
The transparency of the water body is kept between 20cm and 25cm in the largemouth black perch fry stage, and the transparency of the water body is kept between 25cm and 30cm in the adult fish culture stage;
during the period of 5-9 months in the first year and 5 months-pond-leaving period in the second year, the fish eat vigorously and need to perform bottom-modifying every week, and biological agents such as EM (effective microorganisms), ecological bacteria and pond bottom cleaning and the like are splashed in the whole pond every 15-20 days to prevent the water quality from deteriorating;
in addition, in order to cool and keep the water quality stable in the high-temperature season during the period of 7-8 months in the first year and 7-month-pond in the second year, fresh water is added into the pond periodically, and the fresh water is added once a week, wherein the fresh water is 10-20 cm each time.
The water temperature is low during the overwintering period, the fish body is easily infected by fungi and parasites, strict precautionary measures are taken in advance, the water in the original pond is replaced by 1/3 before overwintering, and chlorine dioxide or povidone iodine is used for disinfecting the water body in the pond, so that the quantity of pathogenic bacteria and fungi is reduced, and the infection probability is reduced; the dosage of the chlorine dioxide is 1g to 1.5g/m3The dosage of povidone iodine is 4.5ml/m3～7.5ml/m3。
The photosynthesis is relatively weak in winter, the propagation speed of algae is reduced, the insufficient dissolved oxygen in water is easily caused, and the water body fertility is properly increased during the overwintering period; before ice sealing, the amino acid paste, the fertilizer water, and other fertilizers which are easily absorbed and utilized by algae at low temperature are used for topdressing to promote the propagation of the algae, and the usage amount of the amino acid paste is as follows: diluting with water by 50 times, sprinkling in the whole pool with 1 kg/mu/m depth, and using the fertilizer and water by a fertilizer and water device method: adding water to dilute the mixture by 30 times, and sprinkling the mixture in the whole pool to the depth of 1 kg/mu/m.
The requirement of the largemouth bass on dissolved oxygen is higher, the dissolved oxygen in the water body is required to be stabilized at 5.0mg/L or more in the active period, namely the time except the ice-sealing period in winter, and the power of the aerator is 1.0 kw/mu in order to ensure the dissolved oxygen safety. The dissolved oxygen content is generally maintained to be not less than 5mg/L in other time except the ice-sealing period in winter; generally, the dissolved oxygen of the water body of the pond can be maintained to be more than or equal to 5mg/L when the dissolved oxygen is relatively high in the daytime, and the dissolved oxygen can be started when the dissolved oxygen is lower than 5mg/L at night. If the dissolved oxygen amount is lower than 5mg/L during feeding every day, the aerator can be started 30min before feeding, so as to ensure sufficient dissolved oxygen in the ingestion area; turning off the aerator when feeding begins; after the feeding is finished, the aerator is continuously started for 1 h-2 h, so that the dissolved oxygen of the water body is not lower than 5mg/L, the normal digestion and absorption of the largemouth bass are ensured, and the utilization rate of the feed is improved.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. the artificial mixed feed is fed from largemouth black bass fingerlings to commercial fishes in the whole process of marketing, so that the problems of water quality deterioration, bacteria and virus cross infection and the like caused by feeding of the iced fresh wild trash fishes are avoided.
2. The ecological aquaculture technology such as the 'biological floating bed treatment pond eutrophication technology' and the 'micro-ecological preparation water regulation' is applied, so that the water quality eutrophication of the aquaculture pond is avoided, and the ecological aquaculture effect is realized.
3. The overwintering technology of the largemouth black bass in the northern area is broken through, and the technical support is provided for the large-scale cultivation of the largemouth black bass in the northern area.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
Example 1 cultivation method
1. Conditions of the pond
Selecting a pond with the area of 5-8 mu and the effective water depth of 2-2.5 m to cultivate largemouth bass, dredging and disinfecting the pond before water injection, splashing quicklime (the dosage: 75 kg/mu) in the whole pond for dry pond cleaning, gradually deepening the water level of the pond to 1-1.2 m after 7 days, and sleeving a water inlet with an 80-mesh sieve silk mesh bag to prevent wild trash fish and enemy organisms from being brought in with water.
2. Stocking offspring seeds
The largemouth bass fry is qualified in detection, uniform in specification, strong in physique, domesticated in a turned mouth and free of parasites and infectious diseases, the size of the fry is 5 g-7 g/tail, and the fry is soaked in 3% salt solution for 5 min-10 min before being put into a pond for disinfection. The stocking density is not too large, the density can be controlled to be 10000 tails/mu in the seedling cultivation stage, and the density is controlled to be about 3000 tails/mu in the cultivation stage, and the upper and lower densities are not more than 500 tails/mu. Meanwhile, 150 kg-200 kg of silver carp and bighead carp fries (ratio 3:1) with the specification of 200 g/tail are matched for purifying water quality. And (3) diluting the seedlings by 300 times with 10% povidone iodine solution (300 ml of the diluent is used when the water depth of each mu of water is 1 meter) in the next day of stocking, and splashing the seeds in the whole pool for disinfection.
3. Feeding fodder
The special floating pellet feed for the largemouth bass is selected for feeding, the feed comprises fish meal, bean pulp, fish oil, vitamins, mineral elements and the like, wherein the feed comprises the following components: the feed is fed for 1 time respectively at 6: 00-7: 00, 12: 00-13: 00 and 18: 00-19: 00 every day, the daily feeding amount accounts for 2-5% of the weight of the fish according to factors such as the ingestion condition of the fish, weather, water temperature and the like, the feeding amount in the range of 2-5% of the weight of the fish in the daytime when the feeding amount in the day is relatively low, and the feeding amount in the opposite direction is relatively high when the feeding amount in the sunny day, the air temperature and the water temperature are relatively high.
When the dissolved oxygen amount of the water body of the pond is lower than 5mg/L, the aerator can be started 30min before feeding, so that the sufficient dissolved oxygen in the ingestion area is ensured; turning off the aerator when feeding begins; after the feeding is finished, the aerator is continuously started for 1 h-2 h, so that the dissolved oxygen of the water body is not lower than 5mg/L, the normal digestion and absorption of the largemouth bass are ensured, and the utilization rate of the feed is improved. The early and late feeding proportion is increased (about 15% of each increase) when the sunshine is strong in summer, the midday feeding amount is reduced (about 30% of each increase), and the feeding is reduced for 1 time (12: 00-13: 00) per day when the water temperature is below 15 ℃. In addition, the largemouth bass is sampled every 15 days, growth indexes such as body length, body weight and the like are measured, the feeding amount and the feed particle size are adjusted in time according to the growth condition of the fries, and when the feeding amount is changed, the increase of the feed every time does not exceed 10% of the original feeding amount. The method is specifically implemented according to the following standards:
when the size of the largemouth bass is 5 g-20 g (excluding 20g), the grain diameter of the fed feed is 2.0 mm; when 20 g-50 g (excluding 50g), the feed is fed with the feed with the grain diameter of 3.0 mm; when 50 g-100 g (excluding 100g), the feed is fed with the grain size of 4.0 mm; when the feed is 100 g-150 g (excluding 150g), the feed is fed with the feed with the grain diameter of 5.0 mm; when 150 g-200 g (excluding 200g), the feed is fed with feed with the grain diameter of 6.0 mm; when 200 g-300 g (excluding 300g), the feed grain diameter is 8.0 mm; the feed grain diameter is 10.0mm when more than 300g is fed.
TABLE 1 feed grain size and largemouth black bass specification correspondence table
4. Water quality control
The transparency of the water body is kept between 20cm and 25cm in the largemouth black perch fry stage, and the transparency of the water body is kept between 25cm and 30cm in the adult fish culture stage. In 5-9 months, the fish eat vigorously, need to carry on the bottom to improve once every week, spill biological preparation (use according to the recommended dosage of different manufacturers) such as EM fungus, ecological bacteria and pond bottom to clean etc. in the whole pool every 15 d-20 d. In addition, in order to cool and keep the water quality stable in the high-temperature season of 7-8 months, fresh water is added into the pond periodically, and the fresh water is added once a week, 10-20 cm each time. The largemouth bass has higher requirement on dissolved oxygen, the dissolved oxygen in the water body is stabilized to be more than 5.0mg/L, and the power of the aerator is 1.0 kw/mu in order to ensure the safety of the dissolved oxygen. In addition, because the protein and fat content of the artificial feed for the largemouth bass are higher, in order to ensure the stable water quality, aquatic plants can be planted in the pond to reduce the excessive nutrient substances such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the like in the water body. Selecting a foam biological floating bed as a carrier, planting 25/square meter of aquatic plants per unit area, preferably controlling the arrangement proportion of the floating bed to be 10% of the area of the pond, and selecting iris, loosestrife and other species which can live through the winter in northern areas for the aquatic plants.
5. Daily management
And (3) regularly walking the pond at a speed of 5: 00-6: 00 and 21: 00-22: 00 every day, observing the ingestion condition and the water quality change condition of the largemouth bass, detecting indexes such as dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen and pH value in a water body, ensuring that the dissolved oxygen is more than or equal to 5.0mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.01mg/L and the pH value is 6.5-8.0, and taking measures in time when a problem is found. The largemouth bass is happy to calm, so in the daily management process, the quiet of the surrounding culture environment is kept as much as possible, so as to avoid causing stress reaction and influencing the normal feeding and growth of the largemouth bass. In addition, the weather, water temperature, bait feeding amount, medication and the like during the culture period are recorded in detail.
6. Overwintering management
In the whole culture period, the overwintering management of the micropterus salmoides is a crucial link. The temperature is lower in winter in northern areas, the illumination is weakened, the winter period of the largemouth black bass is from 11 months to 4 months in the next year, and the largemouth black bass stops eating, reduces the activity and reduces the metabolism at the period. The scientific management of the overwintering period is significant, and the method starts from the aspects of enhancing the body constitution of the fish before overwintering and adjusting the water quality so as to improve the overwintering survival rate, and particularly has the following aspects.
(1) Strengthening the physique of micropterus salmoides
Before overwintering, the largemouth black bass should be fed with artificial compound feed (the feeding is prolonged by 10-20 days), so that the fullness and disease resistance of the largemouth black bass are improved. Meanwhile, the feed is added with compound vitamins (added according to the proportion of 2.5 thousandths), liver and gallbladder protecting medicines (liver nourishing) (added according to the proportion of 5 thousandths to 6 thousandths) and five-yellow powder (added according to the proportion of 1%), 2 times a month, 3d to 5d each time, the fish body resistance is enhanced, and the situation that the immunity is reduced and further the fish is attacked by pathogens such as parasites due to insufficient nutrition in the largemouth bass in the wintering period is avoided.
(2) The water quality regulation work of the aquaculture pond is well done.
The water temperature is low during overwintering period, the fish body is easily infected by fungi and parasites, strict precautionary measures are taken in advance, the raw pond water is replaced by 1/3 before overwintering, and chlorine dioxide (1 g-1.5 g/m)3) Or povidone iodine (4.5 ml-7.5 ml/m)3) The pond water body is disinfected, the number of pathogenic bacteria and fungi is reduced, and the infection probability is reduced. In winter, photosynthesis is relatively weak, the propagation speed of algae is reduced, insufficient dissolved oxygen in water is easily caused, and the water body fertility is properly increased in the overwintering period. And before ice sealing, applying amino acid paste (the usage amount is 1 kg/mu/m for water dilution and 50 times for total pond sprinkling), fertilizer water fertilizer (the usage amount is 1 kg/mu/m for water dilution and 30 times for total pond sprinkling) and other fertilizers which are easy to be absorbed and utilized by algae at low temperature for topdressing so as to promote the algae propagation. In addition, the content of dissolved oxygen and ammonia nitrogen in the water body is also detected regularly, the situation that the dissolved oxygen is more than or equal to 4mg/L and the ammonia nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.01mg/L in the wintering period is ensured, and the largemouth bass is ensuredThe method can successfully live through winter.
7. Disease control
The principle of 'prevention is mainly and prevention and control are combined' is adhered to. The largemouth black bass uses artificial compound feed in the whole breeding process, liver and gall syndrome is easy to occur, the immunity of the organism of sick fishes is reduced, metabolic disorder, the feed digestibility is reduced, and the food intake is reduced, the largemouth black bass is easy to infect other pathogenic diseases under the state to increase the death rate, the largemouth black bass can be mixed with the feed by using sanhuangsan (according to the proportion of 1 percent), astragalus polysaccharide (according to the proportion of 1 thousandth) and compound vitamin (according to the proportion of 2.5 thousandth) and then fed, the feeding is carried out 2 to 3 times per month, and the occurrence of the liver and gall syndrome can be effectively prevented after 5 days each time. In addition, the micropterus salmoides are sensitive to organic phosphorus and are forbidden to use.
According to the method, taking Beijing as an example, the overwintering survival rates of largemouth bass in test ponds in 2017 and 2018 are 81.5% and 85.6% respectively.
Claims (5)
1. The method for ecologically culturing the largemouth black bass in the pond is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) selecting a pond with 5-8 mu of northern area and 2-2.5 m of effective water depth to breed the largemouth bass under pond conditions, dredging and disinfecting the pond before water injection, splashing quicklime in the whole pond to dry-process pond cleaning, wherein the usage amount of the quicklime is as follows: the water level of the pond is gradually deepened to 1 m-1.2 m after 7 days, and a water inlet is sleeved with a 80-mesh silk mesh bag to prevent wild trash fish and enemy organisms from being brought in with water;
(2) fry stocking in 5 months
Selecting and detecting Lateolabrax japonicus fries which are qualified, have uniform specification, strong physique and are domesticated in a mouth turning way and do not have parasites and infectious diseases, wherein the specification of the fries is 5 g-7 g/tail, and the fries are soaked in 3% saline water for 5 min-10 min for disinfection before being put into a pond; the stocking density is not too high, the density can be controlled to 10000 +/-500 tails/mu in the seedling cultivation stage, meanwhile, the silver carp and bighead carp seedlings with the specification of 200 plus or minus 300 g/tail are matched for purifying the water quality, the tail number ratio of the silver carp and bighead carp seedlings is 3:1, and the total weight of the silver carp and bighead carp seedlings is 150 kg-200 kg; diluting 300 times of povidone iodine solution with the concentration of 10% for full-pool splashing disinfection next day of largemouth bass fry stocking, wherein the water depth of each mu of water body is 300ml of diluent per meter;
(3) feeding fodder
(a) Feeding time: feeding the feed when the water temperature is higher than 15 ℃, and stopping feeding when the water temperature is lower than 15 ℃; feeding the fish for 1 time respectively at the morning of 6: 00-7: 00, the noon of 12: 00-13: 00 and the evening of 18: 00-19: 00 when the water temperature is higher than 15 ℃, wherein the daily feeding amount accounts for 2% -5% of the weight of the fish;
(b) the basic feed is fed by using special floating pellet feed for micropterus salmoides;
when the water temperature is more than or equal to 22 ℃, adding Sanhuangsan, astragalus polysaccharide and compound vitamin into the basic feed for feeding: the Sanhuangsan, the astragalus polysaccharide and the compound vitamin are added into the used basic feed for mixed feeding, the basic feed is replaced for feeding 2-3 times per month and 5 days each time, and the occurrence of liver and gall syndrome can be effectively prevented; the addition amount of the three-yellow powder is 1 percent of the mass of the basic feed, the addition amount of the astragalus polysaccharide is 1 per mill of the mass of the basic feed, and the addition amount of the compound vitamin is 2.5 per mill of the mass of the basic feed;
preparing for overwintering when the water temperature is lower than 22 ℃ before overwintering until the water temperature is 15 ℃, and replacing the basic feed part with the following feed by feeding: compound vitamins, liver and gallbladder protecting medicines 'Ganbao' and five-yellow-powder are added into the basic feed, so that the resistance of the fish body is enhanced, and the problem that the immunity is reduced and further the fish is attacked by pathogens such as parasites and the like due to insufficient nutrition in the micropterus salmoides in the winter period is avoided; the addition amount of the compound vitamin is 2.5 per mill of the mass of the basic feed, the addition amount of the liver and gallbladder protecting medicine liver treasure is 5 per mill to 6 per mill of the mass of the basic feed, the addition amount of the five-yellow powder is 1 percent of the mass of the basic feed, 2 times per month, 3 days to 5 days each time, and the compound vitamin replaces the original fed basic feed;
wherein the water temperature measurement is based on the water temperature of 30-40 cm below the water surface of the pond at 12:00 noon;
(c) controlling the water body of the pond: controlling the water body of the pond: the largemouth bass requires that dissolved oxygen is more than or equal to 5.0mg/L, ammonia nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.01mg/L and the pH value is 6.5-8.0 in the water body in the active period, namely the period that the water temperature is more than 15 ℃; ensuring that the water temperature is less than or equal to 15 ℃, namely the dissolved oxygen is more than or equal to 4mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.01mg/L, and the pH value is 6.5-8.0;
planting aquatic plants in the pond to reduce excessive nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient substances in a water body, selecting a foam biological floating bed as a carrier, planting 25-30 per square meter of aquatic plants in a unit area, wherein the arrangement proportion of the floating bed is preferably controlled to be 10% of the area of the pond, and selecting species of iris, loosestrife and the like which can live through the winter in northern areas from the aquatic plants;
the transparency of the water body is kept between 20cm and 25cm in the largemouth black perch fry stage, and the transparency of the water body is kept between 25cm and 30cm in the adult fish culture stage;
during 5-9 months in the first year and 5-5 months in the second year, the fish eat vigorously and need to perform bottom-modifying every week, and EM (effective microorganisms), ecological bacteria or/and pond bottom cleaning biological agents are splashed in the whole pond every 15-20 days to prevent water quality deterioration;
in addition, in order to cool and keep the water quality stable in the high-temperature season during the period of 7-8 months in the first year and 7-month-pond in the second year, fresh water is added into the pond periodically, and the fresh water is added once per week by 10-20 cm each time;
the water temperature is low during the overwintering period, the fish body is easily infected by fungi and parasites, strict precautionary measures are taken in advance, the water in the original pond is replaced by 1/3 before overwintering, and chlorine dioxide or povidone iodine is used for disinfecting the water body in the pond, so that the quantity of pathogenic bacteria and fungi is reduced, and the infection probability is reduced; the dosage of the chlorine dioxide is 1g to 1.5g/m3The dosage of povidone iodine is 4.5ml/m3～7.5ml/m3；
The photosynthesis is relatively weak in winter, the propagation speed of algae is reduced, the insufficient dissolved oxygen in water is easily caused, and the water body fertility is properly increased during the overwintering period; before ice sealing, the amino acid paste or/and the fertilizer water treasure and other fertilizers which are easy to be absorbed and utilized by algae at low temperature are used for topdressing to promote the propagation of the algae, and the usage amount of the amino acid paste is as follows: diluting with water by 50 times, sprinkling in the whole pool with 1 kg/mu/m depth, and using the fertilizer and water by a fertilizer and water device method: adding water to dilute the mixture by 30 times, and sprinkling the mixture in the whole pool to the depth of 1 kg/mu/m.
2. The method for ecologically culturing the largemouth bass in the pond as claimed in claim 1, wherein the stocking density in the largemouth bass breeding stage is relatively reduced to 3000 +/-500 feet/mu relative to the fry stocking stage.
3. The pond ecological breeding method for micropterus salmoides suitable for northern areas according to claim 1, characterized in that micropterus salmoides are sampled every 15 days, growth indexes of body length and body weight are measured, feeding amount and feed particle size are adjusted in time according to growth conditions of seedlings, and when the feeding amount is changed, the increase of feed in each time is not more than 10% of the original amount; the method is specifically implemented according to the following standards:
when the size of the largemouth bass is 5 g-20 g (excluding 20g), the grain diameter of the fed feed is 2.0 mm; when 20 g-50 g (excluding 50g), the feed is fed with the feed with the grain diameter of 3.0 mm; when 50 g-100 g (excluding 100g), the feed is fed with the grain size of 4.0 mm; when the feed is 100 g-150 g (excluding 150g), the feed is fed with the feed with the grain diameter of 5.0 mm; when 150 g-200 g (excluding 200g), the feed is fed with feed with the grain diameter of 6.0 mm; when 200 g-300 g (excluding 300g), the feed grain diameter is 8.0 mm; the feed grain diameter is 10.0mm when more than 300g is fed.
4. The pond ecological culture method of micropterus salmoides suitable for northern areas according to claim 1, characterized in that micropterus salmoides have high requirement on dissolved oxygen, the active period of micropterus salmoides, namely the time except the ice-sealing period in winter, requires that the dissolved oxygen in the water body should be stabilized at 5.0mg/L or more, and the power of an aerator is equipped to be 1.0 kw/mu to ensure the dissolved oxygen safety. The dissolved oxygen content is generally maintained to be not less than 5mg/L in other time except the ice-sealing period in winter; generally, the dissolved oxygen of the water body of the pond can be maintained to be more than or equal to 5mg/L when the dissolved oxygen is relatively high in the daytime, and an aerator can be started when the dissolved oxygen is lower than 5mg/L at night; if the dissolved oxygen amount is lower than 5mg/L during feeding every day, the aerator can be started 30min before feeding, so as to ensure sufficient dissolved oxygen in the ingestion area; turning off the aerator when feeding begins; after the feeding is finished, the aerator is continuously started for 1 h-2 h, so that the dissolved oxygen of the water body is not lower than 5mg/L, the normal digestion and absorption of the largemouth bass are ensured, and the utilization rate of the feed is improved.
5. The method for ecologically culturing Lateolabrax japonicus in pond suitable for northern areas according to claim 1, wherein the fry is released in 5 months of the first year and is taken out of the pond in 7-8 months of the second year.
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