CN112898088A - Fertilizer for promoting root growth of perennial root sugarcane and application thereof - Google Patents
Fertilizer for promoting root growth of perennial root sugarcane and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN112898088A CN112898088A CN202110158055.5A CN202110158055A CN112898088A CN 112898088 A CN112898088 A CN 112898088A CN 202110158055 A CN202110158055 A CN 202110158055A CN 112898088 A CN112898088 A CN 112898088A
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- fertilizer
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- calcium
- growth
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- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 230000002786 root growth Effects 0.000 title claims description 10
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- -1 compound amino acid Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Threonine Natural products CC(O)C(N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004473 Threonine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZHJGWYRLJUCMRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[6-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]benzimidazol-1-yl]-3-[1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy]thiophene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=1C(C)OC(=C(S1)C(N)=O)C=C1N(C1=C2)C=NC1=CC=C2CN1CCN(C)CC1 ZHJGWYRLJUCMRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Proline Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N L-isoleucine Chemical compound CC[C@H](C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N L-threonine Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proline Natural products OC(=O)C1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000003704 aspartic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- NGLMYMJASOJOJY-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;calcium;nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Ca].[O-][N+]([O-])=O NGLMYMJASOJOJY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 3
- OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-carboxyaspartic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)C(C(O)=O)C(O)=O OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960000310 isoleucine Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoleucine Natural products CCC(C)C(N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 3
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003864 humus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021062 nutrient metabolism Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C5/00—Fertilisers containing other nitrates
- C05C5/04—Fertilisers containing other nitrates containing calcium nitrate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C1/00—Ammonium nitrate fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/90—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting the nitrification of ammonium compounds or urea in the soil
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a fertilizer for promoting the growth of a root system of perennial root sugarcane and application thereof, which are rich in various amino acids and can obviously promote the growth of the root system, wherein calcium can improve soil, thereby improving the diameter of the root system, increasing the surface area and the volume of the root, nitrogen attached in the calcium fertilizer can effectively avoid the condition of nitrogen deficiency in the early growth stage of the perennial root sugarcane and effectively improve the metabolism of the perennial root sugarcane, thereby promoting the growth of the root system, and the fertilizer has the advantages of less consumption and simple operation and solves the problems of poor growth potential, low yield, easy pest attack and disease and insect attack and quality reduction of the perennial root.
Description
The technical field is as follows:
the invention relates to the technical field of fertilizers, in particular to a fertilizer for promoting the root growth of perennial root sugarcane and application thereof.
Background art:
the perennial root sugarcane is a new sugarcane which is obtained by germinating new plants which grow out of the soil in proper soil and external environment by using buds on sugarcane tops left in the soil after the harvest of the manufactured sugarcane, and cultivating the new plants. The perennial sugarcane has a series of advantages of seed saving, labor saving, early ripening and the like, is common in production, but has the characteristics of water absorption, early fertilizer absorption, large early fertilizer absorption amount and sensitivity to nitrogen deficiency in nutrient metabolism. Perennial root sugarcane has a relatively old root system, limited absorption capacity and slow metabolism. In addition, a series of problems such as soil hardening, nutrient reduction and the like easily occur in the soil of the perennial root sugarcane after continuous planting, so that the perennial root sugarcane is poor in growth potential, low in yield, easy to be attacked by diseases and insect pests and reduced in quality, and therefore the provision of the fertilizer and the method for promoting the roots of the perennial root sugarcane is particularly important.
The invention content is as follows:
the fertilizer is rich in various amino acids, can remarkably promote the growth of the root system, can improve soil so as to improve the diameter of the root system and increase the surface area of the root, can effectively avoid the condition of nitrogen deficiency in the early growth stage of the perennial root sugarcane due to nitrogen nutrition attached to the calcium fertilizer, effectively improves the metabolism of the perennial root sugarcane so as to promote the growth of the root system, has small using amount and simple operation, and solves the problems of poor growth potential, low yield, easy pest and disease damage and quality reduction of the perennial root sugarcane.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a fertilizer for promoting the root growth of perennial root sugarcane is composed of 10-20% of compound amino acid, 10-15% of calcium fertilizer, 55-79% of water and 1-10% of other auxiliary agents by total mass percentage of 100%; the compound amino acid comprises two or more of aspartic acid, proline, isoleucine, glycine and threonine, and the calcium fertilizer comprises one or more of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and calcium ammonium nitrate; the other auxiliary agents comprise one or more of a slow release agent, a dispersing agent and a water retention agent. The slow release agent is mainly used for controlling the release of fertilizer nutrients and improving the stability of the fertilizer.
Particularly, the slow release agent is selected from any one of sodium alginate and diatomite, the dispersing agent is selected from any one of 6501 dispersing agent and lignosulfonate, and the water retention agent is selected from any one of sodium cellulose and xanthan gum.
The fertilizer for promoting the root growth of the perennial root sugarcane is applied by flushing with water irrigation, and the flushing and applying multiple is 500-800 times.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. compared with single amino acid, the compound amino acid in the fertilizer can provide more comprehensive nutrition for plants, promote the propagation of soil microorganisms, improve the microenvironment of soil, and is completely soluble in water, so that the plant can be quickly absorbed, and the root promoting effect is remarkable;
2. calcium in the fertilizer can improve the physicochemical properties of soil, such as adjusting the pH of the soil and increasing the microbial population quantity of the soil, and the calcium is combined with humic acid in soil humus to form calcium humic acid, which is the best organic colloid of a soil water-stable granular structure, so that the calcium can promote the formation of the granular structure of the soil, thereby increasing the root diameter and the root surface area of perennial sugarcane. The nitrogen nutrition attached to the calcium fertilizer can effectively avoid the condition of nitrogen deficiency in the early growth stage of the perennial root sugarcane, and effectively improve the metabolism of the perennial root sugarcane, thereby promoting the growth of the root system.
3. Other auxiliary agents such as sodium alginate, diatomite, 6501 dispersing agent, lignosulfonate, sodium cellulose, xanthan gum and the like control slow absorption of nutrients in the fertilizer, and can prolong the effect of the fertilizer.
4. The fertilizer does not contain toxic and harmful substances, has good water solubility, can be applied along with water irrigation, and saves time and labor.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a scan of the root system of perennial root sugarcane; wherein A is the applied fertilizer, and B is the unapplied fertilizer.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the following is a further description of the invention and is not intended to be limiting.
Example 1:
a fertilizer for promoting the root growth of perennial root sugarcane is composed of 10% of compound amino acid, 10% of calcium fertilizer, 79% of water and 1% of other auxiliary agents by the total mass percentage of 100%; the compound amino acid comprises aspartic acid and proline, and the calcium fertilizer comprises calcium nitrate tetrahydrate; other auxiliary agents comprise two types of sustained release agents of sodium alginate and water retention agent of sodium cellulose. Other auxiliary agents are mainly used for controlling the release of fertilizer nutrients and improving the stability and the absorption effect of the fertilizer.
The fertilization method is that irrigation with water is carried out, and the irrigation multiple is 500 times.
Comparative example 1: referring to example 1, except that the fertilizer does not have a calcium fertilizer, and consists of 10% of compound amino acid, 89% of water and 1% of other auxiliary agents.
Comparative example 2: reference example 1 is made, except that the fertilizer does not contain compound amino acid, and consists of 10% of calcium fertilizer, 89% of water and 1% of other auxiliary agents.
The following sugarcane root scanning test results of 15 days of fertilization are as follows:
treatment of | Average root diameter/mm | Root surface area/cm2 | Root volume/cm2 |
Example 1 | 0.27 | 969.71 | 7.14 |
Comparative example 1 | 0.22 | 901.15 | 5.13 |
Comparative example 2 | 0.25 | 935.27 | 6.70 |
As can be seen from the comparison among the above example 1, comparative example 1 and comparative example 2, the average root diameter, root surface area and root volume of the perennial root sugarcane are all obviously higher than those of the two comparative examples by adopting the method of the present invention, and the composite amino acid and calcium fertilizer have a synergistic effect.
Example 2:
a fertilizer for promoting the root growth of perennial root sugarcane is composed of 20% of compound amino acid, 15% of calcium fertilizer, 55% of water and 10% of other auxiliary agents by the total mass percentage of 100%; the compound amino acid comprises isoleucine, glycine and threonine, and the calcium fertilizer comprises calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and calcium ammonium nitrate; other auxiliary agents comprise a slow release agent diatomite, a 6501 dispersing agent and a water retention agent xanthan gum. The fertilization method is that irrigation with water is carried out, and the irrigation multiple is 800 times.
Comparative example 3: reference example 2 is distinguished in that the amino acid is a single threonine consisting of 20% threonine, 15% calcium fertilizer, 55% water and 10% other adjuvants.
Comparative example 4: reference example 2 is made, except that the fertilizer has no auxiliary agent and consists of 20% of compound amino acid, 15% of calcium fertilizer and 65% of water.
Comparative example 5: referring to example 2, except that the fertilizer consists of 9% of compound amino acid, 15% of calcium fertilizer, 66% of water and 10% of other auxiliary agents.
Comparative example 6: referring to example 2, except that the fertilizer consists of 20% of compound amino acid, 9% of calcium fertilizer, 61% of water and 10% of other auxiliary agents.
Comparative example 7: referring to example 2, the difference is that the fertilizer consists of 20% of compound amino acid, 15% of calcium fertilizer, 64.1% of water and 0.9% of other auxiliary agents.
The following sugarcane root scanning test results of 15 days of fertilization are as follows:
by comparing example 2 and comparative examples 3-7 above, it can be seen that the average root diameter, root surface area and root volume of ratoon sugarcane are as above, and the root promoting effect of single amino acid, lack of adjuvant and amino acid, calcium fertilizer and adjuvant which are not within the scope of the invention is significantly lower than that of example 2.
Claims (3)
1. The fertilizer for promoting the root growth of perennial root sugarcane is characterized by comprising, by mass, 100% of compound amino acid 10-20%, calcium fertilizer 10-15%, water 55-79% and other additives 1-10%; the compound amino acid comprises two or more of aspartic acid, proline, isoleucine, glycine and threonine, and the calcium fertilizer comprises one or more of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and calcium ammonium nitrate; the other auxiliary agents comprise one or more of a slow release agent, a dispersing agent and a water retention agent.
2. The fertilizer for promoting the root growth of perennial root sugarcane according to claim 1, wherein the slow release agent is selected from any one of sodium alginate and diatomite, the dispersing agent is selected from any one of 6501 dispersing agent and lignosulfonate, and the water retention agent is selected from any one of sodium cellulose and xanthan gum.
3. The application of the fertilizer for promoting the root growth of perennial root sugarcane in claim 1 or 2, wherein the fertilizer application method is implemented by irrigation with water, and the irrigation multiple is 500-800 times.
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CN202110158055.5A CN112898088A (en) | 2021-02-04 | 2021-02-04 | Fertilizer for promoting root growth of perennial root sugarcane and application thereof |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113748947A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2021-12-07 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Method for promoting root growth of perennial sugarcane after mechanical harvesting |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102491821A (en) * | 2011-12-13 | 2012-06-13 | 广西永获金利来肥业有限公司 | Compound fertilizer special for sugarcanes and production method thereof |
-
2021
- 2021-02-04 CN CN202110158055.5A patent/CN112898088A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN102491821A (en) * | 2011-12-13 | 2012-06-13 | 广西永获金利来肥业有限公司 | Compound fertilizer special for sugarcanes and production method thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
唐湘如等: "《作物栽培学》", 31 August 2014, 广东高等教育出版社 * |
柴田承二等: "《生物活性天然物质》", 29 February 1984, 人民卫生出版社 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113748947A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2021-12-07 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Method for promoting root growth of perennial sugarcane after mechanical harvesting |
CN113748947B (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-07-01 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Method for promoting root growth of perennial sugarcane after mechanical harvesting |
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