CN112868669A - Nontoxic deratization expansive cement type bait and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Nontoxic deratization expansive cement type bait and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN112868669A CN112868669A CN202110204396.1A CN202110204396A CN112868669A CN 112868669 A CN112868669 A CN 112868669A CN 202110204396 A CN202110204396 A CN 202110204396A CN 112868669 A CN112868669 A CN 112868669A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N61/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing substances of unknown or undetermined composition, e.g. substances characterised only by the mode of action
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/002—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits
- A01N25/004—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits rodenticidal
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- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
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Abstract
A non-toxic expanded cement bait for killing mouse is prepared from paraffin wax, expanded cement, adhesive, grains, attractant and antiseptic. The adhesive is aquatic product adhesive, and has shaping effect under the combined action of paraffin. The preservative is edible preservative calcium propionate, the dosage does not exceed the national standard, and the preservative is safe and environment-friendly. The preparation method comprises the steps of preparing paraffin into wax liquid by heating, mixing and stirring the wax liquid, the expansive cement, the adhesive, the grain, the attractant and the preservative uniformly according to a proportion, and then putting the mixture into a forming device to press the mixture into the nontoxic deratization expansive cement type bait. The components of the invention are all natural substances, are easy to go mouldy and deteriorate in natural environment, the problem of moulding and deterioration can be solved by adding the edible preservative, the service life is prolonged, the invention is nontoxic, has no pollution to the environment, is safe and harmless to human beings, poultry and livestock, the production cost is low, the content of effective substances is low, the rat killing efficiency is high, the effect is obvious, and the invention is applied to the technical field of rat drug control.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a nontoxic deratization expansive cement type bait and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of rodent drug control.
Background
In the world, rat diseases have great negative influence on human production and life, so that the agricultural yield is reduced, a large amount of agricultural and sideline products are consumed, the ecological systems such as forestry, grassland and the like are seriously threatened, industrial and water conservancy facilities are damaged and consumed, diseases are infected, the environment is polluted, and the health and life safety of human beings are threatened, so that the control of the number of the rat populations is a long-term task required to face all over the world. However, the application of various raticides has many problems, the most popular raticides are the highly toxic raticides, the raticides have high toxicity, the problem of chemical three-waste emission exists in the production process, great pressure is caused to the environment and the ecology, and the reports of poisoning caused by mistaken eating of the raticides by people or animals and death of the mice are more rare. Aiming at the problems, the invention aims to develop a novel non-toxic raticide, which achieves the deratization effect without depending on a high-toxicity chemical raticide, and is more favorable for protecting the ecological environment and ensuring the safety of human beings.
(1) Patent No. 01137323.7 discloses a biochemical rodenticide, which is different from the present patent in that it uses biochemical materials, has toxicity, and causes death of intestinal obstruction of mice; the invention uses pollution-free materials without toxicity, the expansive cement is precipitated and solidified in the rat intestinal tract, the rat intestinal tract is fully filled, the intestinal obstruction is caused, the rat can not eat, substances in the intestinal tract can not be discharged, and finally the death is caused, and the blocking effect of the portland cement is better than that of the barium sulfate mentioned in the patent.
(2) The patent No. 201010579107.8 discloses a nontoxic high-swelling solidified lethal rodent bait and a preparation method thereof, wherein tannic acid in the bait also reacts with gastric acid and gastric juice to form granular calculus, so that the enhancement effect on the whole volume and hardness is generated. After the action of the rats, the rats can not eat food and can not discharge stomach contents because the stomach is highly inflated due to passivity for a few hours. Eventually leading to rupture and death of the stomach.
The invention utilizes the expansive cement to cause the obstruction of the murine intestine, and the death is finally caused by the incapability of defecation, thereby achieving the aim of no toxicity and no pollution. Compared with the patent No. 201010579107.8, the applied components are pollution-free components, so that the influence on the environment is avoided, the patent is only developed aiming at the characteristic that the front thick tail of the intestinal tract of the rodent is narrow, the patent is specially used for acting on the rodent, is ineffective for other animals, and is harmless to non-target animals and natural enemies of the rodent; is safe and harmless to human beings, poultry and livestock; the production cost is low, the content of effective substances is low, the deratization efficiency is several times higher than that of the principle of producing the calculus by self of the patent No. 201010579107.8, and the effect is obvious. Therefore, the invention patent is superior to the patent No. 201010579107.8 and discloses a nontoxic high-expansion solidified lethal rodent bait and a preparation method thereof, which are creative inventions.
(3) Patent No. 201210459127.0 discloses tetrodotoxin bait for killing mouse, which is different from the patent of the present invention in that biochemical materials are used in the patent, the patent has a strong toxic effect, and the heart failure and the cerebral nerve paralysis of the mouse are lethal; the invention uses pollution-free materials without toxicity, and the expansive cement is precipitated and solidified in the rat intestinal tract to fully fill the rat intestinal tract, so that intestinal obstruction is caused, rats can not eat food, substances in the intestinal tract can not be discharged, and finally death is caused.
(4) Patent No. 201910965736.5 discloses a nontoxic rodenticide bait-I and a preparation method thereof, the bait-I is used for spasmolysis of gastrointestinal smooth muscles of mice by alkaloid, and then barium sulfate is used for causing intestinal obstruction of the mice, so that defecation can not be performed and death can be finally caused, and the purpose of no toxicity and no pollution is achieved.
The invention utilizes the expansive cement to cause the obstruction of the murine intestine, and the death is finally caused by the incapability of defecation, thereby achieving the aim of no toxicity and no pollution. The invention is only developed aiming at the characteristics of the intestinal tracts of the rodents, is specially used for the rodents, is ineffective for other animals, and is harmless to non-target animals and natural enemies of the rodents; is safe and harmless to human beings, poultry and livestock; low production cost, low content of effective substances, high deratization efficiency and obvious effect.
However, in the prior art, various raticides have many problems in application, the mainstream raticide is mainly virulent, the raticide has high toxicity, the problem of discharge of three chemical wastes exists in the production process, great pressure is caused to the environment and the ecology, and the reports of poisoning caused by mistaken eating of the raticide by human beings or animals and death of the mice are more frequent. Therefore, the development of a nontoxic deratization expansive cement type bait and a preparation method thereof are always a new problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait and a preparation method thereof.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows: the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 350 parts of 200-350 parts of paraffin wax, 50-300 parts of expansion cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 300 parts of 650 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative;
the nontoxic deratization expanded cement type bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight according to a preferred proportion: 280 parts of paraffin, 165 parts of expanded cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 500 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative;
the nontoxic deratization expanded cement type bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight according to a preferred proportion: 300 parts of paraffin, 200 parts of expansion cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 445 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative;
the nontoxic deratization expanded cement type bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight according to a preferred proportion: 220 parts of paraffin, 260 parts of expanded cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 465 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative;
the adhesive is aquatic product adhesive, and plays a role in shaping under the combined action of the aquatic product adhesive and paraffin;
the preservative is edible preservative calcium propionate, the dosage of the preservative does not exceed 1.8g/kg of the dosage of national standard grain, and the preservative is safe and environment-friendly;
the preparation method of the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait comprises the steps of preparing paraffin into a wax liquid by heating, mixing and stirring the wax liquid, expanded cement, an adhesive, grain, an attractant and a preservative uniformly according to a proportion, and then putting the mixture into a forming device to be pressed into the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait;
the nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait has the action mechanism that the characteristics of precipitation, solidification, expansion, difficult digestion and gastrointestinal adhesion of expansion cement in intestines and stomach are utilized to cause intestinal obstruction, rats can not eat food, and substances in the intestines can not be discharged, so that death is finally caused; different from common portland cement, the setting of the expansive cement has expansibility, and the volume of the common portland cement shrinks when the common portland cement is hardened in the air, so that the compactness of a cement stone structure is reduced; the volume of the expansive cement does not shrink and slightly expands in the hardening process, so that the effect of blocking the intestinal tract of the rat can be improved; the characteristics of the expansive cement greatly improve the deratization effect of the bait, accelerate the speed of intestinal obstruction caused by the bait and shorten the time from contamination to death of the mice; the expansion cement and the adhesive involved in the bait agent components are nontoxic, the applied attractant and the grain are preferred to eating by the rodent, and the content of the effective component expansion cement is low, wherein the cement and the paraffin cause antifeedant action on other animals, so that the mistaking of other animals can not be generated, after the dead rat is eaten by a natural enemy, the reaction of deposition and expansion in the dead rat is finished, the secondary damage to the natural enemy animal can not be generated, and the harmlessness to the ecological environment is realized; the components of the bait are all natural components, the bait is easy to mildew in natural environment, and the preservative is added, so that the bait has long service life under natural complex conditions; the paraffin and the adhesive give certain shaping to the bait agent, so that the appearance of the bait agent is not easy to damage when the bait agent is corroded by water; the main components of the invention are natural substances, which are easy to go mouldy in natural environment, and the edible preservative can solve the problem of going mouldy and going bad and prolong the service life; the invention is nontoxic, has no pollution to the environment, has low content of expansive cement, is developed only aiming at the characteristics of the intestinal tract of the rodent, is specially used for the rodent, has no effect on other animals, and has no harm to non-target animals and natural enemies of the rodent; is safe and harmless to human beings, poultry and livestock; the production cost is low, the content of effective substances is low, the deratization efficiency is high, and the effect is obvious;
the experimental method of the nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait is carried out under the laboratory condition, 200g of deratization bait is taken and placed in a mouse cage, 6 mice are respectively placed in the mouse cage, the feeding condition is observed, after 2 hours, 191.2g of the bait is weighed, 8.8g of the bait is eaten after being stolen, and the average intake of 1.5g of bait for each mouse; after 48 hours, 1 dead mouse appeared; 3 mice were killed after 72 hours, and 2 mice remained to be killed for 5 days; 6 intestinal obstructions of the intestines and the stomach are found after dead mice are dissected;
the experimental method of the nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait comprises the steps of taking 1000g of the deratization bait, selecting a pig farm with high rat density to throw the bait, totally arranging the bait in 10 piles, observing the stealing eating condition, weighing 350g of the residual bait in the next day, stealing the bait for 650g, finding 10 dead rats near the feeding place after three days, and confirming intestinal obstruction death through anatomy.
The key point of the invention lies in the proportion of each component, the preparation method and the action mechanism of the nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait agent.
Compared with the prior art, the nontoxic deratization expansive cement bait has the advantages that the components are natural substances, the bait is easy to mildew in natural environment, the problem of mildew and deterioration can be solved by adding the edible preservative, the service life is prolonged, the bait is nontoxic, free of pollution to the environment and low in expansive cement content.
Detailed Description
The nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 350 parts of 200-350 parts of paraffin wax, 50-300 parts of expansive cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 300 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative.
The nontoxic deratization expanded cement type bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight according to a preferred proportion: 280 parts of paraffin, 165 parts of expanded cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 500 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative.
The nontoxic deratization expanded cement type bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight according to a preferred proportion: 300 parts of paraffin, 200 parts of expansive cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 445 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative.
The nontoxic deratization expanded cement type bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight according to a preferred proportion: 220 parts of paraffin, 260 parts of expansive cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 465 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative.
The adhesive is aquatic product adhesive, and plays a role in shaping under the combined action of the aquatic product adhesive and paraffin.
The preservative is edible preservative calcium propionate, the dosage of the preservative is not more than 1.8g/kg of national standard grain dosage, and the preservative is safe and environment-friendly.
The preparation method of the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait comprises the steps of preparing paraffin into a wax liquid by heating, mixing and stirring the wax liquid, expanded cement, an adhesive, grain, an attractant and a preservative uniformly according to a proportion, and then putting the mixture into a forming device to be pressed into the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait.
The nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait has the action mechanism that the characteristics of precipitation, solidification, expansion, difficult digestion and gastrointestinal adhesion of expansion cement in intestines and stomach are utilized to cause intestinal obstruction, rats can not eat food, and substances in the intestines can not be discharged, so that death is finally caused; different from common portland cement, the setting of the expansive cement has expansibility, and the volume of the common portland cement shrinks when the common portland cement is hardened in the air, so that the compactness of a cement stone structure is reduced; the volume of the expansive cement does not shrink and slightly expands in the hardening process, so that the effect of blocking the intestinal tract of the rat can be improved; the characteristics of the expansive cement greatly improve the deratization effect of the bait, accelerate the speed of intestinal obstruction caused by the bait and shorten the time from contamination to death of the mice; the expansion cement and the adhesive involved in the bait agent components are nontoxic, the applied attractant and the grain are preferred to eating by the rodent, and the content of the effective component expansion cement is low, wherein the cement and the paraffin cause antifeedant action on other animals, so that the mistaking of other animals can not be generated, after the dead rat is eaten by natural enemies (such as snakes and birds), the reaction of deposition and expansion in the dead rat is finished, the secondary damage to the natural enemy animals can not be generated, and the harmlessness to the ecological environment is realized; the components of the bait are all natural components, the bait is easy to mildew in natural environment, and the preservative is added, so that the bait has long service life under natural complex conditions; the paraffin and the adhesive give certain shaping to the bait agent, so that the appearance of the bait agent is not easy to damage when the bait agent is corroded by water; the main components of the invention are natural substances, which are easy to go mouldy in natural environment, and the edible preservative can solve the problem of going mouldy and going bad and prolong the service life; the invention is nontoxic, has no pollution to the environment, has low content of expansive cement, is developed only aiming at the characteristics of the intestinal tract of the rodent, is specially used for the rodent, has no effect on other animals, and has no harm to non-target animals and natural enemies of the rodent; is safe and harmless to human beings, poultry and livestock; low production cost, low content of effective substances, high deratization efficiency and obvious effect.
The experimental method of the nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait is carried out under the laboratory condition, 200g of deratization bait is taken and placed in a mouse cage, 6 mice are respectively placed in the mouse cage, the feeding condition is observed, after 2 hours, 191.2g of the bait is weighed, 8.8g of the bait is eaten after being stolen, and the average intake of 1.5g of bait for each mouse; after 48 hours, 1 dead mouse appeared; 3 mice were killed after 72 hours, and 2 mice remained to be killed for 5 days; after the dead mice are dissected, 6 gastrointestinal intestinal obstructions are found.
The experimental method of the nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait comprises the steps of taking 1000g of the deratization bait, selecting a pig farm with high rat density to throw the bait, totally arranging the bait in 10 piles, observing the stealing eating condition, weighing 350g of the residual bait in the next day, stealing the bait for 650g, finding 10 dead rats near the feeding place after three days, and confirming intestinal obstruction death through anatomy.
Example one
The preparation method of the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait comprises the steps of preparing paraffin into a wax liquid by heating, uniformly mixing and stirring 280 g of the wax liquid, 165 g of expanded cement, 50g of adhesive, 500 g of grain, 3 g of attractant and 2g of preservative, and then filling the mixture into a forming device to be pressed into the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait.
Example two
The preparation method of the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait comprises the steps of preparing paraffin into a wax liquid by heating, uniformly mixing and stirring 300 g of the wax liquid, 200g of expanded cement, 50g of adhesive, 445 g of grain, 3 g of attractant and 2g of preservative, and then filling the mixture into a forming device to be pressed into the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait.
EXAMPLE III
The preparation method of the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait comprises the steps of preparing paraffin into a wax liquid by heating, uniformly mixing and stirring 220 g of the wax liquid, 260 g of expanded cement, 50g of adhesive, 465 g of grain, 3 g of attractant and 2g of preservative, and then putting the mixture into a forming device to press the mixture into the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait.
Example four
The preparation method of the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait comprises the steps of preparing paraffin into a wax liquid by heating, uniformly mixing and stirring 260 g of the wax liquid, 150 g of expanded cement, 50g of adhesive, 635 g of grain, 3 g of attractant and 2g of preservative, and then filling the mixture into a forming device to be pressed into the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait.
Claims (10)
1. The nontoxic deratization expansive cement type bait is characterized in that: the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 350 parts of 200-350 parts of paraffin wax, 50-300 parts of expansive cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 300 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative.
2. The nontoxic deratting expansive cement type bait according to claim 1, wherein: the nontoxic deratization expanded cement type bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight according to a preferred proportion: 280 parts of paraffin, 165 parts of expanded cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 500 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative.
3. The nontoxic deratting expansive cement type bait according to claim 1, wherein: the nontoxic deratization expanded cement type bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight according to a preferred proportion: 300 parts of paraffin, 200 parts of expansive cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 445 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative.
4. The nontoxic deratting expansive cement type bait according to claim 1, wherein: the nontoxic deratization expanded cement type bait is prepared from the following components in parts by weight according to a preferred proportion: 220 parts of paraffin, 260 parts of expansive cement, 50 parts of adhesive, 465 parts of grain, 3 parts of attractant and 2 parts of preservative.
5. The nontoxic deratting expansive cement type bait according to claim 1, wherein: the adhesive is aquatic product adhesive, and plays a role in shaping under the combined action of the aquatic product adhesive and paraffin.
6. The nontoxic deratting expansive cement type bait according to claim 1, wherein: the preservative is edible preservative calcium propionate, the dosage of the preservative is not more than 1.8g/kg of national standard grain dosage, and the preservative is safe and environment-friendly.
7. The method for preparing a nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the preparation method of the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait comprises the steps of preparing paraffin into a wax liquid by heating, mixing and stirring the wax liquid, expanded cement, an adhesive, grain, an attractant and a preservative uniformly according to a proportion, and then putting the mixture into a forming device to be pressed into the nontoxic deratization expanded cement bait.
8. The nontoxic deratting expansive cement type bait according to claim 1, wherein: the nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait has the action mechanism that the characteristics of precipitation, solidification, expansion, difficult digestion and gastrointestinal adhesion of expansion cement in intestines and stomach are utilized to cause intestinal obstruction, rats can not eat food, and substances in the intestines can not be discharged, so that death is finally caused; different from common portland cement, the setting of the expansive cement has expansibility, and the volume of the common portland cement shrinks when the common portland cement is hardened in the air, so that the compactness of a cement stone structure is reduced; the volume of the expansive cement does not shrink and slightly expands in the hardening process, so that the effect of blocking the intestinal tract of the rat can be improved; the characteristics of the expansive cement greatly improve the deratization effect of the bait, accelerate the speed of intestinal obstruction caused by the bait and shorten the time from contamination to death of the mice; the expansion cement and the adhesive involved in the bait agent components are nontoxic, the applied attractant and the grain are preferred to eating by the rodent, and the content of the effective component expansion cement is low, wherein the cement and the paraffin cause antifeedant action on other animals, so that the mistaking of other animals can not be generated, after the dead rat is eaten by a natural enemy, the reaction of deposition and expansion in the dead rat is finished, the secondary damage to the natural enemy animal can not be generated, and the harmlessness to the ecological environment is realized; the components of the bait are all natural components, the bait is easy to mildew in natural environment, and the preservative is added, so that the bait has long service life under natural complex conditions; the paraffin and the adhesive give certain shaping to the bait agent, so that the appearance of the bait agent is not easy to damage when the bait agent is corroded by water; the main components of the invention are natural substances, which are easy to go mouldy in natural environment, and the edible preservative can solve the problem of going mouldy and going bad and prolong the service life; the invention is nontoxic, has no pollution to the environment, has low content of expansive cement, is developed only aiming at the characteristics of the intestinal tract of the rodent, is specially used for the rodent, has no effect on other animals, and has no harm to non-target animals and natural enemies of the rodent; is safe and harmless to human beings, poultry and livestock; low production cost, low content of effective substances, high deratization efficiency and obvious effect.
9. The nontoxic deratting expansive cement type bait according to claim 1, wherein: the experimental method of the nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait is carried out under the laboratory condition, 200g of deratization bait is taken and placed in a mouse cage, 6 mice are respectively placed in the mouse cage, the feeding condition is observed, after 2 hours, 191.2g of the bait is weighed, 8.8g of the bait is eaten after being stolen, and the average intake of 1.5g of bait for each mouse; after 48 hours, 1 dead mouse appeared; 3 mice were killed after 72 hours, and 2 mice remained to be killed for 5 days; after the dead mice are dissected, 6 gastrointestinal intestinal obstructions are found.
10. The nontoxic deratting expansive cement type bait according to claim 1, wherein: the experimental method of the nontoxic deratization expansion cement type bait comprises the steps of taking 1000g of the deratization bait, selecting a pig farm with high rat density to throw the bait, totally arranging the bait in 10 piles, observing the stealing eating condition, weighing 350g of the residual bait in the next day, stealing the bait for 650g, finding 10 dead rats near the feeding place after three days, and confirming intestinal obstruction death through anatomy.
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Cited By (1)
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Application publication date: 20210601 |