CN112931093A - Chemical control method for relieving high-temperature heat damage stress of summer corn in multiple periods - Google Patents
Chemical control method for relieving high-temperature heat damage stress of summer corn in multiple periods Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a chemical control method for relieving high-temperature heat injury stress of summer corns in multiple periods, which comprises the following steps: (1) preparing 6-benzylamino adenine solution, wherein the 6-benzylamino adenine solution is prepared into different spraying concentrations according to different growth stages of summer corn; (2) when suffering from high temperature stress, 6-benzylamino adenine solution with proper concentration is sprayed on the surface of summer corn leaves according to the breeding stage of summer corn. The chemical control method can protect the integrity of chloroplast of summer corn leaves, improve the plant photosynthetic rate, increase the accumulation of dry matters, promote the differentiation of young ears and improve the yield of summer corn in a high-temperature environment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of summer corn planting, in particular to a chemical control method for relieving high-temperature heat injury stress of summer corn in multiple periods.
Background
The corn is the first large grain crop in China, the Huang-Huai-Hai-Xia corn area is the main corn production area and the dominant corn production area in China, the planting area and the total yield of the corn respectively account for 38% and 33% of the whole country, and the high and stable yield performance of the corn in the area plays an important role in guaranteeing the national food safety. In recent years, with global warming, the frequency and duration of extreme weather events such as high temperature have increased significantly. High temperature, one of the major abiotic stresses affecting crop growth, has an increasing impact on corn production. The high temperature generally occurs in 7-8 months every year, and at the moment, the corn is in the key period of growth and development and yield formation of the yellow-Huaihai summer corn, and the high temperature heat damage becomes one of the main meteorological disasters for limiting the yield formation and stable yield performance of the yellow-Huaihai summer corn. Although the corn is a favorite crop, the corn has the advantages of accelerated growth speed, reduced leaf area, damaged leaf chloroplast structure, hindered photosynthesis, enhanced respiration, reduced dry matter accumulation and shortened time for differentiation of the female and male ears under high-temperature weather conditions, so that the female and male ears have poor development, small female ear flowers and male ear pollen are few and poor in quality, the pollen activity is reduced, the kernel abortion rate is increased, the grouting rate is reduced, and finally the kernel yield is reduced.
In the prior art, measures for dealing with the heat-resistant corn are mainly used for prevention, such as seed selection of the heat-resistant corn, adjustment of the sowing time to avoid a high-temperature period, reduction of the planting density, adjustment of the planting mode, irrigation before and after high temperature, chemical regulation and the like. In the prior art, the chemical control method is mainly used for the high temperature of the corn in the flowering period. With the increase of uncertainty of high temperature generation in recent years, a high-temperature control method for the key growth period and the corn filling period of the corn tassel and stamen differentiation is lack of systematic research. Therefore, aiming at the development characteristics of different growth stages, the research and development of the efficient low-cost control method is particularly important for reducing the high-temperature heat damage of summer corns in multiple periods, and has great industrial practical value for the summer corn industry.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the prior art, the invention aims to provide a chemical control method for relieving high-temperature heat damage stress of summer corns in multiple periods, which can relieve yield loss caused by high-temperature heat damage of summer corns in different growth stages.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a chemical control method for relieving high-temperature heat injury stress of summer corns in multiple periods, which comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing 6-benzylamino adenine solution, wherein the 6-benzylamino adenine solution is prepared into different spraying concentrations according to different growth stages of summer corn;
(2) when suffering from high temperature stress, 6-benzylamino adenine solution with proper concentration is sprayed on the surface of summer corn leaves according to the breeding stage of summer corn.
Preferably, the summer maize growing period is a small flare period (V9), a large flare period (V12), a flowering period (VT) and an immature period (R3).
Preferably, the concentration of the 6-benzylaminopurine solution sprayed from the small-horn mouth period to the large-horn mouth period is 0.05g/L, the concentration of the 6-benzylaminopurine solution sprayed from the large-horn mouth period to the flowering period is 0.08g/L, and the concentration of the 6-benzylaminopurine solution sprayed from the flowering period to the milk stage is 0.1 g/L.
Preferably, in step (2), the high temperature stress is applied, specifically, the maximum temperature exceeds 35 ℃ for 3 consecutive days.
Preferably, the 6-benzylamino adenine solution is sprayed in the evening on day 3 when high temperature stress is encountered.
Preferably, in the step (2), the 6-benzylaminopurine solution is sprayed for 1 time every 1-2 days, and is continuously sprayed for 2-3 times.
Preferably, in the step (2), 0.5g of tween-20 is added into each liter of the 6-benzylaminopurine solution during spraying. Adding Tween-20 can reduce surface tension of liquid drop, and increase adsorbability between 6-benzylamino adenine solution and leaf.
Preferably, the spraying amount of the 6-benzylaminopurine solution is 500L/hectare.
Preferably, a high-ground-clearance agricultural sprayer is adopted when the 6-benzylaminopurine solution is sprayed.
In a second aspect of the invention, the application of 6-benzylamino adenine in relieving summer corn high-temperature heat damage stress in multiple periods is provided.
Preferably, the 6-benzylaminopurine relieves the summer maize multi-period high-temperature heat damage stress through at least one of the following ways (1) to (3): (1) the method comprises the following steps of (1) protecting the integrity of leaf chloroplast, (2) improving the photosynthetic rate of a plant, (3) increasing the dry matter accumulation, (4) promoting the young ear differentiation, and (5) improving the yield of summer corn in a high-temperature environment.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. when summer corn is stressed by high temperature, 6-benzylamino adenine solution with proper concentration is sprayed according to different growth stages of the summer corn.
2. The chemical control method has the advantages of cost saving, efficiency improvement, ecological environmental protection, simplicity, convenience, feasibility, stable yield, efficiency improvement and the like, and has important significance for the development of summer corn industry in China.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the influence of spraying 6-benzylamino adenine solution on the chloroplast structure of summer corn under high temperature stress at different time intervals;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of spraying 6-benzylamino adenine solution on the photosynthesis rate of summer maize under high temperature stress at different time periods;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of spraying 6-benzylamino adenine solution on summer corn dry matter accumulation under high temperature stress at different time periods;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of spraying 6-benzylamino adenine solution on the development of female ears of summer corn under high temperature stress in the large flare stage;
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
As described in the background section, high temperatures have increasingly impacted corn production as one of the major abiotic stresses affecting crop growth. The high temperature generally occurs in 7-8 months every year, and at the moment, the corn is in the key period of growth and development and yield formation of the yellow-Huaihai summer corn, and the high temperature heat damage becomes one of the main meteorological disasters for limiting the yield formation and stable yield performance of the yellow-Huaihai summer corn. In the prior art, measures for dealing with the heat-resistant corn are mainly used for prevention, such as seed selection of the heat-resistant corn, adjustment of the sowing time to avoid a high-temperature period, reduction of the planting density, adjustment of the planting mode, irrigation before and after high temperature, chemical regulation and the like. At present, chemical control methods are mostly aimed at high temperature in the flowering period of corn, and along with the increase of uncertainty of high temperature generation in recent years, the high-temperature chemical control methods in the key growth period and the corn filling period of the differentiation of the male and female ears of corn are lack of systematic research. Therefore, aiming at the development characteristics of different growth stages, the research and development of the efficient low-cost control method is particularly important for reducing the high-temperature heat damage of summer corns in multiple periods, and has great industrial practical value for the summer corn industry.
Based on the above, the invention aims to provide a chemical control method for relieving multi-period high-temperature thermal damage stress of summer corns, when the summer corns are subjected to high-temperature stress, 6-benzylamino adenine solution with proper concentration is sprayed according to different growth stages of the summer corns, the concentration of the 6-benzylamino adenine solution sprayed from a small-horn mouth period to a large-horn mouth period of the summer corns is 0.05g/L, the concentration of the 6-benzylamino adenine solution sprayed from the large-horn mouth period to a flowering period is 0.08g/L, and the concentration of the 6-benzylamino adenine solution sprayed from the flowering period to a milk stage is 0.1 g/L.
The chemical control method can protect the integrity of chloroplast of summer corn leaves, improve the plant photosynthetic rate, increase the accumulation of dry matters, promote the differentiation of young ears and improve the yield of summer corn in a high-temperature environment, has the advantages of cost saving, efficiency improvement, ecological environment friendliness, simplicity, convenience, practicability, stable yield, efficiency improvement and the like, and has important significance for the development of the summer corn industry in China.
In order to make the technical solutions of the present application more clearly understood by those skilled in the art, the technical solutions of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.
The test materials used in the examples of the present invention are all conventional in the art and commercially available.
Application example 1: the following is a test case of 6-benzylamino adenine (6-BA) solution as chemical control agent for relieving high temperature heat damage in multiple periods.
1.1 materials and methods
The test is carried out in corn technical innovation center of Huang-Huai-Hai area of Shandong agricultural university from 2019 to 2020, and the corn variety used in the test is Zhengdan 958(ZD 958).
The test set up 2 treatments at high temperature: one is spraying 6-BA solution (6 BA); one treatment was control treatment (CK) and an equal amount of clear water was sprayed.
The high-temperature treatment method is characterized in that a polyethylene plastic film greenhouse with the transmittance of 95 percent is erected, and the specific specification of the polyethylene plastic film greenhouse is as follows: the length is 17m, the width is 10m, the height is 4m, a vent hole of 30cm is reserved at the top, and the steel pipe framework structure is formed. Controlling the temperature and humidity in the shed by using full-automatic temperature and humidity control equipment, and automatically stopping heating by using a heater when the temperature exceeds 36 ℃; when the temperature is lower than 35 ℃, the heater automatically starts heating, and the process is repeated, so that the temperature in the greenhouse is kept at 35 +/-1 ℃.
The high-temperature treatment period comprises four periods, namely a small flare period (V9), a large flare period (V12), a flowering period (VT) and an emulsion stage (R3), wherein each period is treated for 7d respectively, the high-temperature treatment is carried out for 5h from 10 am to 3 pm every day, meanwhile, different 6-BA solutions are uniformly sprayed on the surfaces of the corn leaves by a high-ground gap agricultural sprayer in the evening of the 3d high-temperature treatment, and the time is 1 time every two days until the high-temperature treatment is finished.
At V9To V12Spraying 6-BA solution with concentration of 0.05g/L at V12To VTSpraying 6-BA solution with concentration of 0.08g/L at VTTo R3Spraying 6-BA solution with the concentration of 0.1g/L during high-temperature treatment. The spraying amount per unit area is 500L of 6-BA solution sprayed per hectare.
The planting density of summer corn in the test field is 67500 hm-2Wherein the row spacing is 60cm, and the plant spacing is 24.7 cm. The fertilizer is according to 9000kg hm-2Yield level of (2) application of N270 kg hm-2、P2O5105 kg hm-2、K2O 210kg hm-2. And (4) applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on a base basis, and performing field management according to the high-yield field.
TABLE 1 treatment control Table
1.2 measurement items and indices
1.2.1 chloroplast ultrastructure
The day after the high temperature treatment, square leaves (0.5 cm. times.0.5 cm) were cut near the central vein of the functional leaf, fixed with 4% glutaraldehyde for 4 hours, washed with phosphate buffer, washed 3 times with osmic acid buffer, and then the leaf cells were dehydrated in a gradient of ethanol solution of various concentrations. After immersing in a spurr resin at 70 ℃ for 8 hours, the film was sliced with an LKB-5 microtome, double-stained with uranium acetate and lead citrate, and the microstructure was observed using a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope, as shown in FIG. 1.
1.2.2 leaf Net photosynthetic Rate
The following day after the high temperature treatment was completed, the gas exchange parameters of the leaves were measured at 9:30-12:00 am (sunny day) (the 12 th leaf was measured at the V12 stage; the ear position leaf was measured at the VT stage), and the net photosynthetic rate was measured by 7 plants per cell using CIRAS-III type portable photosynthetic apparatus (PPSystems, UK), and the measurement results are shown in FIG. 2.
1.2.3 plant Dry matter accumulation
Respectively taking 6 plants with uniform growth vigor from each cell after the high-temperature treatment is finished in a small flare stage (V9), a large flare stage (V12), a flowering stage (VT) and a milk stage (R3) of the corn, deactivating enzyme at 105 ℃ for 30min, drying the plants at 80 ℃ to constant weight, measuring the dry matter accumulation of the plants, and measuring the result as shown in figure 3.
Development status of female ear
3 ears were taken from each plot after the high temperature treatment at stage V12 and recorded by photography as shown in FIG. 4.
1.2.4 grain yield
And (4) harvesting and measuring yield in the full-ripe period of the corn, wherein 10 continuous representative corn belts are taken from each cell and all harvested, and the corn belts are dried in the sun and used for measuring yield.
2 analysis of results
2.1 influence of spraying 6-BA on summer maize chloroplast ultrastructure under high temperature stress
The normal appearance and internal structure of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells are the basis for ensuring the normal photosynthesis of plant leaves. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the high temperature stress at different periods of time obviously changes the form and structure of chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells of corn, the length of the chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells is reduced, the width of the chloroplasts is increased, and the appearance of the chloroplasts is changed into an ellipse or a nearly circular shape. The dissolution of chloroplast adventitia in mesophyll cells is severe, many basal grains are fuzzy in appearance and disordered in arrangement, basal grain layers are dissolved, and boundaries among the layers cannot be seen. The form of the chlorophyll body in the maize mesophyll cells sprayed with the 6-BA solution under high temperature stress in different periods is basically normal, the internal structure is good, the appearance is fusiform or oblong, and the chloroplast membrane is complete and clear. Thylakoids in chloroplasts are well developed, the basal granule lamella is orderly stacked, and the lamella arrangement is compact and clear. The 6-BA spraying can protect chloroplast membrane structures under high temperature stress in different periods, maintain the integrity of chloroplasts and improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves.
2.2 influence of spraying 6-BA on the net photosynthetic rate of summer maize under high-temperature stress
The assimilation product generated by the leaves through photosynthesis is a main source of the dry matter accumulation amount and yield of the plant, so that the weight of the dry matter and the yield of the seeds are directly determined by the photosynthesis, and whether the net photosynthetic rate of the plant under the high-temperature condition can be improved by spraying 6-BA can be regarded as an effective evaluation basis for the chemical control agent.
As can be seen from FIG. 2, spraying 6-BA solution (6BA) after the high temperature treatment for 4 periods significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate compared to the Control (CK). The net photosynthetic rates of control treatment (CK) at V9, V12, VT and R3 periods were 31.0. mu. mol CO2m-2s-1、32.0μmol CO2m-2s-1、30.7μmol CO2m-2s-1With 25.4. mu. mol CO2m-2s-1The net photosynthetic rates of 6-BA spray during these two periods were 34.8. mu. mol CO2m-2s-1、36.30μmol CO2m-2s-1、37.31μmol CO2m-2s-1With 29.6. mu. mol CO2m-2s-1The photosynthetic capacity is respectively improved by 12.3 percent, 13.3 percent, 21.5 percent and 16.5 percent, and the photosynthetic capacity can be maintained and improved under the condition of high temperature in multiple periods by spraying 6-BA.
2.3 influence of spraying 6-BA on summer corn dry matter accumulation under high temperature stress
The accumulation of dry matter is an important index of plant growth and development, the accumulation of dry matter of plants and the yield of seeds are in a positive correlation relationship in a certain range, and the increase of the accumulation of dry matter of plants is a basic way for increasing the yield of crops.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, the amount of dry matter accumulated is significantly increased by spraying the 6-BA solution (6BA) after the high-temperature treatment at different periods compared with the Control (CK). The dry matter amounts of the control treatment (CK) at V9, V12, VT and R3 periods are 71.2g, 85.2g, 121.0g and 180.4g respectively, and the dry matter amounts of the spray 6-BA at the four periods are 101.9g, 125.9g, 158.0g and 191.6g respectively, which are improved by 32.0%, 47.8%, 30.6 and 6.2% respectively. It can be seen that spraying 6-BA can increase the dry matter accumulation under the condition of high temperature in multiple periods.
Influence of spraying 6-BA on development of summer corn ears under high-temperature stress in V12 period
As shown in FIG. 4, after the stage V12 is stressed by high temperature, 6-BA spraying can relieve the inhibition effect of the high temperature on the development of the female ears. Compared with CK, the length and the diameter of the female ear are obviously increased, and the normal development of the female ear is beneficial to improving the seed yield of summer corn under high-temperature stress.
2.4 influence of spraying 6-BA on the yield of summer corn kernels under high-temperature stress
TABLE 2 influence of spraying 6-BA solution on the yield of summer maize under high temperature treatment and its constituent factors
As can be seen from Table 2, the yield of each plant is significantly improved by spraying 6-BA after high-temperature treatment at different periods compared with the control treatment (CK), wherein the grain number of each ear at V9, V12 and VT periods is respectively 28.7%, 48.9% and 34.8%, and the yield of each plant is respectively 22.0%, 44.3% and 30.1%, thus showing that V9, V12 and VT periods are respectively high,V12、VTTAfter high-temperature treatment, 6-BA spraying is mainly used for improving the yield by improving the grain number of grains per spike. After the high-temperature treatment at the stage R3, 6-BA is sprayed, the change of the number of grains per spike is small, the thousand kernel weight is obviously improved, compared with CK, the thousand kernel weight is improved by 13.0%, and the yield is improved by 11.1%, so that the yield is improved mainly by increasing the weight of grains when 6-BA is sprayed at the stage R3.
Therefore, the yield loss of the summer corn under the high-temperature heat damage stress can be reduced by spraying 6-BA solution with corresponding concentration at different periods. The principle is as follows: firstly, sensitivity degrees of summer corns to 6-BA solution in different growth periods are different; secondly, spraying 6-BA solution protects the chloroplast membrane structure under high temperature stress, maintains the integrity of chloroplast, and improves the photosynthetic performance of leaves, thereby improving the accumulation amount of dry matter; and the grain number of the ear and the thousand grain weight are correspondingly improved in different periods, and finally the purpose of improving the yield of the summer corn under the high-temperature condition is realized.
In order to determine the optimum concentration of 6-BA solution to be sprayed at different times, the following tests were carried out simultaneously: at V9To V12Before phase V12To VTBefore phase VTTo R36-BA solution with the concentration of 0-0.1g/L is respectively sprayed during the high-temperature treatment. The spraying amount per unit area is 500L of 6-BA solution sprayed per hectare.
TABLE 3 influence of spraying 6-BA solutions of different concentrations in the same period on the yield of summer corn treated at high temperature and its constituent factors
From the above table, it can be seen that in V9To V12Spraying 6-BA solution with concentration of 0.05g/L at V12To VTSpraying 6-BA solution with concentration of 0.08g/L at VTTo R36-BA solution with the concentration of 0.1g/L is sprayed during high-temperature treatment in the period, and the effect of improving the yield of summer corns under high-temperature treatment is optimal. Spraying 6-benzylamino adenine with proper concentration according to different growth stages of summer cornThe solution can relieve yield loss caused by high temperature heat damage of summer corn in different growth stages.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A chemical control method for relieving high-temperature heat damage stress of summer corns in multiple periods of time is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) preparing 6-benzylamino adenine solution, wherein the 6-benzylamino adenine solution is prepared into different spraying concentrations according to different growth stages of summer corn;
(2) when suffering from high temperature stress, 6-benzylamino adenine solution with proper concentration is sprayed on the surface of summer corn leaves according to the breeding stage of summer corn.
2. The chemical control method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the summer maize growing period is specifically a small-horn period, a large-horn period, a flowering period and an immature period.
3. The chemical control method according to claim 2, characterized in that: the concentration of 6-benzylamino adenine solution sprayed from the small-horn mouth period to the large-horn mouth period is 0.05g/L, the concentration of 6-benzylamino adenine solution sprayed from the large-horn mouth period to the flowering period is 0.08g/L, and the concentration of 6-benzylamino adenine solution sprayed from the flowering period to the milk stage is 0.1 g/L.
4. The chemical control method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), the high temperature stress is specifically applied when the maximum temperature exceeds 35 ℃ for 3 consecutive days.
5. The chemical control method according to claim 4, characterized in that: when subjected to high temperature stress, 6-benzylamino adenine solution was sprayed in the evening on day 3.
6. The chemical control method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), the 6-benzylamino adenine solution is sprayed for 1 time every 1 to 2 days and is continuously sprayed for 2 to 3 times.
7. The chemical control method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), when spraying, 0.5g of tween-20 is added into each liter of 6-benzylamino adenine solution.
8. The chemical control method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the spraying amount of the 6-benzylaminopurine solution is 500L/hectare.
The application of 9.6-benzylamino adenine in relieving high-temperature heat damage stress of summer corn in multiple periods.
10. The use according to claim 9, wherein 6-benzylaminopurine relieves summer maize for multiple periods of high temperature stress by at least one of the following pathways (1) to (3): (1) the method comprises the following steps of (1) protecting the integrity of leaf chloroplast, (2) improving the photosynthetic rate of a plant, (3) increasing the dry matter accumulation, (4) promoting the young ear differentiation, and (5) improving the yield of summer corn in a high-temperature environment.
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